5 Step 2 Dit: Neuro (Combined) + The Eye

Front 1

spinal cord tract a/w:
touch, vib, pressure sensation

Back 1

dorsal column/medial lemniscus

Front 2

spinal cord tract a/w:
voluntary motor to the body

Back 2

lateral corticospinal tract

Front 3

spinal cord tract a/w:
pain and temp sensation

Back 3

spinothalamic tract

Front 4

spinal cord tract a/w:
voluntary motor to the head and neck

Back 4

corticobulbar tract

Front 5

spinal cord tract a/w:
postural adjustments and head movement

Back 5

vestibular spinal tract

Front 6

Sx's a/w tract lesion:
dorsal columns

Back 6

impaired proprioception & sensation

Front 7

Sx's a/w tract lesion:
lateral corticospinal tract

Back 7

spastic paralysis

Front 8

Sx's a/w tract lesion:
spinothalamic

Back 8

loss of pain & temperature sensation

Front 9

Sx's a/w tract lesion:
ventral horn

Back 9

flaccid paralysis

Front 10

Sx's a/w tract lesion:
ventral white commissure

Back 10

flaccid paralysis

Front 11

what are the MC locations for aneurysms in the circle of willis & what is classic presentation of each

Back 11

ACA = bitemporal hemoanopia

PCA = CN3 palsy

Front 12

area of brain lesion a/w:
contralateral hemiballismus

Back 12

subthalamus

Front 13

area of brain lesion a/w:
eyes look toward lesion

Back 13

frontal eye field

Front 14

area of brain lesion a/w:
eyes look away from lesion

Back 14

PPRF

Front 15

area of brain lesion a/w:
paralysis on upward gaze

Back 15

superior caliculus

Front 16

area of brain lesion a/w:
hemispatial neglect

Back 16

non dominant parietal

Front 17

area of brain lesion a/w:
coma

Back 17

RAS

Front 18

area of brain lesion a/w:
poor repitition

Back 18

arcuate fasciculus

Front 19

area of brain lesion a/w:
poor comprehension

Back 19

wernicke's

Front 20

area of brain lesion a/w:
poor vocal expression

Back 20

broca's

Front 21

area of brain lesion a/w:
resting tremor

Back 21

basal ganglia

Front 22

area of brain lesion a/w:
intention tremor

Back 22

cerebellar hemisphere

Front 23

area of brain lesion a/w:
hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavor

Back 23

bilateral amygdala

Front 24

area of brain lesion a/w:
personality changes

Back 24

frontal lobe

Front 25

area of brain lesion a/w:
dysarthria

Back 25

cerebellar vermis

Front 26

area of brain lesion a/w:
agraphia and acalcula

Back 26

dominant parietal

Front 27

spinal cord lesion a/w:
polio & west nile

Back 27

anterior horns

Front 28

spinal cord lesion a/w:
fasciculation but also spastic paralysis

Back 28

ALS

Front 29

spinal cord lesion a/w:
impaired propioception and pupils that do not react to light

Back 29

syphilis

Front 30

spinal cord lesion a/w:
bilateral loss of pain and temp below the lesion, hand weakness

Back 30

syringomyelia

Front 31

spinal cord lesion a/w:
bilateral loss of vib sense and spastic paralysis of legs then arms

Back 31

B12 def

Front 32

spinal cord lesion a/w:
bilateral loss of pain and temp, bilateral spastic paralysis and bilateral flaccid paralysis

Back 32

ant spinal artery syndrome

Front 33

nerve responsible for:
smell

Back 33

CN I (olfactory)

Front 34

nerve responsible for:
sight

Back 34

CN II (optic)

Front 35

nerve responsible for:
medial, superior, inferior rectus & inferior oblique muscles (EOM's of the eyes except down & outward/abduction)

Back 35

CN III (oculomotor)

NOTE: CN III palsy --> "down & out" syndrome
i.e. unopposed CN IV (down) & CN VI (out/abduction)

Front 36

nerve responsible for:
eye lid opening

Back 36

CN III (oculomotor nerve)

Front 37

nerve responsible for:
sphincter muscle of the eyes

Back 37

CN III (oculomotor)

Front 38

nerve responsible for:
superior oblique (i.e. downward EOM)

Back 38

CN IV (trochlear)

Front 39

nerve responsible for:
muscles of mastication

Back 39

CN V (trigeminal nerve)

Front 40

nerve responsible for:
lateral rectus (i.e. outward EOM/abduction)

Back 40

CN VI (abducens)

Front 41

nerve responsible for:
taste of ant 2/3

Back 41

CN VII (facial nerve)

Front 42

nerve responsible for:
balance

Back 42

CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

Front 43

nerve responsible for:
monitor carotid sinus

Back 43

CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

Front 44

nerve responsible for:
visceral autonomics

Back 44

CN X (vagus)

Front 45

nerve responsible for:
sensation of trachea, esophagus, & viscera

Back 45

CN X (vagus)

Front 46

nerve responsible for:
laryngeal, pharyngeal muscles

Back 46

CN X (vagus)

Front 47

nerve responsible for:
head turning

Back 47

CN XI (accessory nerve)

Front 48

nerve responsible for:
tongue movement

Back 48

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

Front 49

decussation of this spinal tract:
dorsal column

Back 49

medulla

Front 50

decussation of this spinal tract:
lateral corticospinal tract

Back 50

medullary pyrimad

Front 51

decussation of this spinal tract:
spinalthalamic tract

Back 51

white ventral commissure (1-3 segments up from lissauer's tract)

Front 52

what cerebral artery is a/w aphasia

Back 52

MCA

Front 53

features of brown-sequard syndrome

Back 53

ANT HORN: Ipsilateral flaccid paralysis (level of lesion)
DC/ML: Ipsilateral loss of vibration/touch (below)
LCST: Ipsilateral spastic paralysis (below)
STT: Contralateral loss of pain & temp (1-3 levels below)

Front 54

meningitis organisms <1 month

Back 54

GBS
E coli
Listeria

Front 55

Rx for meningitis <1 month

Back 55

Cefotaxime* or Gentamycin

Ampicillin (Listeria coverage)


*Ceftriaxone is CI'd in children due to biliary sludging

Front 56

meningitis organisms in 1 month to 60 years

Back 56

S Pneumo

N Meningitis

H Influenza

Front 57

Rx for meningitis 1 month to 60 years

Back 57

Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone

Vancomycin (for PCN-resist Pneumococcus)

Dexamethasone (if > 6 months old)

Front 58

meningitis organisms >60 years

Back 58

S Pneumo

Listeria

Neisseria

G- Bacilli

Front 59

Rx for meningitis >60 years

Back 59

Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone

Vancomycin (for PCN-resist Pneumococcus)

