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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Urine can be used as an indicator for the body's state of hydration. What is the daily urine output? |
600 - 2000mL per 24 hours |
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Refers to increased daily output of urine |
Polyuria (What can polyuria be linked to?) |
- diabetes mellitus/insipidus - ingestion of diuretics - ingestion of caffeine or alcohol |
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Refers to decreased daily output of urine |
Oliguria (What can oliguria be linked to?) |
- vomiting - diarrhea - perspiration - burns |
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Refers to the absence/cessation of urine output |
Anuria (What can anuria be linked to?) |
kidney damage or renal failure |
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Refers to increased urine output at night |
Nocturia (What can nocturia be linked to?) |
- reduction in bladder capacity during pregnancy - stone or prostate enlargement - increased fluid intake at night |
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When collecting urine, you should use wide mouthed cups with screw-cap lids and a capacity of _____mL |
50mL |
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The label should be placed on the body of the container. What is written on the label? |
- identification number
- date and time of collection |
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____ mL of urine is used for routine urinalysis ____ mL of urine is used for drug testing |
10 - 15mL of urine is used for routine urinalysis 30 - 45mL of urine is used for drug testing |
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Urine should be analyzed within _____ hours |
2 hours (If it can not be analyzed within 2 hours, what should you do?) |
use refrigeration or chemicals to preserve urine |
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Chemical preservatives can be bactericidal but they can preserve ________ and generally does not interfere with chemical testing |
formed elements |
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What is the cause of modified/darkened unpreserved urine? |
oxidation or reduction of metabolites |
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What is the cause of decreased clarity of urine? |
- bacterial growth - precipitation of amorphous material |
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What is the cause of increased odor of urine? |
- bacterial multiplication - breakdown of urea into ammonia (NH3) |
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What is the cause of increased pH of urine? |
- breakdown of urea into ammonia by bacteria that produce urease - loss of carbon dioxide (CO2) |
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What is the cause of increased nitrite in urine? |
multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria |
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What is the cause of increased bacteria in urine? |
bacterial multiplication |
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What is the cause of decreased glucose in urine? |
- glycolysis - bacteria using the glucose |
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What is the cause of decreased ketones in urine? |
- volatilization (substance is vaporized) - bacterial metabolism |
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What is the cause of decreased bilirubin in urine? |
- exposure to light - photo oxidation to biliverdin |
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What is the cause of decreased urobilinogen in urine? |
oxidation to urobilin |
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What is the cause of decreased RBCs, WBCs and casts in urine? |
disntegreation in dilute and/or alkaline urine |
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The most common type of urine specimen. Used for routine urinalysis. |
Random specimen |
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Most concentrated urine specimen; therefore it is most preferred. |
First Morning Specimen
(What is it also known as?) |
8 hour specimen |
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Helps prevent false (-) pregnancy tests and detecting orthostatic proteinuria |
First Morning Specimen |
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Urine specimen that is - collected 2 hours after a meal - monitors insulin therapy |
2-hour Postprandial |
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Urine specimen that is - recommended for glucose monitoring - usually the 2nd specimen after fasting |
Fasting specimen (Fasting specimen is also known as?) |
2nd morning specimen |
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Urine specimen that is - collected around 2 to 4 pm - used for evaluation of urobilinogen because it contains "alkaline tide" |
Early Afternoon specimen (What is alkaline tide?) |
an alkaline pH that enhances detection of urobilinogen |
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Urine specimen that is - collected via needle - used for bacterial culture and cytologic testing |
Subrapubic aspirate |
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Urine specimen that is - collected by inserting a tube through the urethra into the bladder - can be used for bacteria culture |
Catheterized urine specimen |
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How is Catheterized urine specimen associated with increased epithelial/urothelial cells
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The catheter increases epithelial/urothelial cells cells
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Urine specimen that is - used for routine screening and microalbuminuria determination - minimizes bacterial contamination or UTI |
Midstream Clean Catch |
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Urine specimen that is used for: - substances that changes with diurnal variation - creatinine clearance - hormones |
24 hour urine specimen |
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24 hour urine specimen should be kept in _____________ during collection
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refrigerator or ice |
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A prostatitis specimen involves 3 glass collections. Describe each specimen: Glass 1 - Glass 2 - Glass 3 - |
Glass 1 - the first urine Glass 2 - midstream urine; used as control for bladder and kidney infections Glass 3 - in prostatic infection, the WBC/hpo and bacterial count should be 10x the 1st specimen |
(+) result means that the 3rd specimen is invalid due to infection |
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A urine specimen that is used for testing the presence of metabolites of drugs of abuse. |
Drug testing specimen (How many mL is needed?) |
30 - 45mL
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A drug testing specimen should be checked every _____ hours at approximately __________C |
4 hours 32.5 - 37.7C |
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What is the document that must accompany every step of drug testing? |
Chain of Custody |
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This is added to the toilet bowl in order to prevent altering the specimen used for drug testing |
bluing agent |
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What substances should you test for if you need to confirm that the specimen is urine? |
urea and creatinine (Why?) |
because it has a higher concentration in urine than any other body fluid |
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Give some reasons for why a specimen would be rejected. |
