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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what 2 situations would you need to do an emergency castration?
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testicular torsion,
scrotal hernia |
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When preping for castration, why do you flush out the prepuce with iodine?
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pseudomonas
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How should you position yourself when doing a castration?
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on opposite side as normal - my case on the right - and cut caudal to cranial
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What is the definition of a closed castration?
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parietal vaginal tunic is left intact
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What structures are the most superficial at the prescrotal area?
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urethra and penis
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What is the first step when doing a closed castration after making the incision into the prescrotal area?
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-strip or cut the scrotal ligament (attachement between the spermatic cord and scrotum)
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In a closed technique castration, after cutting the scrotal ligament, what do you do?
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-ligate the cord with 2 encircling or 2 transfixing ligatures or one of each
-don't have to use clamps for animals less than 6 weeks |
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When do you use an open technique vs. closed?
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open is when the animal is greater than 35 lbs
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In a open technique castration, after double ligating the vessels, what must you do?
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Free the pareital tunic - seperate the lig. of the tail of the epididymis from the tunic and place the pedicle back inside the parietal tunic
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When doing an open castration, what is the best way to decrease swelling?
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close the parietal tunic back up and do a circumferencial suture around tunic, ligate and amputate
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When is scrotal ablation indicated after castration?
What is a down to this? |
dogs with
1 - dermatitis 2 - neoplasia 3 - trauma 4 - pendulous scrotum 5 - older animals -lots of bleeding - need electrocautery |
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What do you do if a fistulous tract forms weeks - months after performing a castration?
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-you have damaged the urethra during SQ closure and have to make an eliptical incision to take out the old suture
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What is the difference between performing a closed vs. open castration in a cat?
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closed - tie cord around itself
open - tie vessels to vas deference with 4 throws |
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When should the testicles descend by?
Which is more commonly retained and where? |
2 months
-if not, one or both will remain in the inguinum or abdomen -right is more common |
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What to you do to find the retained testicle and not the prostate?
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Find the
-vas deferense -gubernaculum testicular artery/vein |
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If you have an inguinal retained testicle, where do you incise and how many layers do you close in?
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incise over palpable testicle or inguinal ring
-close in 2 layers |
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What is neutersol made out of?
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zinc gluconate
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What ages is neutersol made for?
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3 months - 10 year
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How long may sperm be present after injecting neutersol?
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> 60 days
-atropies testes and reduces testosterone |
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What are the SE to neutersol?
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-pain
-scrotal rejection (irritation, dermatitis, ulceration, necrosis of scrotal sac) - vomiting within 4 hours |
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What are the congenital components to brachycephalic airway syndrome?
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1 - stenotic nares
2 - elongated soft palate 3 - hypoplastic trachea |
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What are the secondary components to brachycephalic airway syndrome?
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everted saccules- resulting from prolonges upper airway obstruction resulting i increased inspiratory effort
-can lead to laryngeal collapse |
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Where should the soft palate normally end?
-what is its normal function? |
where the epiglottis is over the soft palate
-separates the orophaynx from the nasopharynx |
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What is an elongated soft palate?
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-soft palate extends beyond the epiglottis - more than 1-3 mm caudal to the tip of the epiglottis
-may reach the rima glottis |
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What sound will you hear with an elongated soft palate?
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stertorous
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Is a hypoplastic trachea always present with brachecephalic airway syndrome?
What is the trachea width compared to to see if it is hypoplastic? |
no
first thoracic vertebrae or diameter of trachea to thoracic inlet ratio (ventral T1 to dorsal manubrium) |
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What is the tracheal diameter: thoracic inlet ration for non-brachycephalic breeds?
brachycephalic bulldogs |
> 0.20
<0.16 <0.13 |
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Where are everted larygeal saccules seen?
What are they really? |
rostral to vocal folds and caudal to arytenoids
-prolapse of the mucosa lining the larygeal crypts |
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What is considered stage I larygeal collapse?
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everted larygeal saccules
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What are 5 signs to brachycephalic airway syndrome?
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1 - inspiratory striduor
2 - stertorous (snoring) 3 - exercise intolerance 4 - heat intolerance 5 - cyanosis |
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What are the 3 definative surgeries to help with brachycephalic airway syndrome?
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1 - rhinoplasty
2 - staphylectomy 3 - sacculectomy |
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Where does the alar fold go back to?