Ampicillin (for Listeria coverage)

Dexamethasone

Front 60

why is dexamethasone given with or prior to first antibiotic for meningitis

Back 60

CHILDREN: reduces risk of neurolog sequelae (e.g. deafness), esp
HiB
TB Meningitidis

ADULTS: reduces morbidity & mortality in adults, esp
Pneumococcal Meningitidis

Front 61

organism responsible for meningitis:
gram + diplococci

Back 61

pneumococcal

Front 62

organism responsible for meningitis:
gram - diplococci

Back 62

neisseria

Front 63

organism responsible for meningitis:
small pleomorphic gram - coccobacilli

Back 63

H influ

Front 64

organism responsible for meningitis:
gram + rods and coccobacilli

Back 64

listeria

Front 65

prophylaxis for those in close contact with meningitis with HiB or meningococcal

Back 65

rifampin

ciprofloxacin

Front 66

when should a CT be done as a next step instead of LP in a px with meningitis

Back 66

SIGNS OF INCR'D ICP:
focal neurologic defects
pupil asymmetry
papilledema
seizure
suspicion of mass effect

SOFT TISSUE INFECTION AT SITE OF LP

BLEEDING DIATHESIS

CARDIOPULMONARY INSTABILITY

Front 67

what are the 4 MC sequelae of meningitis in children

Back 67

hearing loss

mental retardation

seizure d/o

spastic paralysis

Front 68

a px with AIDS has meningitis, what should be performed

Back 68

india ink (r/o Cryptococcus)

Front 69

Rx for fungal meningitis

Back 69

amphoteracin B (intrathecally)

> 6 weeks should also receive dexamethasone

Front 70

Rx for TB meningitis

Back 70

Rifampin

INH

pyrizinamide

ethambutal

Front 71

what is the most effective way to prevent meningitis in a newborn

Back 71

Ampicillin during labor to GBS+ mothers

Front 72

what other drug should be given with antibiotics in a px suspected to have meningitis & why

Back 72

DEXAMETHASONE:
prevents neurologic sequelae (e.g. deafness in children)
decreases morbidity/mortality in adults

Front 73

MC location of berry aneurysm

Back 73

Anterior Communicating Artery

Front 74

which pathogen is a/w viral meningitis to the temporal lobe

Back 74

HSV

Front 75

features of reyes syndrome

Back 75

encephalitis

hepatitis (hypoglcemia)

Front 76

what infections are a/w birds

Back 76

west nile
avian influenza ("bird flu")
histoplasmosis
cryptococcus
psittacosis (chlamydophila psittaci)

Front 77

how should a person bitten by an animal suspected to have rabies be treated

Back 77

clean wound with
povidone iodine
virucidal agent

administer rabies Ig and vaccine

tetanus prophylaxis

Front 78

what is a feared complication of polio

Back 78

respiratory muscle paralysis

Front 79

how does encephalitis presentation differ from meningitis

Back 79

MENINGITIS:
HA's
nausea/vomiting
neck pain
fever

ENCEPHALITIS:
HA's
nausea/vomiting
neck pain
fever
+AMS
+focal neurological deficits

Front 80

what does CSF pressure, WBC's, glucose, & protein show for:
normally

Back 80

PRESSURE: 50 - 180

WBCs: < 5

GLUCOSE: 40 - 70

PROTEIN: 20 - 45

Front 81

what does CSF pressure, WBC's, glucose, & protein show for:
bacterial meningitis

Back 81

PRESSURE: incr'd

WBCs: incr'd (predominantly PMN's)

GLUCOSE: decr'd

PROTEIN: incr'd

Front 82

what does CSF pressure, WBC's, glucose, & protein show for:
viral meningitis

Back 82

PRESSURE: incr'd

WBCs: incr'd (predominantly lymphocytes)

GLUCOSE: normal

PROTEIN: normal

Front 83

what does CSF pressure, WBC's, glucose, & protein show for:
TB/fungal meningitis

Back 83

PRESSURE: incr'd

WBCs: incr'd (predominantly lymphocytes)

GLUCOSE: decreased

PROTEIN: increased

Front 84

term a/w reyes syndrome

Back 84

hepatoencephalitis

Front 85

Rx for tension headache

Back 85

NSAIDS

Front 86

Rx for cluster headache

Back 86

100% O2

sumatriptan

dihydroergotamine

Front 87

Rx for migraine

Back 87

sumatriptan

dihydroergotamine

NSAIDS

antiemetics

Front 88

what can be used to prophylaxis for migraines

Back 88

NSAIDS

CCB (e.g. verapamil)

B-Blockers (e.g. propranolol, metoprolol)

TCA's (e.g. amitriptyline, nortriptyline)

Anticonvulsants
(e.g. valproic acid, topiramiate, gabapentin)

Front 89

what is the pattern of pain in a migraine

Back 89

unilateral, throbbing pain

Front 90

what is the pattern of pain in a tension headache

Back 90

bilateral tightness/pain

a/w neck pain

Front 91

px with poorly controlled diabetes and tension headaches, what should be checked before Rx

Back 91

LABS: Cr, BUN, GFR (to check renal fxn)

Tx: NSAIDS

Front 92

what is the most worrisome sequela for pseudotumor cerebri

Back 92

vision loss

Front 93

what CSF pressure is indicative of pseudotumor cerebri

Back 93

>200 in nonobese person

>250 in obese

Front 94

what is the first line Rx for pseudotumor cerebri

Back 94

acetozolamide

Front 95

Headache a/w:
made worse by foods containing tyramine

Back 95

migraine

Front 96

Headache a/w:
obese woman with papilledema

Back 96

pseudotumor cerebri

Front 97

Headache a/w:
jaw muscle pain

Back 97

temporal

Front 98

Headache a/w:
periorbital pain with ptosis and miosis

Back 98

cluster

Front 99

Headache a/w:
photophobia and phonophobia

Back 99

migraine

Front 100

Headache a/w:
bilateral frontal and occipital pressure

Back 100

tension

Front 101

Headache a/w:
lacrimation and rhinorrhea

Back 101

cluster

Front 102

Headache a/w:
elevated ESR

Back 102

temporal

Front 103

Headache a/w:
worst headache of my life

Back 103

subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 104

Headache a/w:
extraocular muscle palsies

Back 104

cavernous sinus thrombosis

Front 105

Headache a/w:
scintillating scotomas prior to headache

Back 105

migraine with aura

Front 106

Headache a/w:
before or after orgasm

Back 106

postcoital cephalgia

Front 107

Headache a/w:
responsive to 100% O2

Back 107

cluster

Front 108

Headache a/w:
trauma to head, where HA begins days after, even persists for weeks and doesnt go away