- improperly labeled; unlabeled - specimen or container is contaminated - there is insufficient volume - improper preservation / transportation - a delay between time of collection and receiving of the laboratory |
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Urine color is an indicator of? |
hydration |
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Pale yellow (straw) samples are generally ______, whereas dark yellow samples are usually ______ |
dilute concentrated |
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A pigment that is excreted at a constant rate; responsible for the normal yellow color of urine. |
Urochrome (Increased urochrome can result from?) |
- thyroid disease - fasting urine sample |
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Formed from the oxidation of urobilinogen |
urobilin |
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Urobilin is colorless, but when it is oxidized to urobilin, it becomes __________ in color which may indicate that urine is no longer freshly voided |
orange to brown |
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A pink pigment that is most apparent after refrigeration |
uroerythrin |
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What would cause colorless/pale yellow urine? |
- dilute, random specimen - diabetes mellitus/insipidus with polyuria |
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What would cause dark yellow urine? |
- concentrated specimen (first morning or after strenuous exercise) - dehydration from burns, fever,etc |
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What would cause intense yellow/amber/orange colored urine?
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- bilirubin - excess uroblin - pyridium (UTI medication) |
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How could bilirubin cause intense yellow/amber/orange colored urine?
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- with an increase of bilirubin, bilirubinemia occurs. If you shake the urine, yellow foam appears indicating conjugated bilirubin is present |
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How could pyridium cause intense yellow/amber/orange colored urine?
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this UTI medication results in a thick orange urine that masks chemical and microscopic analysis |
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What would cause red/orange colored urine?
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- rifampin |
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What would cause portwine/burgundy red colored urine?
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porphyrins
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What would cause green/blue colored urine? |
- medication and dyes such as amitriptyline, indican, phenol - infections caused by Pseudomonas - ingestion of clorets |
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What would cause brown/black colored urine? |
- methemoglobin - melanin - metronidazole |
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How do you assess urine clarity? |
inspect a well mixed urine in a clear tube and view against a white background |
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How would you report a urine sample that has: - no visible particulates, transparent |
clear |
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How would you report a urine sample that has: - few particulates, print easily seen through urine |
hazy |
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How would you report a urine sample that has:
- many particulates, print blurred through urine |
cloudy |
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How would you report a urine sample in which: - print cannot be seen through urine |
turbid |
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How would you report a urine sample that: - may precipitate or be clotted |
milky |
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What does urine with an aromatic odor indicate? |
normal urine |
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What does urine with an ammonia odor indicate?
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- urea metabolized by bacteria into ammonia |
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What does urine with a foul/strong odor indicate? |
bacterial infection; UTI |
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What does urine with a fruity, sweet odor indicate? |
ketones (DM, Starvation, Vomiting) |
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What does urine with a maple syrup odor indicate? |
Maple syrup disease |
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What does urine with a sweaty feet odor indicate?
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isovaleric acidemia glutatir acidemia |
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What are some non-pathological causes of turbidity in urine?
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- squamous epith. cells - mucus - semen; sperm - fecal contamination |
- radiographic contrast media
- talcum powder - vaginal cream |
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What is the first renal function to become impaired? |
reabsorption |
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What are some pathological causes of turbidity in urine?
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- RBC/WBCs - bacteria - yeasts - lipids |
- non squamous epith. cells
- abnormal crystals - lymph fluid |
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_________ is another cause of urine turbidity, it contains lymph fluid and is associated with obstruction of lymph flow.
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chyluria
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________ is another cause of urine turbidity, this occurs when individual is using a paraffin-based vaginal cream for Candida infection |
pseudo-chyluria |
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________ is another cause of urine turbidity due to the presence of fat/fat globules
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lipiduria |
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Measures refractive index by comparing : velocity of light in air to velocity of light in a solution |
Refractometer |
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________________ uses a small volume of urine (1-2 drops) and does not require temperature corrections unlike urinometer |
Refractometry |
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White foam formation in urine would indicate: |
increased protein |
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Yellow foam formation in urine would indicate: |
bilirubin phenazopyridine |
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In lead porphyrinuria, urine is what color?
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normal / yellow |
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Urine with a rancid odor indicates:
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tyrosinemia |
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Urine with a cabbage; hops odor indicates: |
methionine malabsorption |
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Urine with a bleach odor indicates: |
contamination |
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Urine with a rotting fish odor indicates: |
trimethylaminuria |
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Urine with a mousy, musty odor indicates: |
phenylketonuria |
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