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the medial canthus of the eye
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What are 2 methods to do a rhinoplasty?
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-increase nostril radius
-wedge resection - mimic pull of muscle |
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What is a stapylectomy?
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resection of an elongated soft palate
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What is important during resectioning the soft palate?
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want to prevent post op edema
-gentle handeling -can pre-treat with dexamethazone |
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What are your landmarks when doing a staphylectomy?
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-tonsil (caudal or midpoint) and tip of epiglottis
-other landmarks are the palatine tonsil and tonsilar crypt |
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Where do you put stay sutures for a staphylectomy?
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-bilateral - caudal tonsil border (guide for excision)
-central - uvula |
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What are 2 methods for staphylectomy?
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- cut-suture
-CO2 laser excision |
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When placing your simple continuous suture during a staphylectomy, what do you oppose?
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-oroparygeal and nasoparygeal mucosa (monocryl)
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What are advantages with using CO2 laser with staphylectomy?
disadvantages? |
blood, swelling, pain - seals nerves
-disadvantages - healing is delayed risk of collateral tissue damage and damage to O2 tube (have to cover it with foil) personal health |
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How does a sacculectomy heal?
what must you be careful to avoid? |
second intention healing
-be careful not to mistake the vocal folds for everted saccules - biggest place to do this is ventrally (can form a stricture) |
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When recovering a patient with Brachycephalic airway syndrome, what is most important?
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recover - slow and quiet --> make sure to maintain a patent aiway
-corticosteroids can help to decrease inflammation AND always use an atraumatic tech |
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What is the first sign of trouble with an animal with brachycephalic airway syndrome?
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increased temperature
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What are the 4 stages of larygeal collapse?
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1 - everted larygeal saccules
2 - aryepiglottic fold deviation 3 - corniculate process deviation 4 - complete |
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What % of mammary tumors are malignant in the cat?
dog? |
50
85 |
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What is recommended with inflammatory mammary tumors?
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euthanasia
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The risk in waiting to spay a dog after the 1st and 2nd heat to develop mammary cancer is how much?
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1st - 8% if OHE after first heat
2nd - 26% if OHE after second heat |
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If a cats waits until the age of 1 year, to get spayed, what is the risk reduction of developing mammary tumors?
2 years? |
1 - 86%
2 - 11% |
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What is the percentage of dogs that develop a new tumor in the ipsilateral mammary chain after a regional mastectomy for a single tumor?
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58%
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Even if a small llump is found in a cat, what is recommended?
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radical mastectomy
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What is a good prognostic indicator for a tumor?
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- well circumscribed
- LN negative - well differentiated - Grade I |
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In dogs, what is the predominant type of malignant tumor?
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carcinoma
-complex -simple (tubulopapillary, solid, anaplastic) |
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In dogs, what is the predominant type of benign tumor?
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adenoma - simple or complex
fibroadenoma benign mixed tumor duct papilloma |
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What should you avoid with performing a lumpectomy?
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cautery, laser, radiosurgical scalpel
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What margins do you want for a chain or regional mastectomy?
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3 cm margins
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How many mammary glands are there in the dog?
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10
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Which vessels are important to ligate with a mastectomy?
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cranial and caudal superficial epigastric artery and vein *branch of pudendal epigastric trunk)
(near inguinal ring and inguinal fat pad) |
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What should you warn owners about with a mastectomy?
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dehisance and seroma formation
-tumor can occur somewhere else because of communication of lymphatics |
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Is tamoxifen recommend for adjuctive therapy to mammary tumor removal?
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no
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What is the survival time of a mammary tumor that is >3 cm?
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4-12 months
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What is the survival time of a mammary tumor that is 2-3 cm?
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15-24 months
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What is the survival time of a mammary tumor that is < 2 cm?
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3 years
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What is recommended in cats as an adjuctive therapy to mastectomy?
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chemo due to high maliganant rate
-adriamycin/cytoxin - exp for non-resectable tumors -mitoxantrone |
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What are common clinical presentations of dogs with a bad spleen?
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- generalized weakness - most common (can't get up)
- abdominal distension - pale MM -hemoglobinuria |
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A thoracic radiograph that shows cannonball leasions means what?
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hemangiosarcoma?
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CBC of a spleen in trouble will show what?