Back 108

subdural

Front 109

what is the next step in a person is begins to suddenly get headaches that are progressively worse

Back 109

MRI - brain (to rule out tumor)

Front 110

MCC of headache in a 40 year old women in frontal area that gets worse by bending over

Back 110

sinus headache

Front 111

preferred anti-HTN in a px with chronic HTN and recurrent migraines

Back 111

CCB (e.g. verapamil)

B-Blockers (e.g. propranolol, metoprolol)

Front 112

Rx woman with facial pain whenever she is lightly touched

Back 112

Dx: trigeminal neurolgia

Tx: carbamazepine

Front 113

lesion to brain a/w:
agraphia with acalculia

Back 113

dominant parietal

Front 114

lesion to brain a/w:
hemispatial neglect syndrome

Back 114

non-dominant parietal

Front 115

lesion to brain a/w:
personality changes

Back 115

frontal

Front 116

lesion to brain a/w:
coma

Back 116

RAS

Front 117

bacteria a/w with meningitis in newborn

Back 117

GBS
E coli
Listeria

Front 118

Rx for newborn with meningitis

Back 118

Ampicillin

+

cefotaxime or gentamycin

Front 119

what should always be done before and LP

Back 119

evaluate for increase ICP (examine fundi for papilledema)

Front 120

anticoagulant of choice for:
first TIA

Back 120

aspirin

Front 121

anticoagulant of choice for:
TIA or stroke due to atrial fib

Back 121

warfarin

Front 122

anticoagulant of choice for:
TIA or stroke + CAD

Back 122

clopidogrel

Front 123

anticoagulant of choice for:
repeated TIA or stroke while on aspirin

Back 123

Aggrenox (ASA + dipyridamole) or Clopidogrel

Front 124

what are the surgical indications for carotid endarterectomy

Back 124

symptomatic men = 50-69%

symptomatic women = 70-99%

asymptomatic pts = 80-99%

Front 125

how can you differentiate ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke

Back 125

CT

Front 126

major signs and symptoms of TIA

Back 126

focal neurological defect

amaurosis fugax

slurred speach

decreased coordination

Front 127

what anticoagulant is given for a px with first TIA?
Another TIA while on ASA?

Back 127

1ST TIA: Aspirin

2ND TIA: Aggrenox (ASA + dipyridamole) or Clopidogrel

Front 128

how long must a focal neurological defect last to qualify and a stroke

Back 128

> 24 hours

Front 129

what is the timeframe for thrombolytic therapy in cases of ischemic stroke

Back 129

3 hours

Front 130

what is the principle cause of a lacunar infarct

Back 130

HTN

Front 131

a px with DVT develops stroke, what study should be performed

Back 131

TEE (looking for patent foreman ovale)

Front 132

neurological defect a/w:
ACA

Back 132

Contralateral loss of sensory &/or motor information in the TRUNK & LOWER EXTREMITY

Front 133

neurological defect a/w:
MCA

Back 133

Contralateral loss of sensory &/or motor information in the FACE & UPPER EXTREMITY & bilateral visual abnormlities

IF DOMINANT HEMISPHERE:
broca's, wernicke's, condution, &/or global aphasia

IF NON-DOMINANT HEMISPHERE:
hemineglect

Front 134

neurological defect a/w:
PCA

Back 134

unilateral hemianopia with macular sparing (blindness if bilateral PCA)

Front 135

neurological defect a/w:
basilar artery

Back 135

CN abnormalities

Contralateral full body weakness & decreased sensation

Vertigo, loss of coordination, difficulty speaking, visual abnormalities

Altered level of consciousness, coma

Front 136

"cortical sings" seen with strokes

Back 136

APHASIA
(inability to produce &/or comprehend language)

HEMIANOPSIA

NEGLECT

APRAXIA
(d/o of motor planning --> loss of ability to execute or carry out learned purposeful mvmts, despite having desire & physical ability)

Front 137

neurological defect a/w:
pure motor hemiparesis (lacunar stroke)

Back 137

WEAKNESS: of face, arm, & leg on one side of the body

ABSENT SENSORY DEFICITS

ABSENT CORTICAL SIGNS

Front 138

neurological defect a/w:
pure sensory stroke (lacunar stroke)

Back 138

NUMBNESS: of face, arm, & leg on one side of the body

ABSENT MOTOR DEFICITS

ABSENT CORTICAL SIGNS

Front 139

neurological defect a/w:
ataxic hemiparesis (lacunar stroke)

Back 139

IPSILATERAL WEAKNESS: of limb

IPSILATERAL ATAXIA: of limb that is out-of-proportion to the motor defect (possible gait deviation toward the affected side

ABSENT SENSORY DEFICITS

ABSENT CORTICAL SIGNS

Front 140

neurological defect a/w:
sensorimotor stroke (lacunar stroke)

Back 140

WEAKNESS & NUMBNESS: of face, arm, & leg on one side of the body

ABSENT CORTICAL SIGNS

Front 141

neurological defect a/w:
dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome

Back 141

FACIAL WEAKNESS, DYSARTHRIA, & DYSPHAGIA

WEAKNESS & CLUMSINESS: of 1 hand

ABSENT SENSORY DEFICITS

ABSENT CORTICAL SIGNS

Front 142

Dx
child presents to ER with mental status changes, hypoglycemia and lesions suggestive of chicken pox

Back 142

reyes syndorme

Front 143

what type of headache causes unilateral, severe periorbital headache with tearing

Back 143

cluster

Front 144

Dx
CSF analysis shows low glucose, elevated neutrophils and gram positive diplococci

Back 144

S pneumo meningitis

Front 145

what Rx are used for SAH

Back 145

labetolol

nimodipine

phenytoin

anticoagulant reversal

Front 146

when are anticonvulsants used with cerebral hemorrhage

Back 146

PROPHYLACTICALLY:
parenchymal hemorrhage

SYMPTOMATIC/SEIZURES:
subarachnoid hemorrhage

Front 147

what are the 3 most feared complications of parenchymal hemorrhage

Back 147

uncal herniation

hydrocephaly

SAH

Front 148

what is the MCC of epidural hematoma

Back 148

rupture of middle meningeal artery tear

Front 149

what is the MCC of subdural hematoma

Back 149

rupture of bridging veins tear

Front 150

if a px has a brain hematoma, should you perform an LP and why

Back 150

No, LP is CI'd b/c incr'd risk of brain herniation
(instead, perform CT)

Front 151

What is the treatment for SAH

Back 151

Stop any anticonvulsants

Keep BP < 150 (labetalol; avoid nitroprusside/NTG)

