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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what do physical barriers do |
keep hazardous materials outside of the body
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what are some examples of physical barriers |
outer layer of skin hair mucous membranes |
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what are secretions that flush away materals (physical barrier) |
sweat glands, mucous, urine |
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what are secretions that kill or inhibit microorganisms (physical barrier) |
enzymes, antibodies, acidity of skin and stomach |
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what are respirateory system modifications for physcal barrier to microorganisms |
mucous-coated hairs in nose cilia of URT sweep dust and bacteris-laden mucous to mouth |
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when the surrface physical barriers are breached by nicks or cuts, what comes to the rescue |
the second line of defense; phagocytic cells |
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what do phagocytes to |
attack and remove dangerous microorganisms is the first line of cellular defense |
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what are the 2 classes of phagocytes |
micrphages and macrophages |
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what types of microphages are there |
neutrophils and eosinophils |
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what are macrophages
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large phagocytic cells derived from monocytes
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what do microphages (N,E) do |
leave the blood and enter peripheral tissues to fight infections
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what is the action of neutrophils |
theya re mobile and quivk to atack bacteria. they die fighting bacteris |
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what are the action of eosinophils |
they target things that are coated in antibodies |
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where are microphages distributed |
throughout the body |
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what is the reticuloendothelial system
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the monocyte-macrophage system) |
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how can activated mAcrophages respond to pathogens |
-engulf and destroy with lysosomes -bind to pathogen to target it for other cells -phagolysosome -toxic chemical assault |
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what toxic chemicals can be released by macrophages and used to destroy pathogens |
tumor necrosis factor nitric oxide peroxide |
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what can Helper T cells do to help kill pathogens that are resistant to lysosomal enzymes |
it can release enzymes of respiratory burst, increasing the pH to kill them |
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what are the two types of macrophages |
free and fixed |
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what are fixed macrophages |
they stay in specific tissues or organs also called histiocytes |
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microglia (special histiocytes) |
found in central nervous sytem |
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kupffer cells (special histiocytes) |
found in liver sinusoids |
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what are free (wandering) macrophages |
macrophages that travel through the blood stream |
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alveolar macrophages (phagocytic dust cells) are special free macrophages where? |
in the respiratory tract |
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what is emigration |
the ability for macrophages and microphages to move through capillary walls |
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what is chemotaxis |
macrophages and microphages being attracted or repelled by chemicals in surrounding fluids ie cytokines |
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what is adhesion |
when phagocytosis begins |
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what are the steps for adhesion |
-phagocyte attaches -surrounds pathogen with vesicle for engulfment |
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how do some microorganisms evade adherance |
with a capsule |
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what marks pathogens |
opsonization |
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what is opsonization |
coating by complement proteins or antiobodies on top of capsule |
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after ingestion by micro/macrophages, what can happen |
1-lysosomal digestion 2-containment |
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NKC are what |
natural killer cells |
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what do natural killer cells do |
monitor normal tissues, attach to abnormal cells that do not have the "self" surface protein markers they induce apoptosis and enhance inflammatory response |