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DIC
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What are the 2 problems with diagnosing spleen disease with a FNA?
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1 - hard to diagnose - hemangiosarcoma bc lots of blood
2 - rupture and bleeding - could seed the abdomen with cancer cells |
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When you do an abdominocentesis on an animal that has free blood in the abdomen, what does a PCV of tell you?
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compare PCV to peripheral PCV and see if there is active bleeding (PCV over 12 is considered active bleeding that is occuring
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What are indications for splenic surgery?
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1 - trauma
2 - torsion 3 - neoplasia 4 - immune mediated disease |
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What are alternatives to removal of the whole spleen with lacerations?
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- may resolve spontaneously
- suture capsule -hemostatants -partial splenectomy |
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Name 3 things that could happen with trauma to the spleen?
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1- laceration
2 - hematoma 3 - avulsed vessels |
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What is a spenic hematoma and how is it treated?
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large amount of blood under the capsule of the spleen
-usually need surgery |
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What surgery should you always do with splenic torsion?
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gastropexy and removal of the spleen
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What is the most obvious sign of acute splenic torsion in cases of GDV?
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- splenomegaly
- acute pain - CV collapse -DIC |
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Why do most dogs with splenic torsion die in 1-2 days?
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people don't recognize in time and become septic and hypovolemic
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What are the CS of chronic splenic torsion?
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-anorexia and vomiting
-anemia -neutrophilia - hemoglobinuria -renal disease -splenic congestion |
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What is the biggest reason we do splenic surgery?
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neoplasia
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What is the biggest problem owners report with splenic neoplasia?
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-syncope
-also inappetance and weight loss, pale gums, distended abdomen, hemturia |
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What is the number one neoplasia in the dog and cat in the spleen?
What is the big problem with doing surgery on these animals? |
dog - hemangiosarcoma
cat - mast cell tumor -anesthesia is a big problem |
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What is the percentage of tumors that are malignant in the spleen of a dog?
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50% - hematoma
50% malignant - of these, 50% are hemangiosarcomas |
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If there is hemoabdomen in a dog with a splenic mass, what is it most likely?
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tumor - it has ruptures
-if not ruptured, it is a hematoma and is benign |
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What are 2 ways to get a spleen sample?
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splenectomy (partial)
core - close with gel foam |
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What are the 3 most common splenic tumors in cats?
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mast cell - worry about hypotension during anesthesia and problem with healing/dehiscance
lymphoma myeloproliferative |
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What are key features that will help you diagnose splenic neoplasia?
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- regenerative anemia
- nucleated RBCs - mitral murmur - usually secondary to hypovolemia - bloody abdominocentesis |
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What dogs get splenic hemangiosarcomas?
Where else can it go? |
older - 8-10 - GSD
-right atrium |
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What 2 techniques can you use to do a total splenectomy?
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1 - hilar ligation technique --> stay right up against the spleen
2 - splenic and short gastric ligation - easier and quicker |
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What are you ligating when you do the splenectomy via the splenic and short gastric ligation technique?
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just ligating 3 major branches
-left gastroepiploic artery -short gastric branches to left limb of the pancreas |
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How would you deal with arrythmiasa (a huge problem) following splenectomy?
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- lidocaine
-monitor K levels |
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What significantly decreases surgery time during a splenectomy?
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LDS - ligation and dividing stapler
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What is a true hernia?
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enclosed in a periotoneal sac
-most occur later in life, esp. female dogs |
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What is an example of a false hernia and why do most of these occur?
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diaphragmatic
trauma |
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What does incarcerated mean?
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has its own blood supply
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What are the 3 parts of the hernia?
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1 - hernial ring or neck - actual defect in the body wall (small - risk of strangulation is high)
2 - hernia sac (true - peritoneum) (false will not have one) 3- hernia contents |
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What are most types of hernias?
What are the signs if it is strangulated? |
non-painful and reducable
- painful, increases temp and HR, may vomit (due to intestinal obstruction) |
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What is the most common hernia you will see in practive?
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umbilical
-congenital/ genetic -occasionally improper transection of the umbilical cord (must leave 1 cm) |
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Large umbilical hernias that extend to the xiphoid may be associated with what?
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peritoneopericardial hernia
-diaphragm does not completely form ventrally |
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When repairing an umbilical hernia, once the hernia sac is opened and the abdominal contents are placed back in the abdomen, what do you want to do to insure primary closure?