Nimodipine (prevent arterial spasm)

Optimize brain environment (prevent hypoxia, fever)

Normalize blood (glucose, pH, & osmolarity)

Address cause of hemorrhage

Front 152

what are the 5 main lacunar syndromes that may arise from lacunar infarct

Back 152

pure motor hemiparesis

pure sensory stroke

ataxic hemiparesis

sensory motor stroke

dysarthria clumsy hand syndrome

Front 153

ring enhancing lesion on CT with seizures could be what

Back 153

"DR MAGIC"

D = Demylenating Ds (e.g. MS)
R = Radiation Necrosis or Resolving Hematoma (i.e. contusion)
M = Metastasis
A = ABSCESS (most common)
G = Glioblastoma Multiforme
I = Infarct (subacute) or Infection (HSV, Neurocysticercosis, Toxoplasma)
C = Cancer (lymphoma)

Front 154

what is seen in the CSF of SAH

Back 154

increase pressure

RBC's in serial tubes

xanthochromia (if couple-day-old stroke)

Front 155

which meds are known for causing seizures

Back 155

LOWERS SEIZURE THRESHHOLD:
bupropion
buspirone
enflurane
many narcotics
theophylline
psychostimulants

MEDICATION WITHDRAWAL
benzos
barbs
alcohol
anticonvulsants

OTHER CAUSES:
B6 def (important in production of GABA)

Front 156

presentation of seizure:
simple partial

Back 156

FOCAL sensory deficits
(e.g. parasthesias, hallucinations)

FOCAL motor deficits
(e.g. repetitive or purposeless mvmts)

NO loss of consciousness

Front 157

presentation of seizure:
complex partial

Back 157

hallucinations (auditory, visual, olfactory)

automatisma (repeated coordinated mvmt)

deja vu

IMPAIRED consciousness

Front 158

presentation of seizure:
generalized convulsive

Back 158

muscle contractions/jerking (e.g. tonic, clinic, tonic-clonic, myoclonic, atonic)

incontinence

LOSS of consciousness WITH post-ictal confusion

Todd's paralysis (possible)

Front 159

presentation of seizure:
absence

Back 159

IMPAIRED consciousness (brief/seconds)

possible eye-blinking

normal muscle tone

NO post-ictal confusion

Front 160

Rx to prevent myoclonic seizure

Back 160

valproate

Front 161

Rx to prevent absence seizure

Back 161

ethosuximide, valproate

Front 162

Rx to prevent partial seizure

Back 162

phenytoin, carbamazepine, lamotrigine

Front 163

Rx to prevent grand mal (tonic-clonic)

Back 163

valproate
carbamazepine
phenytoin
lamotrigine
topiramate

Front 164

seizure med a/w:
gingival hyperplasia

Back 164

phenytoin

Front 165

seizure med a/w:
DOC for absence

Back 165

ethosuximide

Front 166

seizure med a/w:
second choice for absence

Back 166

valproate

Front 167

seizure med a/w:
DOC for trigeminal neuralgia

Back 167

carbamazepine

Front 168

what is the MCC of drug-induced SJS

Back 168

lamotrigine

Front 169

what is the initial concern for seizures mgmt

Back 169

ABC's

Front 170

MCC of seizure:
children aged 2- 10 y/o?
young adults aged 18 - 35 y/o?

Back 170

CHILDREN 2 - 10 Y/O:
febrile

ADULTS 18 - 35 Y/O:
trauma

Front 171

what is the BP goal and Rx for:
ischemic stroke

Back 171

<220/120

labetolol
nicardipine

Front 172

what is the BP goal and Rx for:
intracerebral hemorrhage

Back 172

SBP <140-160

labetolol
nitroprusside

Front 173

what is the BP goal and Rx for:
SAH

Back 173

SBP <150

labetolol
nimodipine (prevents vasospasm)

Front 174

what is the Rx of choice for mania with psychosis

Back 174

atypical antipsychotics

(also haloperidol)

Front 175

parkinson Rx:
used in early disease and has neuroprotective effects

Back 175

selegiline (MAO-B inhibitor)

Front 176

parkinson Rx:
rescue therapy for sudden akinetic episode

Back 176

apomorphine

Front 177

parkinson Rx:
potentiates levodopa

Back 177

COMT Inhibitors:

entacapone/talcapone

Front 178

parkinson Rx:
tremors

Back 178

Anticholinergics:

trihexyphenidyl/benztropine

Front 179

parkinson Rx:
increases dopamine release

Back 179

amantadine

Front 180

Rx MC'ly used in parkinsons

Back 180

levodopa/carbidopa

Front 181

brain lesion seen in px with parkinsons

Back 181

depigmentation of substantia nigra

Front 182

what will an electromyogram reveal in ALS

Back 182

widespread muscular denervation

motor block

Front 183

Rx for ALS

Back 183

riluzole

Front 184

life expectancy for ALS

Back 184

3-5 years from time of diagnosis

Front 185

major symptoms of huntingtons

Back 185

choreiform mvmts

cognitive decline (dementia)

Front 186

what drugs are used to Rx huntingtons

Back 186

Dopamine antagonists
(e.g. haloperidol & risperidone)

tetrabenazine

Front 187

what is the major SE of atypical antipsychotis

Back 187

weight gain

DM/DKA

Front 188

what are the signs and symptoms of TCA overdose

Back 188

anticholinergic SE

cardiotoxicity

neurotoxicity

Front 189

how are TCA toxicity managed

Back 189

Na+ bicarb (for QRS > 100 msec's)

benzos (for seizures)

Monitor > 6 hrs (for cardiotoxicity)

Front 190

what are the unique features of picks disease

Back 190

aka frontotemporal dementia

dementia

behavioral & personality changes

progressive aphasia

frontal temporal atrophy on CT/MRI

Front 191

what are the unique features of lewy body dementia

Back 191

dementia

parkinsons features (e.g. bradykinesia, parkinsonian gait, cogwheel rigidity)

visual hallucinations

repeated falls/syncope

Front 192

66 yo woman with forgetfulness and decreased bilateral parietal lobe activity on PET scan

Back 192

alzheimers (cortical atrophy)

Front 193

Rx for alzheimers

Back 193

CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS:
donepezil
rivastigmine
galantamine

NMDA RECEPTOR BLOCKER:
memantidine

Front 194

how can you differentiate vascular dementia from alzheimers

Back 194

MRI:
Vascular --> multiple infarcts
Alzheimer's --> cortical atrophy

Front 195

what 2 symptoms should make you think of MS

Back 195

Unilateral optic neuritis with central vision loss

internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF)

