493 Voice Titze

Front 1

True or False

Biomechanics is the study of the motion of living material under unknown forces.

Back 1

False

Under known or assumed forces. Founded on the same basic principles as ordinary mechanics

Front 2

True or False

Mechanics is the study of objects in motion and the associated forces that produce that motion.

Back 2

True!

Front 3

The study of biomechanics is made more difficult because the desired properties are____.

Back 3

found in vivo (involves the study of the properties of living tissues, which is difficult to do outside of a living organism). Living tissues outside of a living organism are usually, well, dead. Not the same!

Front 4

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) had three universal Laws:
1. An object will stay at rest (or move at a constant velocity unless:

Back 4

acted upon by a force.

Front 5

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) had three universal Laws:
2. The force required to accelerate an object (change its velocity) is:

Back 5

directly proportional to its mass.

Front 6

Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) had three universal Laws:
3. For every action (force upon an object) there is.

Back 6

an equal and opposite reaction (force on another object)

Front 7

Three quantities in mechanics are undefinable in terms of any other quantity. What are they?

Back 7

Mass, length, and time

Front 8

True or False

Mass is the measure of the gravitational force of attraction between a weight and a reference weight.

Back 8

False.

Mass refers to amount, not weight.
Weight is a measure of the gravitational force of attration between a mass and a reference mass (like the earth)

Front 9

Mass, length, and time constitute the basic building blocks for the ____ quantities of mechanics

Back 9

derived

Front 10

Name me some derived quantities of mechanics.

Back 10

Displacement, velocity, momentum. I think.

Front 11

Displacement defines the distance between two points in space, as well as the _______.

Back 11

direction one must take to travel from one point to another.

Front 12

Quantities that are made up of two or more independent pieces of information are termed ____. Gimme an example.

Back 12

Vectors.
Displacement

Front 13

A quantity that scales or adjusts size is a ____. Gimme 3 examples

Back 13

scalar.
length, mass, time

Front 14

True or False
Velocity measures the rate of change of length (with respect to time)

Back 14

False
measures the rate of change of displacement.

Front 15

What is the international standard of velocity for air and tissue movement?

Back 15

m/s (meter per second)

Front 16

What's this?
dx
--
dt

Back 16

the mathematical definition of velocity, where
v=dx/dt, where v is the velocity vector and x is the displacement vector

Front 17

True or False
Momentum is a quantity derived from displacement and mass by simple multiplication or scaling.

Back 17

False

derived from velocity and mass

Front 18

What's the mathematical definition of momentum and what is it measured in?

Back 18

p=mv
p is the momentum vector, m is the mass, and v is the velocity vector
It's measured in m/s (meters per second)

Front 19

____ is the physical quantity imparted to an object to change its momentum

Back 19

Force

Front 20

True or False

A greater force is needed to change momentum rapidly than slowly.

Back 20

True

Front 21

____ is the rate of change of momentum over time.

Back 21

Force

Front 22

This formula is the mathematical definition of what?
dp/dt

Back 22

Force.
f = dp/dt

Front 23

A change in momentum can be brought about by a change in ___ as well as a change in ____, or ____.

Back 23

mass, velocity, both.

Front 24

What is this?
m(dv/dt)
Is it the mathematical definition of ___ when the rate of change of ____ becomes the product of a _____ and the rate of change of ____?

Back 24

f = m(dv/dt)

mathematical definition of force, when the rate of change of momentum becomes the product of a constant mass and the rate of change of velocity.
Yes, it is.

Front 25

What's this?
dv/dt

Back 25

the mathematical defnition of acceleration

a = dv/dt

Front 26

True or False

Acceleration is a scalar quantitiy, because it can be changed in either magnitude or direction.

Back 26

So, so false.

Acceleration is a vector quantity that can be changed in magnitude AS WELL AS in direction

Front 27

Oh boy! Is there a way we can write Newton's second law? You know, the one that says that the force required to accelerate an object (to change its velocity) is directly proportional to its mass? If that can possibly be true, what could the formula be?

Back 27

Yup.
f=ma
force equals mass times acceleration!
Just soak it in.

Front 28

I want to study objects that are being accelerated. That would fall under the auspices of what brance of mechanics?

Back 28

dynamics

Front 29

I want to study objects that are at rest or moving in a straight line at a constant velocity because all forces are in equilibrium. What branch of mechanics does this fall under?

Back 29

statics (a component of dynamics that has particular application to structural design)

Front 30

Subdivisions that involve the description of movments with or without specific reference to the forces are twofold: ___ deals with movement only, wherease ___ deals with movement as a consequence of known or assumed forces.

