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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An area clear of vegetation for escape in the event you are endangered by fire is called a/an:
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Safety Zone
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When your segment of fire line is completed to a natural or constructed
barrier, or another fire line, you have reached a: |
Tie-In
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The fastest spreading portion of a fire is called the:
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Head
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An area of unburned fuel inside the fire perimeter is called:
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An Island
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A safe advantages location for starting line construction is called a/an:
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Anchor Point
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A fire starting outside the perimeter of the main fire due to flying sparks,
embers, or brands, is called a: |
Spot Fire
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The location where a fire started is called the:
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Point of Origin
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A preplanned and understood route firefighters take to move to a safety
zone or other low-risk area is called a/an: |
Escape Routes
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L.C.E.S stands for
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Lookouts - Communication - Escape Routes - Safety Zones
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A quickly constructed, minimum width, temporary unfinished line where
fuels have been removed to check the spread of fire: |
Scratch Line
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What're the 3 terms used to describe fuels by position are?
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Aerial, Surface and Ground
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What're the 7 characteristics of fuels that are important to fire behavior?
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Fuel Loading, Surface-to-volume Ratio, Horizontal Continuity, Dead to live Ratio, Fuel availability, Vertical arrangement, Compactness
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What're 1000 hour fuels often referred to in diameter
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3 inches and over
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What's used to represent 10 hour fuels in regards to field weather stations?
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Fuel Stick
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___________controlled by soil moisture and plants needs
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Live Fuel Moisture
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What're 3 sources where weather information can be obtained on a daily basis?
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E.C.C daily reports
Lookout reports or local TV, Station reports |
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Warm air is ________ dense than surrounding air and will tend to rise
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less
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Minimum relative humidity readings usually occur in what hours?
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Afternoon
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What 3 weather elements are most influential in fire behavior?
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Wind
Temperature Relative Humidity |
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What are 3 weather conditions that are associated with high pressure systems?
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Clear Skies/Northerly Winds
Lower Humidity or reduced marine layer Higher temperature |
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What slope aspect receives the most direct sunlight?
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South or Southwest
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What changes in fire behavior can be expected as a fire burns into a thermal belt?
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It will increase in intensity
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List 2 ways in which steeper slopes can worsen fire behavior.
(1 of 3) |
1. Fire Moves Faster as slope becomes steeper
The likelihood of rolling burning material increases as the slope becomes steeper |
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List another way in which steeper slopes can worsen fire behavior.
(2 of 3) |
Where steeper slopes face each other across a drainage they are closed to each other than flatter slopes, hence the opportunity for preheating and even area ignition is greater
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List another way in which steeper slopes can worsen fire behavior.
(3 of 3) |
Where minor drainages lie on steeper slopes they are potential "chimneys" in which fire can move rapidly and intensely
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List three (3) indirect effects that topography has on fire behavior.
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Influences wind Pattern
Influences Fuel Moisture and temperature Influences type of vegetation |
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Define a "slope-reversal" in two ways and describe how a slope reversal can affect fire behavior
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1WHEN FIRE REACHES A RIDGE-TOP AND BEGINS TO BURN
DOWNSLOPE ON THE OTHER SIDE IT COMMONLY SUFFERS A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN RATE OF SPREAD AND INTENSITY. THAT CAN PRESENT A GOOD CONTROL OPPORTUNITY. 2. WHEN FIRE CROSSES A DRAINAGE AND BEGINS TO RUN UP THE NEXT SLOPE IT OFTEN INCREASES GREATLY IN SPREAD RATE AND INTENSITY. THAT CAN PRESENT A THREAT TO FIREFIGHTERS OR CONTROL LINES. |
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Most of the heat produced by a fire goes up in the _______
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Convection Column
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Fire intensity refers to the rate at which _______ is produced.
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HEAT
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The spread component is an approximate prediction of rate of spread expressed in ____________
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Feet per minute
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Spot fires are ignited by ________ carried aloft in the convection column that falls out into receptive fuels.