Front 196

signs/sx's of unilateral optic neuritis

Back 196

pain worsened with eye mvmt

central vision loss

afferent pupillary defect (i.e. marcus gunn pupil)

MRI: affected nerve diffusely enhances

Front 197

signs/sx's of internuclear ophthalmoplegia

Back 197

ipsilateral loss of adduction on lateral gaze

contralateral eye nystagmus on lateral gaze

normal b/l convergence

Front 198

what is the most sensitive test for MS

Back 198

MRI of Brain
(asymmetric white matter lesions of diff't ages)

MRI of Orbits
(diffuse nerve enhancement of edema & demyelination)

Front 199

what Rx's decreases the frequency of MS relapses

Back 199

IFN-B

Glatiramer Acetate

Front 200

what is Rx for acute MS relapse

Back 200

corticosteroids, methotrexate

Front 201

what neuronal tract in the first compressed in syringmyelia

Back 201

1ST AFFECTED: crossing fibers of spinal thalamic tract
(loss of pain & temp a few segments below the level of the lesion/syrinx)

2ND AFFECTED: anterior horn cells
(flaccid paralysis & muscle atrophy of the hands & arms)

Front 202

what is the pattern of pain in a migraine

Back 202

unilateral, throbbing pain

Front 203

what is the pattern of pain in a tension headache

Back 203

bilateral pain a/w tightness in neck/shoulders

Front 204

Rx for lithium-induced nephrogenic DI

Back 204

hydrochlorothiazide

amiloride (closes Na+ channels in collecting tubules)

Front 205

classic presentation of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Back 205

ascending paralysis presenting after a recent infection (e.g. viral illness, diarrhea, etc)

Front 206

how can guillain barre be Dx'd

Back 206

CSF will show albuminocytologic dissociation
(elevated protein and normal WBC)

electromyography reveals slowing of nerve conduction velocity (i.e. demyelination)

Front 207

how do you Tx ileus in px with guillain barre

Back 207

erythromycin

neostigmine

Front 208

what causes fasciculations and fibrillations at rest on EMG

Back 208

LMN lesion

Front 209

what causes a silent EMG at rest and a decrease in the amplitude of muscle contraction on stimulation

Back 209

intrinsic muscle disease (e.g. myositis, muscle inflammation, MD)

Front 210

lung cancer may be a/w what d/o, causing muscle weakness

Back 210

lambert eaton

Front 211

what test is Dx of MG

Back 211

tensilon test (edrophonium)

Front 212

what is the Rx for benign essential tremor

Back 212

B-blockers

benzos

primidone

thalamotomy/deep brain stimulation
(for refactory cases)

For refractory cases: thalamotomy, deep brain stimulation

Front 213

Dx
woman presents with ptosis and diplopia that worsens through out the day

Back 213

Myasthenia Gravis
(AB's to ACh receptors at post-synaptic NMJ)

Front 214

Rx for guillain barre

Back 214

supportive care

plasmaphoresis and IVIG

(steroids NOT beneficial)

Front 215

how is Bell's palsy differentiated from a motor cortex stroke

Back 215

BELL'S PALSY:
unilateral UPPER & LOWER facial paralysis

MOTOR CORTEX STROKE:
unilateral LOWER facial paralysis

Front 216

classic presentation of GBS

Back 216

SYMMETRIC MUSCLE WEAKNESS
initially "stocking-glove" distribution
ascending paralysis
respiratory paralysis
facial muscle/oropharyngeal weakness

AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION

ABSENT/DEPRESSED DTR'S = HALLMARK OF GBS

Front 217

what are some features of acute dystonia

Back 217

acute onset

sustained contractions of the limbs/neck

Front 218

what are some features of tardive dyskinesia

Back 218

delayed onset

repetitive mouth/facial movements

Front 219

what is the MC adult brain tumors

Back 219

"MGM Studios"

Metastasis (#1)
Glioblastoma
Meningimoma
Schwannoma

Front 220

what is the MC pediatric brain tumors

Back 220

astrocytoma (#1)
medulloblastoma
ependymoma

Front 221

what is the next step once a brain tumor has been identified on CT or MRI

Back 221

full body CT scan to look for mets
(head, neck, chest, abdomen, & pelvis)

bone scan (to look for mets)

Front 222

what are some characteristics of neurofibromatosis I

Back 222

neurofibromas
café-au-lait spots
lisch nodules
freckling of axilla and inguinal area

Front 223

what are the sleep patterns of depressed patients

Back 223

decr'd slow wave (N3)

incr'd REM

decr'd REM latency

Front 224

what are the sleep patterns in elderly

Back 224

decr'd slow wave (N3)

decr'd REM

incr'd REM latency

frequent night-time awakenings

Front 225

what is the difference between nightmare and night terror

Back 225

NIGHTMARE
during REM
if pt appears awake, they actually ARE awake

NIGHT TERROR
during non-REM
if pt appears awake, they actually are NOT awake

Front 226

what is pickwickian syndrome

Back 226

aka OBESITY HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME (OHS)
obesity
hypersomnolence
dyspnea
hypoxemia (cyanosis, polycythemia, plethora)
pulmonary HTN --> R-side HF --> peripheral edema

Front 227

Rx for narcolepsy

Back 227

modafinil (Provigil)

Front 228

Rx for cataplexy

Back 228

venlafaxine

fluoxetine

atomoxetine

Front 229

insomnia Rx a/w:
vivid dreams

Back 229

melatonin

Front 230

insomnia Rx a/w:
studies show no benefits

Back 230

valerian

Front 231

insomnia Rx a/w:
poor sleep quality and anticholinergic SE

Back 231

antihistamines

Front 232

insomnia Rx a/w:
priapism

Back 232

trazodone

Front 233

insomnia Rx a/w:
arrhythmias and anticholinergic SE

Back 233

TCA

Front 234

insomnia Rx a/w:
works on benzo receptor and causes rebound insomnia

Back 234

zolpidem/zaleplon

Front 235

insomnia Rx a/w:
may be used long term

Back 235

eszopiclone

Front 236

insomnia Rx a/w:
works on melatonin receptors (t/f non-addictive) but must be avoided in hepatic insufficiency

Back 236

ramelteon

Front 237

Rx for RLS

Back 237

Da Agonists:

pramipexole
ropinirole
levodopa/carbidopa

Front 238

what are the stages of sleep & assoc'd wave forms

Back 238

"BATS Drink Blood"

AWAKE/EYES OPEN: beta-waves
AWAKE/DRIFTING OFF TO SLEEP: alpha-waves
STAGE N1: theta-waves
STAGE N2: sleep spindles & k-complexes
STAGE N3: delta-waves
REM: beta-waves