Back 30

kinematics
kinetics

Front 31

____ and ___ mechanics are the basic building blocks of laryngeal biomechanics. They are subdivisions of _____ mechanics.

Back 31

Fluid (liquids and gasses)
solid (rigid bodies)
continuum (deals with matter that appears to be distributed over some region of space)

Front 32

By isolating an object under investigation can be from its environment, I am constructing what?

Back 32

a free-body diagram

Front 33

What's a finite mass with zero dimensions that is located at a single point in space?

Back 33

a particle

Front 34

What sort of general mechanical system moves together in some cohesive way and what sorts of forces act upon it?

Back 34

A system of particles
internal forces between the particles within the system
external forces that act on the entire system collectively

Front 35

Gosh! My system of particles is so large I can't possibly keep track or each individual particle. I shall switch from a ___ to a ___ system orientation.

Back 35

microscopic to a macroscopic

Front 36

In a ____, particle motions are treated statistically and matter is thought to be a continuum (homogeneous "cloud" or particles).

Back 36

macroscopic system orientation

Front 37

True or False

If a continuous media preserves neither its shape nor its volume but adapts readily to the size and shape of its container it is called a liquid.

Back 37

False

A gas. A liquid preserves its volume but adapts to the shape of it's container. A solid maintains both shape and volume.

Front 38

The term ___ is used to describe the motion of liquids and gases within transport systems.

Back 38

fluid mechanics

Front 39

___ forces act on all portions of a distributed mass (gravity)

Back 39

body

Front 40

____ forces result from direct contact between one medium and another (wind resistance)

Back 40

surface

Front 41

What can possibly be defined as force per unit area?

Back 41

Stress

sigma = f/A

Front 42

True or False

Perpendicular stresses that point away from the surface are compressional stresses

Back 42

False
They are tensile stresses. compressional stresses point toward the surface.

Front 43

The magnitude of a compression stress is also called ___

Back 43

pressure

Front 44

Tangential stresses are called ___ stresses.

Back 44

Shear

Front 45

When stress is applied to any surface of a continuous medium, a ___ results, unless the medium is infinitely ___.

Back 45

deformation
stiff

Front 46

Deformation is considered an ___ if the dimention of interest (e.g. length) increases and a __ if the dimension of interest decreases.
(I'm sorry: DIMENSION OF INTEREST?!@#)

Back 46

elongation
contraction

Front 47

___ is a measure of normalized elongation.

Back 47

Strain

Front 48

If a deformation is applied uniformly over the body to increase or decrease its entire volume, it is called ____ or ____ respectively. In acoustics, the same volume changes are called ___ or ___ respectively.

Back 48

an expansion or a compression
rarefactions or condensations

Front 49

True or false

Liquids and solids are nearly incompressible, but some small change in volume always occurs with any deformation.

Back 49

True

Front 50

Hooke's law states that

Back 50

stress is proportional to strain
(stress is doubled whenever strain is doubled)
It is a definition of linear elasticity

Front 51

What is Young's modulus?

Back 51

the modulus of elasticity

Front 52

____ is the macroscopic end product of many internal dynamic interactions.

Back 52

strain

Front 53

The final macroscopic relation between an applied stress and the resulting strain is called the ____

Back 53

constitutive equation

Front 54

With a gas in a contained space an ____ in pressure causes a ____ in volume.

Back 54

increase
decrease

Front 55

The speed of deformation ofa given fluid under a shear stress is measured by its ____.

Back 55

viscosity

Front 56

____ is a measure of how difficult it is for a fluid to flow

Back 56

viscosity

Front 57

When human tissues are deformed, ___ determines how complete restoration is, whereas ___ and __ determing the rate of restoration. Since inertia is a universal property, this resiliency is usually described as ____

Back 57

elasticity
viscosity and inertia
viscoelastic

Front 58

A material deforms ___ and ___ as the stresses become ___ and ____. In other word, the relationship between stress and strain is _____

Back 58

less and less
greater and greater
nonlinear

Front 59

Fibrous substances taht show different deformation patterns along the fibers and across the fibers are said to be ____. Usually made of long chains of molecules than lattices spaced equally in all directions

Back 59

anisotropic

Front 60

The microstructure of teh vocal folds consists of a large concentration of ____

Back 60

fibers

Front 61

force per unit area is

Back 61

stress

Front 62

elongation per unit length is

Back 62

strain

Front 63

Vocal nodules occur symmetrically at the ___ of the vocal fold, where the ____ is largest.