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FIREBRANDS
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What term describes the fuel arrangement which leads fire easily from surface fuels to aerial fuels?
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Ladder fuels
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When a broad area of fuel is ignited nearly simultaneously it is referred to as ________ ______
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Area ignition
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What're Ladder Fuels
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term describes the fuel arrangement which leads fire easily from surface fuels to aerial fuels
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AREA IGNITION
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Is when a broad area of fuel is ignited nearly simultaneously
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What is Size up?
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An ongoing process
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Name three (3) of the five (5) size up considerations you should evaluate after arrival.
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What has burned
what is burning What will burn resource situation Life Hazards |
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A report on conditions should be what?
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Clear and concise
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Name three (3) key points of a good report on conditions.
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Fire Size
Rate of Spread Potential Fuel Location |
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A plan set forth the _____ ____ ______ and time frames needed to accomplish the incident objectives
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Strategy
Tactics Tasks |
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Plan not for the usual but plan for the ____________.
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Potential.
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What're the three (3) basic attack methods?
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Direct
Indirect Parallel |
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What're the advantages of a direct fire attack?
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Minimal area burned, no burning out necessary, safest part of, full advantage of burned-out areas along control line
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What're the advantages of a indirect fire attack?
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Easier work/less smoke, heat/flames,locate line
along more favorable fireline topography, take advantage of barriers, more time to build lines, lines can be built in lighter fuels |
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What're the advantages of a parallel fire attack?
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Easier work/less heat & smoke, can reduces fires length/eliminating fingers/pockets, may be able to place line in lighter fuels
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Name some of the DISADVANTAGES to a direct fire attack
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FFTRs work in smoke/heat/flames,no barriers
utilized, long/irregular control lines, not effective on fast moving fires |
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Name some of the DISADVANTAGES to a indirect fire attack
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Acreage burned increased, risk of burning out
escaping, fire may cross before fuels burned out, fjre can overrun firefighters working in unburned fuel, FAILS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF PREVIOUSLY BURNED OUT LINE |
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Name some of the DISADVANTAGES to a indirect fire attack
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Acreage burned increased, risk of burning out escaping, fire may cross line before burned out, unburned fuel between resources and fire
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Of the three attack methods (direct, Indirect, Parallel, which allows for
the least amount of acreage burned? |
Direct
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Of the three (3) attack methods, which involves working 5 to 50 feet away from the fires edge?
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Parallel
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List four physical features you should know about during your
briefing or area orientation. |
Roads, Fuel Breaks, Structures, Water sources
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Which strategy should be our first choice during fire control
operations? |
Offensive Mode
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What tendency should be avoided when working in a defensive mode?
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tendency to get stuck in defensive mode
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List possible items of poor construction that could be found on a "Loser"?
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Shake Roof, Wood siding, Exposed Deck, Large window area, Many vents and openings
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List possible items of poor LOCATION that could be found on a "Loser"?
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Side of slope, Top of slope, Top of chimney, Isolated from other structors, Long distance from water source.
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List possible items of Poor access that could be found on a "Loser"?
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Narrow
Long Drive Heavy fuels along access Access cross chimney Snags near access Unsafe egress route |
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List possible items of Poor clearance that could be found on a "Loser"?
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Fuels continuous up to structure
Brush within 30' of structure, 100' on steep slope trees overhanging or near structure fuels sufficient to cause crown fire flammable near house such as woodpile |
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Under what circumstances is it necessary to designate that a
structure is being protected? |
When there is a long drive or the structure cannot be seen from road
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Evacuation is the responsibility of what?
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Law enforcement
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Name two locations to take refuge if over run by fire while protecting structures
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Inside the structure
Inside cab of engine |
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It is important to stay ______ while protecting structures during a wildland fire.
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Mobile
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The area where apparatus are parked should be _____ of all flammable material
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cleared
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You should always establish _____ ________ and make sure everyone knows them.
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Escape routes
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The hose bed should be kept______.
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Covered
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Communication between firefighters should be ______ to ______ whenever possible
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Face to face
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The electricity for a structure should only be turned off if _____________.