Front 239

benzos have which effect on sleep stages

Back 239

incr's N2

decr's N3 & REM

Front 240

MC sources of metastatic brain tumors

Back 240

"Lots of Bad Stuff Kill Glia"

Lungs
Breast
Skin (melanoma)
Kidney
GI Tract

Front 241

what two meds can be used as prophylaxis against meningococcal meningitis

Back 241

ciprofloxacin

rifampin

Front 242

what two meds can be used to treat chronic HTN and prevent recurrent migraines

Back 242

CCB

B-blockers

Front 243

what are Rx's for MG & how do they work

Back 243

Rx's: edrophonium, neostigmine, & pyridostigmine

MOA: anticholinergics: AChE-Inhib's --> incr'd ACh

Front 244

cause of syncope:
while shaving

Back 244

carotid sinus hypersensitivity

Front 245

cause of syncope:
while singing

Back 245

vasovagal syncope

Front 246

cause of syncope:
positive tilt test

Back 246

orthostatic hypotension

Front 247

cause of syncope:
prolonged loss of consciousness

Back 247

cerebrovascular etiology

Front 248

cause of syncope:
preceded by palpitations

Back 248

cardiogenic

Front 249

cause of syncope:
type 1 diabetes interrupted while eating

Back 249

hypoglycemia

Front 250

what is the MCC of syncope

Back 250

vasovagal syncope

Front 251

what should you first think of in a px who presents to ER with loss of consciousness

Back 251

Thiamine (prior to glucose)
Glucose (presumed hypoglycemia)

Naloxone (presumed opiod overdose)

Front 252

in an intact brainstem, ice water should cause eyes to

Back 252

move to same side

Front 253

what are the elbows doing in decorticate posturing

Back 253

flexing

Front 254

what should be done before giving px glucose who loss consciousness

Back 254

thiamine

Front 255

what measurements make for a positive tilt-test

Back 255

Incr'd HR > 20 bpm (while standing)

decr'd SBP > 20 points (while standing)

decr'd DBP > 10 points (while standing)

Front 256

Why is thiamine given in a glucose infusion to alcoholics with hypoglycemia

Back 256

Glucose without thiamine can exacerbate damage to mammillary bodies & worsen Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Front 257

what is a commonly used antidepressant that can cause seizures

Back 257

bupropion

Front 258

where is brocas area located & what artery supplies that area

Back 258

frontal lobe

left MCA

Front 259

what is amblyopia

Back 259

decreased vision due to disruption in normal development (e.g. cataracts, strabismus) prior to age 10

Front 260

possible presentations of amblyopia & what is tx

Back 260

PRESENTATIONS:
esotropia (inward deviation)
exotropia (outward deviation)
diplopia
refractive error not correctable with lenses

TREATMENT:
vision training (patch the good eye)
levodopa-carbidopa

Front 261

what eye d/o is an example of "afferent defect";
what is pathology & signs/sx's

Back 261

MARCUS GUNN PUPIL

PATHOLOGY:
optic nerve damage prior to pretectal nucleus

IPSILATERAL EYE:
direct pupillary light reflex absent (i.e. afferent)
consensual pupillary light reflex present
CONTRALATERAL EYE:
direct pupillary light reflex present
consensual pupillary light reflex absent
(i.e. afferent from contralateral eye)

Front 262

what eye d/o an example of "efferent defect";
what is pathology & signs/sx's

Back 262

OCULOMOTOR NERVE (CN III) DEFECT

PATHOLOGY:
damage to the CN III or one of its branches

IPSILATERAL EYE:
direct & consensual pupillary light reflex absent
(i.e. efferent)
CONTRALATERAL EYE:
direct & consensual pupillary light reflex present
(i.e. no effect on contralateral efferents)

Front 263

MCC of blindness > 55 yo

Back 263

macular degeneration

Front 264

MCC of blindness <55 yo

Back 264

DM

Front 265

MCC of blindness in blacks of any age

Back 265

glaucoma

Front 266

eye discharge & other features:
bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 266

DISCHARGE:
purulent, copious d/c
24 hours a day

OTHER FEATURES:
GC, Chlamydia, Trachomatis
S. Aureus, S. Pneumo

Front 267

eye discharge & other features:
viral (adenovirus) conjunctivitis

Back 267

watery d/c

DISCHARGE:
watery
eyelid may be sealed in AM

OTHER FEATURES:
fever, URI, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis
highly contagious (aka "pink eye")

Front 268

eye discharge & other features:
allergic conjunctivitis

Back 268

DISCHARGE:
bilateral, watery d/c
eyelids may be sealed AM

OTHER FEATURES:
pruritus
other allergy sx's

Front 269

Cause of red eye a/w:
collagen vascular defect

Back 269

uveitis

scleritis

Front 270

Cause of red eye a/w:
potential serious complication of corneal ulceration

Back 270

herpes simplex keratitis

Front 271

Cause of red eye a/w:
colored halos

Back 271

acute angle closure galucoma

Front 272

Cause of red eye a/w:
itching eyes

Back 272

allergic conjuctivitis

Front 273

Cause of red eye a/w:
preauricular lymph node enlargement

Back 273

viral conjuctivitis

Front 274

Cause of red eye a/w:
dry eyes

Back 274

keratoconjunctivitis sicca
(feature of sjogren's syndrome)

Front 275

Cause of red eye a/w:
shallow anterior chambers

Back 275

acute angle closure glaucoma

Front 276

MCC of conjuctivitis in first 24 hours of life

Back 276

chemical irritation 2nd/2 antibiotic eye drops
(given to newborn for potentially undx'd GC/chlamydia in mother)

Front 277

classic features of orbital cellulitis

Back 277

infection involving the eye
proptosis (bulging)
ophthalmoplegia (weakness/paralysis of 1+ EOM's)
decr'd/double vision
pain with mvmt

(orbital is more severe than periorbital cellulitis)

Front 278

classic feature of periorbital cellulitis

Back 278

infection of skin surrounding the eye

normal vision

(periorbital is less severe than orbital cellulitis)

Front 279

what is the Rx for orbital cellulitis

Back 279

vancomycin

cefotaxime

Front 280

what is chalazion

Back 280

CHRONIC inflammation of INTERNAL MEIBOMIAN sebaceous glands --> EYELID swelling

Front 281

what is the Rx for chalazion

Back 281

usually self-limiting

refractory cases:
surgery
intralesional steroid injection

Front 282

what is hordeolum

Back 282

aka "stye"

ACUTE infection of EXTERNAL SEBACEOUS glands (Zeiss or Mol) --> tender, swollen LID MARGIN