Back 63

middle
vibrational amplitude.

Front 64

The international standard unit for pressure is the ____, which is equal to ___

Back 64

Pascal (Pa)
one Newton (N) per meter squared

Front 65

___ is a force distributed over a surface

Back 65

pressure

Front 66

_____ pressure measures the stress applied by fluid particles to adjacent particles (or a container wall) in reference to a ____. It is always _____..

Back 66

Absolute
vacuum
positive

Front 67

____ pressure is measured in reference to _____ pressure or some other ____ pressure. It can be ___

Back 67

relative
atmospheric
standard
positive or negative

Front 68

Pascal's Law:

_____ is transmitted rapidly and uniformly throughout an enclosed fluid ___

Back 68

Pressure
at rest

Front 69

True or False

Within the lung, Pascal's law predicts that a single pressure can be defined for all the alveoli: alveolar pressure.

Back 69

True

Front 70

There are two things that counteract pressure transmission in the body. What are they?

Back 70

gravity (pressures in the abdomen are greater than in the thorax)
elastic structures apply internal stresses that counteract liquid pressures

Front 71

In conversational speech, lung pressure varies between about __ and ___ kPa, ___ kPa being a typical average value.

Back 71

0.3 and 1.2 kPa
0.7 kPa

Front 72

Total lung volume is made up of ___ and ___

Back 72

vital capacity and residual volume

Front 73

True or False

Residual volume is usually depleted only during peak output (such as competitive exercise)

Back 73

False

Residual volume can never be depleted unless a lung collapses.

Front 74

Vital capacity is made up of ___, ___, and ___

Back 74

Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Front 75

____ is the amount of air breathed in and out during respiration, and usually constitutes about ___ of the vital capacity for low level physical activity.

Back 75

Tidal volume
10-15%

Front 76

The residual volume is about ___ liters, while the vital capacity is about ___ liters.

Back 76

2
4-5

Front 77

Boyle's law states that in a soft-walled enclosure at constant temperature ___ and ___ are inversely related, which can be written as:

Back 77

pressure
volume
PV = constant

Front 78

Ribcage expansion is the result of the contraction of the ____.

Back 78

external intercostal muscles

Front 79

If air pressure in the lungs is negative and the glottis is open then,

Back 79

air rushes in until the lung pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure

Front 80

In expiration, lung volume is decreased by the contraction of the ____, and by ____ of the lungs

Back 80

internal intercostal muscles (and abdominal muscles) and elastic recoil

Front 81

Since the vocal folds are ___ in phonation, there is a greater resistance to _____ and more ____ is necessary to expell the air in a reasonable amount of time.

Back 81

adducted
flow
lung pressure

Front 82

When expiration involves speaking or singing, ______ is even more involved in the regulation of airflow

Back 82

the larynx

Front 83

During speech and singing, inspiration and expiration are ____. How?

Back 83

Asymmetrical. Expiration is longer with a slow controlled release, inspiration is quicker with a large amount of air being inhaled very quickly.

Front 84

Matter in motion has _____

Back 84

kinetic energy

Front 85

The kinetic energy of a 2.0 kg mass moving at a constant velocity of 1.0 m/s is

Back 85

one joule

Front 86

The rate of delivery (or expenditure) of energy to another object is an expression of ___

Back 86

power (joules)

Front 87

The physical power in the voice comes from _______

Back 87

aerodynamic power

Front 88

Fluid flow is essential for _____ production

Back 88

speech

Front 89

True or False

Power conversion in the vocal system as air exits the glottis is 100 percent efficient

Back 89

False

Rotational flow at the glottal exit as well as turbulence dissipates energy. Also mechanical losses as friction is generated by vibrating tissue.

Front 90

When a pipe narrows, the air passing through it _____

Back 90

speeds up

Front 91

Bernoulli's principle states that if the energy in a fluid stream is ____, an _____ in particle velocity must be accompanied by a _____ in pressure.

Back 91

Constant
increase
decrease

Front 92

Vocal folds open and close in a repetitive fashion as a result of interactions between ___ and ____

Back 92

fluid flow
tissue movement

Front 93

The term used to describe the ratio of pressure to flow is:

Back 93

flow resistance

Front 94

What is this formula?

R=P/U

Back 94

Flow resistance: R is the resistance (kPa per 1/s)

Front 95

In most transport systems, _____ offer the greatest resistance to flow

Back 95

constrictions

Front 96

The pressure across the glottis divided by the flow through the glottis is described as

Back 96

glottal resistance