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The structure becomes involved
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You should consider knocking down a surface fire before it spreads to the _______.
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crowns
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The best way to protect yourself from radiant heat and save water
is to ___________________. |
Get behind something
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If you are overrun and retreat into the structure you should take a _______ and _____ with you.
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Hose and SCBA
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You can protect yourself from radiant heat by use of a ____________ over all windows.
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Forest Fire Shelter
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You can protect yourself from radiant heat by use of a FOREST
FIRE SHELTER over all windows. |
Roof
Attic Ventilation System Interior Sub Floor |
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Always protect your _________ as well as the structure.
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Engine
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What good practices of fireline construction result in actually increasing the line construction rate?
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Keeping lines straight
Taking advantage of natural or man barriers Cold trailing on inactive port of fire Hot spotting |
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The final line constructed around the perimeter of fire is called what?
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Finished line
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Lines constructed on a steep slope require what?
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Trenching
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What is an anchor point?
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A point where firefighting operations are generally begun because that point is devoid of fuel or has been treated so as not to burn. The fire will not outflank you around the anchor point
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What must be done to prevent fire from creeping under control line in roots?
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Cut roots off at both sides of the control line and remove them
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In what 2 instances should a scratch line be used?
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1. to temporarily check/stop less active fire while suppression efforts are focused on more active areas of fire.
2. When hot spotting |
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Dirt thrown on flaming fuel should be directed at what portion of the flame?
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At the base of the flames
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Describe hot spotting.
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Creating an intermittent temporary line on a fire stopping fire spread in sections where:
1. Fire is moving most rapidly 2. Fire is burning most intensely 3. Fire threatens high value or sensitive areas |
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Members of a fire crew shall maintain a minimum of _______ clearance between themselves and other members of the crew to prevent injuries attributable to tool use.
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10 feet
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What is the pincer tactic?
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Direct attack around a fire by two or more engines in opposite directions from an anchor point
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List two ways of backing up a mobile attack
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1. Hand tools/back pump
2. Another Hose Line, Another Engine |
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Name Three advantages of mobile attack
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Fast
All equipment rapidly available Communications immediately available Working directly on line (safety) |
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Name 5 obstacles you may find during a mobile attack that could damage the engine.
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Rocks
Stumps Logs Ditches Holes |
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The nozzle operator should progress as fast as possible along line. The back-up personnel will catch any spots that are missed.
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False
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List three reasons why water is used as an extinguishing agent.
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Absorbs heat well
Available in large quantities Easy to transport, Handle and apply Penetrates into the fuel Economical |
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List three reasons for use of a solid stream
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Reach or distance
Fire too hot for close work Penetration |
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Water should always be applied to the ______ of the flame on vegetation fires.
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Base
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Reducing what 3 things will help conserve water during mop-up operations.
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Pressure, Hose size, Nozzle tip size
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What streams will protect the nozzle person from intense heat?
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Fog Streams
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You should use _____ hose to attack actively burning wildland fires.
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1-1/2"
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When starting a hoselay, you should establish an _______
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anchor point
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If you're completely dependent on water flow through the nozzle for protection you are _____
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Unsafe
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_________ nozzles are usually the best for attacking a wildland fire.
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Combination
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A progressive hoselay requires more staffing, equipment and _____ and is also slow to lay
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Water
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The ______ _____ is responsible for completing the hoselay effectively and safely if the engine operator must remain at the pump
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Nozzle Person
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What is the most important disadvantage of simple hoselay?
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No protection to line behind nozzle person
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What is the main use of a hose tee?
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to connect 1" laterals if needed
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A good hose connection is ______and ___ free and easily disconnected
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Hand tight, Leak
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All hose used on a fire line should be ________ before being placed on engine for return trip to station
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Re-Rolled
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Describe a pincer tactic
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Direct attack around a fire by two or more engines in opposite directions from an anchor point
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List two ways of backing up a mobile attack
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Hand tools, Back pump
Another hose line/Another Engine |