Front 283

what is the Rx for hordeolum

Back 283

hot compression

unresolved after 48 hrs:
I&D
+/- antibiotic ointment

Front 284

what is anterior blepharitis

Back 284

infection of EYELIDS & LASHES 2nd/2 seborrhea -->
red swollen LID MARGINS and dandruff on LASHES

Front 285

what is the Rx for anterior blepharitis

Back 285

wash lid margins daily with shampoo

remove scales with cotton ball

antibiotic ointment

Front 286

what is the next step in newborn with chemical burn to the eye

Back 286

copious saline irrigation

Front 287

what diseases are associated with uveitis

Back 287

SERONEG SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES (HLA-B27):
psoriatic arthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
IBD
reactive arthritis

JUVENILE IDEOPATHIC ARTHRITIS

BEHCET'S DISEASE

SARCOIDOSIS

KAWASAKI'S DISEASE

Front 288

what is the relationship b/w strabismus & amblyopia

Back 288

strabismus is MCC of amblyopia

Front 289

what is the relationship b/w amblyopia & strabismus

Back 289

strabismus is MCC of amblyopia

Front 290

what would be the visual field defect of a lesion of the optic tract

Back 290

homonomous hemianopsia

Front 291

what are the sx's of Horner's Syndrome;
what is the classic etiology

Back 291

HORNER'S TRIAD:
ptosis
miosis
anhydrosis

ETIOLOGY:
lesion of SS trunk
tumor in apex of lung (i.e. Pancoast Tumor)

Front 292

Dx
px that has periods of mood disturbances while psychotic as well as periods of psychosis with normal affect

Back 292

schizoaffective disorder

Front 293

what are the major features of acute angle closure galucoma

Back 293

severe eye pain
red/inflamed eye
dilated pupil
hard orbit

Front 294

what are the major features of open angle glaucoma

Back 294

cupping of optic disk (cup:disc ratio >50%)

Front 295

Dx & Tx:
woman w/new onset rapid vision loss & pain w/mvmt

Back 295

Dx: optic neuritis of MS (i.e. acute MS flare)

Tx: IV steroids (e.g. methylprednisolone)

Front 296

what disorders are a/w cherry red spot of the macula

Back 296

retinal artery occlusion

neimann pick's

tay sach's

Front 297

what is the tx for macular degeneration

Back 297

Vit C, E, & B-carotene
copper & zinc

intravitreal ranibizumab

laser photocoagulation

Front 298

what is the tx for retinal detachment

Back 298

laser photocoagulation

cryotherapy

Front 299

what is the pattern of vision loss in glaucoma

Back 299

peripheral to central

Front 300

what is the pattern of vision loss in macular degeneration

Back 300

central to peripheral

Front 301

what is the differential diagnosis for dislocation of the lens of the eye

Back 301

Marfan's syndrome (dislocates upward)

Homocystinuria (dislocates downward)

Alport's

Front 302

what is the Rx for closed-angle glaucoma

Back 302

ACETAZOLAMIDE: incr's aqueous humor removal --> decr's interocular pressure

PILOCARPINE (cholinergic agonist):
given after pressure is lowered (by acetazolamide)
decr's obstruction --> incr's aqueous humor removal --> decr's interocular pressure

SURGICAL:
peripheral laser irodotomy

Front 303

what is the Rx for open-angle glaucoma

Back 303

DECREASE AQUEOUS HUMOR PRODUCTION:
B-blockers (e.g. timolol)
a-adrenergic agonists (e.g. apraclonidine)

INCREASE AQUEOUS HUMOR REMOVAL:
PG anologs (e.g. latanoprost)
a-adrenergic agonists (e.g. apraclonidine)
cholinergic agonsits (e.g. pilocarpine)
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g acetazolamide)
IV mannitol for refractory cases

SURGICAL:
peripheral laser irodotomy

Front 304

classic presentation of pt with cataracts

Back 304

DECR'D VISION:
painless, progressive, & usually bilateral
near-sightedness (early manifestation)
difficulty reading fine print
difficulty night driving/reading road signs
possible disabling "glare" (oncoming headlights/bright sunlight)

Front 305

eye abnormalities in pt with Vit A deficiency

Back 305

night blindness

xerophthalmia (i.e. dry eyes)

bitot spots

Front 306

what are bitot spots

Back 306

areas of abnormal squamous cell proliferation & keratinization of the conjunctiva due to Vit A def.

Front 307

what is central serous chorioretinopathy

Back 307

temporary buildup of fluid under a portion of the macula

results in a "patch" of vision loss (due to retinal detachment)

Front 308

what is the classic pt with chorioretinopathy

Back 308

20-50 y/o male

highly stressed

Type A personality

Front 309

what is the typical complaint of a patient with retinal detachment

Back 309

sudden onset of painless flashing lights

large number of floaters

"shade comes down" over vision of one eye

Front 310

Dx
young child with loss of red light reflex

Back 310

retinoblastoma
(PE finding = leukocoria)

Front 311

first line therapy for depression

Back 311

SSRI

Front 312

what is seen in otoscopy of bullous myringitis

Back 312

large reddish vesicles on the TM

Front 313

what is bullous myringitis & with what is it often assoc'd

Back 313

bullous/vesicular inflammation of TM

a/w acute otitis media

Front 314

what organism is a/w bullous myringitis

Back 314

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Front 315

what is the Rx for bullous myringitis

Back 315

macrolides

Front 316

what is the underlying cause of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Back 316

dislodged otolith in the semicircular canal

Front 317

presentation of acute labyrinthitis

Back 317

nausea/vomiting
vertigo
nystagmus
HEARING LOSS

Front 318

what is a cholesteatoma

Back 318

overgrowth of desquamated keratin debris within middle ear space

may eventually erode the ossicular chain & external auditory canal --> conductive hearing loss

a/w chronic middle ear infection

Front 319

features of cholesteatoma

Back 319

grayish white "pearly" lesion behind TM

conductive hearing loss

vertigo

Front 320

what is ramsay hunt syndrome

Back 320

aka herpes zoster oticus

shingles of the ear, geniculate ganglion, & CN VIII

Front 321

what is the Rx for ramsay hunt syndrome

Back 321

narcotic analgesic (pain relief)

oral steroid (decrease inflammation)

antiviral therapy

Front 322

what symptoms are seen in menieres disease

Back 322

TRIAD: vertigo, decr'd hearing, & tinnitus

PLUS: nausea, vomiting, & ear "fullness"

Front 323

presentation of vestibular neuritis

Back 323

nausea/vomiting
vertigo
nystagmus
PRESERVED AUDITORY FUNCTION

Front 324

when do the guidelines say "observation" is appropriate in a child with acute otitis media

