Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Chaparro: purpose of the study |
understand how visual and auditory dual tasks are impacted by age while closed driving activity |
|
|
cell phone use increases crash risk by more than ____x fold |
4x |
|
|
Chaparro: hypothesis |
1. Predicted that auditory dual task would interfere less with driving compared to visual, since it uses a separate set of cognitive resources 2. Effects of visual AND auditory would be greater in old vs. young |
|
|
Chaparro: Outcomes measured
|
-time to complete road course
-# of road sigs recognized -number of road hazards recognized and number hit -correct gap judgements (cones) -correct responses on secondary addition tasks (sums)...visual (dashboard)...auditory (speaker) -composite driving score: overall driving performance |
|
|
Chaparro: ALL tasks were effected by performing dual-tasks vs. single-tasks regardless of age. True or False.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Chaparro: result for signs recognized
|
single> auditory and visual
|
|
|
Chaparro: result for time to complete course (old and young)
|
old: single>auditory>visual
young: single> visual and auditory |
|
|
Chaparro: result for composite score and age |
young > old
|
|
|
Chaparro: number of road signs recognized age
|
young>old
|
|
|
Chaparro: result of addition task auditory vs. visual
|
-auditory had fewer correct addition sums and missed more addition sums than visual |
|
|
Chaparro: overall effect of age on auditory and visual dual tasks |
old did significantly worse for auditory and visual dual-tasks relative to young |
|
|
Chaparro: Did Chaparro's results match his hypothesis? |
Hypothesis 1 (INCORRECT) -was incorrect as greater detriments were observed during auditory dual tasks vs. visual dual tasks (sums) Hypothesis 2 (CORRECT) -young outperformed old in both dual tasks |
|
|
Chaparro: what possible explanations can be responsible for why auditory dual task was impacted more than visual? |
-auditory has greater demand on working memory (visual can just look down at the monitor) -also verbal report of road signs could have interfered with summation task |
|
|
Chaparro: only old was effected by secondary task. True or false. |
False -both young and old performed worse on dual- task vs. single task |
|
|
Kemmler: Purpose of the study |
-BMD changes over 16 years of s supervised exercise |
|
|
Kemmler: Hypothesis |
-BMD between exercise and control would increasingly differ for all 4 end points during the study 4-, 8-, 12-, 16 years (femoral neck and lumbar spine) -effect of BMD more favourable at hip vs. LS |
|
|
Kemmler: Women in this study were all healthy women. True or False. |
False. Early post-menopausal osteopenic women (lumbar spine and total hip) |
|
|
Kemmler: What did the exercise group perform each week? |
-2 supervised group classes (60 mins) -2 home-based training sessions *focused on high intensity |
|
|
Kemmler: The exercise group were primarily focused on high intensity exercise. True or False. |
TRUE |
|
|
Kemmler: supervised exercise training consisted of: |
-aerobic dancing exercises -jumping exercises -resistance exercises (free weights, bands, resistance machines) |
|
|
Kemmler: Home training sessions consisted of: |
-warmup -isometric and dynamic -stretching and flexibility |
|
|
Kemmler: what happened to intensity and complexity over the years |
-complexity and intensity were increased over the years up untill year 8...complexity and impact training were reduced to account for aging population |
|
|
Kemmler: Did participants receive any supplementation? |
-calcium (1500mg/ day) -vitamin D (500IU/day) *stopped giving supplementation after first 5 years |
|
|
Kemmler: how was BMD measured in LS and FN |
DXA |
|
|
Kemmler: only BMD decreases were seen in non-exercise group. True or False. |
FALSE -losses in BMD were seen in both groups where non-exercise group seen larger decreases |
|
|
Kemmler: when did most BMD loss take place in control group? |
-first 4 years...about half of total BMD loss took place in first 4 years...continuos decline after that *exercise group DID NOT have drastic decline in first 4 years |
|
|
Kemmler: Did Kemmler's results match his hypothesis |
Hypothesis 1 -BMD was relatively higher at all endpoints compared to control group BUT DID NOT increasingly differ at all 4 end points Hypothesis 2 -sig. differences found in BOTH LS and FN -LS BMD losses most pronounced in first 4 years...more moderate losses seen in hip...could be due to differences in bone loss patterns |
|
|
Kemmler: drop out rates are higher in exercise interventions vs. pharmacological |
FALSE -drop-out rates higher in pharmacological |
|
|
Kemmler: were greater losses in BMD observed in LS or FN |
-sig. differences found in BOTH LS and FN-LS BMD losses most pronounced in first 4 years (exceeded all years by factor of 3)...more moderate losses seen in hip...could be due to differences in bone loss patterns -pronounced early menopausal BMD loss in LS |
|
|
Overall greater benefits from exercise were seen LS compared to FN. True or false. |
TRUE |
|
|
Kemmler: Limitations |
