4--Nervous System B

Front 1

Taste buds

Back 1

Have elongated taste cells that have sensory microvilli at the tip.

Front 2

Gustatory cortex

Back 2

Area in brain for taste.

Front 3

Olfactory cells

Back 3

Modified neurons, located within olfactory epithelium in nasal cavity. Each cell has receptor proteins for specific odor molecules.

Front 4

Olfactory bulb

Back 4

Extension of the brain that receives impulses from olfactory cells.

Front 5

Cornea

Back 5

Made of collagen fibers, outer membrane that protects the eye.

Front 6

Aqueous humor

Back 6

Watery fluid fills anterior compartment.

Front 7

Anterior of eye

Back 7

Everything in front of lens.

Front 8

Choroid

Back 8

thin middle coat around eye, absorbs stray light and becomes the iris in the anterior part of the eye.

Ciliary muscles arise from ciliary body of choroid and attach to the lens, helps change shape of eyes.

Front 9

Iris

Back 9

Regulates amount of light entering eye by expanding or decreasing size of pupil.

Front 10

Pupil

Back 10

opening in eye

Front 11

Retina

Back 11

Contains photoreceptors, impulses exit eye thru optic nerve.

Front 12

Rod cells

Back 12

Powerful, acute photoreceptors for black and white vision

Front 13

Cone Cells

Back 13

Photoreceptors for color vision. Packed in the fovea centralis

Front 14

Vitrous humor

Back 14

Clear, gelatinous fluid that holds retina in place and supports lens.

Front 15

Nearsightedness

Back 15

Lens focuses image in front of the retina, remedied by concave lens.

Front 16

Farsightedness

Back 16

Lens focuses image beyond the retina. Remedied with convex lens.

Front 17

Astigmatism

Back 17

Cornea has irregular surface, causing image to be unevenly focused on retina. Remedied with uneven lens.

Front 18

Pinna

Back 18

Part of outer ear, supported with cartilage

Front 19

Auditory Ear Canal

Back 19

Ceruminous glands along upper part of canal secrete cerumen.

Front 20

Cerumen

Back 20

Ear wax

Front 21

Tympanum

Back 21

Eardrum

Front 22

Ossicles

Back 22

Bones of the middle ear, tiniest bones of the body, transfer vibrations from the tympanum to the oval window of the inner ear.

Malleus (hammer)
Incus (anvil)
Stapes (stirrup)

Front 23

Auditory (Eustachian) tube

Back 23

Extends from middle ear to nasopharynx, allowing air pressure in the middle ear to be equalized.

Front 24

Cochlea

Back 24

Pressure from stapes pressing on oval window in transferred here.

Front 25

Spiral organ (organ of corti)

Back 25

Inside of the cochlea

Front 26

Tectoral Membrane

Back 26

Pressure waves in fluid of cochlea cause this to slide across sensitive stereocilia.

Front 27

Stereocilia

Back 27

Transfer impulses to the cochlear nerve. Can be destroyed by one minute of sound over 100 decibels.

Front 28

Rotational Equilibrium

Back 28

Rotating the head causes fluid to press against the cupula, bending the stereocillia and sending an impulse to the brain.

Front 29

Cupula

Back 29

Jelly-like tissue located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Hair cells with stereocilia are embedded in it.

Front 30

Gravitational equilibrium

Back 30

Nodding the head causes the heavy otoliths in otolithic membrane to sag, bending the stereocilia.

Front 31

Otolithic membrane

Back 31

Hair cells with stereocilia are embedded in it, contains heavy otoliths.

Front 32

otoliths

Back 32

bone cells

Front 33

Meningitis

Back 33

Microorganisms infect meninges, inflammation of meninges. Leading cause of mental retardation in the US. Children under 4 most susceptible.

Front 34

Leprosy

Back 34

Caused by mycobacterium. Sensory neurons gradually destroyed, skin becomes desensitized. Accidental self-inflicted damage.

Front 35

Polio

Back 35

Caused by polio virus from fecal contaminated soil and water. Attacks motor neurons so that impulses fail to reach the target tissues. Paralysis of skeletal muscle.

Front 36

Rabies

Back 36

Rabies virus can cause encephalitis. Infection may constrict the throat, making swallowing of mucus difficult, causing foaming at the mouth. From animal bites or licks of open sores.

Front 37

Encephalitis

Back 37

Swelling of brain tissues. Brain, encased in bone, has nowhere to go.

Front 38

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE)

Back 38

Caused by prions, deform normal proteins in the nervous system. Dense plaques create sponge-like holes in brain.

E.G., Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad cow disease)

Front 39

Prions

Back 39

Infectious protein particles, smaller than viruses. Resistant to high temperatures and household disinfectants.