Back 324

GENERAL CRITERIA:
illness is mild
appropriate f/u is avail
antibiotics can be started promply if sx's worsen

6 MONTHS - 2 YEARS
unilateral
without otorrhea
general criteria are met

> 2 YEARS
unilateral or bilateral
without otorrhea
general guidelines are met

ANTIBOITICS SHOULD BE STARTED: if improvement is not noted in 48-72 hours

Front 325

what is the MCC of conductive hearing loss in adults

Back 325

otosclerosis
(abnormal growth of ossicles of the middle ear)

Front 326

what is the MCC of sensorineural hearing loss in adults

Back 326

presbycusis
(age-related high f hearing loss)

Front 327

what are the important characteristics seen on otoscopic exam of a pt with otitis media

Back 327

Bulging TM with decr'd mobility
(most sensitive dx'c finding)

Front 328

How can the Weber test help distinguish conductive hearing loss form sensorineural hearing loss

Back 328

CONDUCTIVE:
sound lateralizes to AFFECTED/ABNORMAL side

SENSORINEURAL:
sound lateralizes to UNAFFECTED/NORMAL side

Mnemonic: CANS
(Conductive --> Abnormal; Sensorineural --> Normal)

Front 329

compare distinguishing features of the following:
Labyrinthitis
Vestibular Neuritis
Meniere's Disease

Back 329

LABYRINTHITIS:
n/v/vertigo
nystagmus AND decr'd hearing

VESTIBULAR NEURITIS:
n/v/vertigo
nystagmus WITHOUT decr'd hearing

MENIERE'S:
n/v/vertigo
decr'd hearing WITHOUT nystagmus
+ tinnitus
+ ear "fullness"

Front 330

sx of macular degeneration

Back 330

loss of central vision

Front 331

types of macular degeneration

Back 331

exudative: less common, more severe --> sudden visual loss from leakage of fluid into retina --> abnormal bv formation non-exudative: atrophy anda degeneration of central retina, drusen forms under the pigment

Front 332

clinical findings of glaucoma

Back 332

increaed iop damage ot optic nerveirreversible vision loss loss of ganglion cells --> atrophy of optic disk cup gets bigger

Front 333

2 types of glaucoma

Back 333

open angle: painless, silent dz course, impaired outflow of aqueous humorclosed angle: occlusion of a narrow angle, very painful with eye dilation. eye is red and painful, n/v/ha **pupil becomes non-reactive**

Front 334

clinical findings of subconjunctival hemorrhage

Back 334

red blotchy portions of the eye non an emergency, looks worse than it is

Front 335

tx of subconjunctival hemorrhage

Back 335

resolves in a few weeks on its own, but cold compresses can help

Front 336

clinical findings of blepharitisetiology

Back 336

inflamed eyelid, usually from staph infx eyelid is red, swollen and crustedforeign body sensation

Front 337

tx of blepharitis

Back 337

lid scrubs and compress, topical abx if severe

Front 338

clinical findings of episcleritis

Back 338

inflamed bv lining sclera irritation, dull ache, watery d/c sclera are blotchy

Front 339

tx of episcleritis

Back 339

self limitednsaids can be used for symptom relief

Front 340

clinical findings of scleritis

Back 340

significant eye pain ocular redness visual impairment pain on palpation of eyeball

Front 341

tx of scleritis

Back 341

topical or systemic steroids

Front 342

clinical findings of superficial keratitis

Back 342

inflammation of corneal epithelium --> impaired vision and eye pain slit lamp eval: under cobalt blue + fluorescein dye, shows micro-erosions of corneal epithelium

Front 343

clinical findings of anterior uveitis

Back 343

red around the cornea blurred visionpainphotophobiaconstricted pupil

Front 344

clinical findings of herpes simplex keratitis

Back 344

dentrite seen on cornea (with fluoroscein staining) blindness if not treated ocular irritation and photophobia

Front 345

which eye conditions are associated with systemic dz

Back 345

anterior uveitisepiscleritis scleritis

Front 346

which hsv is related to hsv keratitis

Back 346

hsv 1

Front 347

sx of hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 347

rapid onset of copious, purulent exudate --> blindness very quickly

Front 348

what organism is related to hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 348

n. gonorrhea

Front 349

tx of hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 349

im ceftriaxone

Front 350

who to suspect of having hyperacute bacterial conjunctivitis

Back 350

sexually active young adult with rapid onset of copious purulent exudate

Front 351

what is the #1 cause of blindness worlwide

Back 351

trachoma

Front 352

clinical features of trachoma

Back 352

chronic conjunctival scarring

Front 353

2 types of conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia

Back 353

trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis

Front 354

clinical findings of inclusion conjunctivitis

Back 354

there is no scarring or blindness risk follicles are seen on inner margin of eye

Front 355

tx of chlamydial conjunctivitis

Back 355

oral tetracycline, doxy, or erythromycin tx partners too!

Front 356

#1 cause of white reflex in children

Back 356

congenital cataracts

Front 357

sx of retinal detachment

Back 357

floatersflashes of light grey elevated retinaperipheral loss of vision (as opposed to macular degeneration or optic neuritis)

Front 358

sx of choroidal rupture

Back 358

central scotoma retinal edema macular detachment subretinal hemorrhage

Front 359

etiology of choroidal rupture

Back 359

usually from blunt ocular trauma

Front 360

sx of proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Back 360

decreased visual acuityneovascularization

Front 361

clinical findings of cmv retinitis

Back 361

yellow-white patches of retinal opacifications, and retinal hemorrhage pts usually asx

Front 362

tx of cmv retinitis

Back 362

ganciclovir or foscarnet

Front 363

vision defect in hypperosmolar hyperglycemic diabetic coma pathophysiology

Back 363

blurry vision from hyperosmolarity

Front 364

dacrocystitis

Back 364

infection of lacrimal sac from obx at nasolacrimal duct --> pain, swelling, tenderness, rednessexpression of mucous or pus

Front 365

sx in optic neuritis

Back 365

central scotoma afferent pupillary defect changes in color perception decreased visual acuity

Front 366

clinical findings of htn retinopathy

Back 366

av nickeingcopper/silver wiringexudateshemorrhage no sx of visual impairment

Front 367

pathophys of htn retinomapthy

Back 367

focal spasm of arterioles, progressive sclerosis and narrowing

Front 368

types of dm retinopathy

Back 368

1. microaneurysms, hemorrhage, exudates, retinal edema --> vision changes2. pre-proliferative changes (cotton wool spots) 3. Prolferative (newly formed bv)

Front 369

how can complications of dm retinopathy be prevented

Back 369

with laser photocoag