-selection bias -DEXA -lack of control external factors -attendance rate was low (2.2 sessions/wk) -changes in exercise did not always correlate was observation periods |
|
|
Kemmler: overall...gap in exercise and control increased significantly over 16 years. True or False. |
TRUE |
|
|
Verrusio: Purpose of the study |
-study whether music and exercise can have a positive effect on elderly with light to moderate depression -if improvement in mood persists over time |
|
|
Verrusio: beyond 65, risk of falling ill to depression increases by ___x fold |
3x |
|
|
Verrusio: drug therapy works well for light to moderate depression. True or False. |
False -only good evidence for drug therapy useful in severe depression |
|
|
Verrusio: what lasts longer pharmaceutical therapy or cognitive therapy? |
cognitive therapy |
|
|
Verrusio: music has been shown to increase _________________________ |
Cerebral Synaptic Plasticity -both depression and music work in a shared substrate of the brain |
|
|
Verrusio: exposure to sound leads to increased neurogenesis of _______________ |
hippocampus |
|
|
Verrusio: Primary outcomes |
-mood -state anxiety -plasmatic cytokine dosage |
|
|
Verrusio: which study design was implemented |
RCT |
|
|
Verrusio: participants has light to moderate depression. True or False. |
TRUE |
|
|
Verrusio: groups involved in the study (characteristics of each) |
-pharmacological group (received antidepressants...SSRI or NaSSA) -exercise/ music group: exercised twice/ week while listening to their choice of music ...consisted of general gymnastics, postural gymnastics, and aerobic training |
|
|
Verrusio: how were each outcome measured: |
-Mood (geriatric depression scale) -State anxiety (Hamilton anxiety scale) -Plasmatic cytokine dosage (measured as a stress marker) *measurements taken at 3-, 6 months then 7 months (1 month after intervention) |
|
|
Verrusio: minimal differences seen in pharmacological group after 6 months. True or False. |
TRUE -sig change in anxiety after entire intervention |
|
|
Verrusio: significant changes in in GDS and HAS observed at 3 and 6 months for exercise/music group. True or False. |
TRUE |
|
|
Verrusio: between group: there was NOT sig changes in HAS or GDS at each observation point. True or False. |
FALSE |
|
|
Verrusio: in exercise/music group...most participants seen low GDS scores and undetectable cytokine levels in blood...3 people had average GDS and high cytokines...decreases at 6 months |
... |
|
|
Verrusio: after suspension of intervention...what happened to GDS and HAS scores for exercise/ music group? |
No sig changes |
|
|
Verrusio: at 3-, and 6-months...___x fold positive effect for reduction in anxiety and depression |
2x |
|
|
Verrusio: ___________________relationship was found in exercise/music group |
dose-response |
|
|
Verrusio: Mechanisms to explain positive effects of physical exercise and music program: |
1. taking care of themselves=improve self-esteem 2. exercise: more positive thoughts and plans 3. pateinet and care giver working tg to take action to cure depression/anxiety |
|
|
Verrusio: limitations |
-small sample size -cytokines not statistically sig -placebo effect |
|
|
Benjamin: purpose |
-differences in brain structure and cognitive functions between masters athletes and sedentary older adults |
|
|
Benjamin: ________most important risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease |
aging |
|
|
Benjamin: 3 groups involved in the study |
-sedentary healthy young adults -sedentary healthy older adults: moderate/high intensity exercise less than 30mins 3x/week -masters athletes: life long endurance exercise and still participate in exercise |
|
|
Benjamin: Baseline characteristics that were measured include: |
-VO2max: astrand-saltin protocol -ventilatory gas exchange: douglas bag technique -MRI -VBM (global and regional brain volumes) |
|
|
Benjamin: What aspects of cognitive function were measured:
|
-executive functioning -global intelligence -declarative -working -processing speed -RT |
|
|
Benjamin: What was the age affect of young vs. old pertaining to GM and WM concentrations? |
-young sedentary adults showed significantly more GM and WM concentration vs. older sedentary adults AND masters athletes |
|
|
Benjamin: what was the exercise affect between masters athletes and sedentary older adults? |
-masters athletes maintained higher GM and WM concentrations than sedentary older adults -precuneus region |
|
|
Benjamin: affects of cognitive function (age and exercise) |
-no age affects for cognitive function -MA>SA for reading -when controlling global intelligence, MA outperformed SA for category fluency and outperformed young SA and elder SA for letter fluency = exercise improves executive function |
|
|
Benjamin: Life-long aerobic training may attenuate age-related brain tissue loss in regions associated with ____________ and _________and may benefit some areas of executive function in older adults |
-visuospatial function -motor control |
|
|
Benjamin: Was there greater losses in GM or WM due to age? |
-global reduction in GM and increases in CSF volume -lower concentrations of GM and WM in older adults |
|
|