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debride the edges of the ring after the sac is excised
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What size of umbilical hernia is not an emergency?
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less than 4 mm
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What type of hernia occurs more often in old, intact females that looks like a mammary mass?
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inguinal hernia - swelling is lateral to the last nipple
congenital are more common in males, but this does not happen very often, most are acquired in females |
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What are 2 approaches to repair inguinal hernias?
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conventional - have to worry about femoral A/V, external illeac, and obturator nerve
midline - easier, repair from inside out |
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What are reasons for cat relinguishment?
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intact>inappropriate elimination>aggression>scratching
-owner factors |
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Short term complications of declawing are the number one reason why vets are sued? They happen 25-60% of the time. What are some of these complications?
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-pain/lameness
-bleeding -infection -dehisance -behavioral |
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What is the biggest disaster assoicated with declawing?
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-ischemic necrosis - related to swelling under the bandage
-bandages increase the chance of this |
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What are some long term complications of declawing?
-happend 1-10% of time |
-chronic pain is the biggest
-P2 protrusion -burned P2 -claw regrowth -palmagrade stance |
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What do you worry about with a tourniquet - what type would you use with a declaw?
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- radial nerve paralysis
-best is to hold the foot or penroase drain |
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What are the 3 methods for declaw?
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1 - shears (guillotine method)
2 - P3 blade - best, fewest complications 3 - P3 laser -alternative is flexor tenectomy - not recommended |
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What do you leave when doing a declaw using the guillotine method?
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-leave the flexor process of P3 - not as palmar grade
-flexor tendon left intact |
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What is the most common complication of the guillotine method?
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regrowth of the nail - because leave the germinal center
has more complications when compared to blade - regrowth and infection |
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What do you do if a cat has chronic pain?
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- rule out mechanical cause or infection - radiograph
-give amitriptyline and gabapentin |
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How do you control pain with a declaw?
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-carpal ring block (bupivicaine and lidocaine)
- meloxicam - taper -fentanyl patch - buprenorphine - oral, not long term |
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What 2 areas are avoided for drains?
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- inguinal area
-along the prepuce |
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Why don't you want a passive drain to be fenestrated?
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decrease surface area
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What do you monitor with a drain?
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- measure fluid lost - every 4 hours
- PCV, TP, electrolytes 2-3 times per day -fluid character - remove a FRESH sample |
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When do you remove a drain?
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-depends on the character of the fluid
-also improvement of the animal - TPR |
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What pressure do you want to use when lavaging a wound of a horse?
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10-15 psi
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What types of lavage solutions do you want to use on a horse?
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chlorhexidine solution, not scub (toxic to fibroblasts)--> 0.05% or 1:40
povidone iodine - dilute is more potent - 0.1-0.2% |
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How does Kappa Delta handle hazing?
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Zero-tolerance; new members caught will have their initiation deferred to a later date, and Sisters caught can be put on National probation.
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What is common on the lower limb of a horse?
-what stimulates this? |
exuberant granulation tissue
- application of a bandage over a wound stimulated by: 1- dysregulated fibroplasia 2 - chronic inflammation |
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What are 2 options to treating proud flesh in a horse?
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1 - trim exuberant tissue
2 - triamcinolone ointment (panalog) - corticosteroids help to take edema out -use punch grafts to fill in defects |
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What drugs can be used in a horse for regional antibiotic perfusion?
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aminoglycosides
ceftiofur ? |
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What is the hardest part to get out in a cat spay?
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cervix
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When doing a resection and anastamosis, how do you cut the intestines?
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30 degree angle towards the segment that is staying
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When sowing together 2 pieces of intestine, where do you put the first and second sutures?
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1st - mesenteric side at the 6 o clock position (will fail here) - leave the tags long as a stay suture
2nd - at 12 o clock position at the antimesenteric border |
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Why do you do a ventral cystotomy?
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- ureters go in dorsally and want to see the ureters and inspect the trigone
-want to cathetierize them and make sure there are not stones there |
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What type of closure will you do for the following?
-cytotomy -cystectmy |
cytotomy - double layer closure (monofilament)
cystectomy- single layer closure (mono) |
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What is a unique thing about the bladder?
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heals to 100% tensile strength
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