Benjamin: loss of brain matter concentration more prominent in WM vs GM. True or false. |
FALSE |
|
|
Benjamin: What is the reasoning for brain tissue concentration loss? |
-reduction in synaptic density -shrinkage of neuron or glial cell volume |
|
|
Benjamin: Exercise related affects on visuospatial function and motor control |
-MA > SA in Gm and WM concentration in right parietal lobe and occipital lobe ...these lobes are stimulated in tasks involving visuospatial function and motor control...preservation in MA could be because life long stimulation of regions during exercise |
|
|
Benjamin: Potential mechanisms for exercise benefits |
-exercise increases level of BDNF=neurogenesis of hippocampus associated with improvement in learning and memory -exercise may improve brain angiogenesis associate with increased brain perfusion |
|
|
Benjamin: strengths of study |
-participants rigorously screened |
|
|
Benjamin: Limitations |
-small sample size -cross-sectional study design -genetic/ lifestyle factors |
|
|
Barbosa: purpose |
identify factors related to increased risk of falling for individuals above 80 years old living in nursing homes |
|
|
_____% of community dwelling older adults fall at least once per year...increases to ____% for those in nursing homes and _____% those over 80 |
30% 43% 50% |
|
|
_______are the leading cause of mortality in older adults |
falls |
|
|
Barbosa: study design |
cross-sectional |
|
|
Barbosa: who participated in this study |
individuals living in nursing homes over the age of 80 |
|
|
Barbosa: Methods |
TUG task -stand up from chair walk 3m around cone walk back and sit down safely -a score of 13.5s or more increase risk of falling -measures balance, gait speed, functional ability Barthel Index -measure functional status based on ADL 30-s CSTS -sit to stand as fast as possible in 30s -measured velocity and force Cognitive ability -count backward by 3s as fast and accurate as possible |
|
|
Barbosa: What was the cut off value for TUG to differentiate who was a faller and who was a non-faller? |
-if you scored 13.5 seconds or higher you were considered at risk of falling |
|
|
Barbosa: NRF group showed increase in __________, ___________, __________ compared to RF group |
30-s CSTS: -peak power -peak force -average velocity |
|
|
Barbosa: inverse relationship found between __________ and __________. |
TUG and CSTS |
|
|
Barbosa: What was the main finding of the study? |
increase risk of falls was related to decreased 30-s CSTS peak power, peak force, and average velocity....directly related to fall prevention and functional dependency |
|
|
Barbosa: Risk of falls is also related to lower: |
-functional capacity -quality of life |
|
|
Barbosa: Limitations |
-cross-sectional small sample size -self-selection bias |
|
|
Beurskens: changes in gait pattern of aging individual |
-stride time increases -increased stride time variability -increase period of double support -decrease speed -decrease step length and height |
|
|
Beurskens: greater detriments in dual-task walking when secondary task involves visual processing |
.. |
|
|
Beurskens: Purpose |
1. determine whether different walking difficulties influence performance on dual-task in young vs. old 2. determine whether different locomotor task difficulties differ bw visually dominated vs. non-visually dominated |
|
|
Beurskens: Single Tasks |
Participants were to walk 20m in 4 conditions: -narrow (0.3m)...preferred pace -wide (1.8m)... preferred pace -obstacle (1.8m)...preferred pace -fast (1.8m)...fast as possible wo running \ Non-walking tasks -task-check: 20s place as many checks on squares as possible top to bottom (continuous visual) -task-button: 20s fasten up 5 button jacket fast as possible (non-visual) |
|
|
Beurskens: 8 dual-task conditions |
Task-check -wide, narrow, obstacle, fast Task-button -wide, narrow, obstacle, fast |
|
|
Beurskens: Primary Outcomes |
-step duration (time bw 2 steps) -step extent (diff bw max and min leg angle) -step consistency -steps -walking speed -checking speed -buttoning speed -mDTC: cost of secondary task -2 cognitive tests: 1. Planning skill 2. Executive functioning |
|
|
Beurskens: Result for task-check mDTC |
-every alking measure was higher for old vs. young -increase in gait conditions narrow and obstacle was more pronounced in the elderly and mDTC was higher than wide and fast -age x gender interaction |
|
|
Beurskens: Result for task-button mDTC |
no age-related changes in walking measures -effects of only condition |
|
|
Beurskens: FACT -age related changes more pronounced when combining walking with visual checking task vs. non visual buttoning task |
... |
|
|
Beurskens: Result of age on cognitive tasks |
young did better than old in BOTH cognitive tasks... planning and executive functioning |
|
|
Beurskens:__________ and __________ locomotion is affected by age |
temporal spatial |
|
|
Beurskens: changes in gait pattern more pronounced in dual-task where secondary task is____________ demanding |
visually |
|
|
Beurskens: elders are more affected by narrow paths and obstacle paths while walking and performing visual dual task vs wide or fast |
.. |
