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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do EMG and NCV show for peripheral nerve trauma?
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EMG - area of denervation
NCV - to see if injury is complete |
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What signs will you see with a nerve sheath tumor?
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-chronic
-progressive lameness -muscle atrophy -pain -Horners and loss of Panniculus |
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How do you diagnose nerve sheath tumors?
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EMG
Radiology - CT/MRI often show mass in brachial plexus; myelography |
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What do anomalous, chronic progressive diseases affecting UMN attack?
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- ventral horn cells
- peripheral axons - schwann cells |
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What are the causes of chronic, Motor Unit Disease neuropathy?
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1- anomalous - inherited
2 - metabolic (hypothyroidism, Hypoglycemia, diabetes, uremia) 3 - autoimmune (myasthenia gravis, chronic demyelinating neuropathy) 4 - paraneoplastic 5 - toxic peripheral |
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Myasthenia gravis is caused by what?
congenital vs. acquired? |
congenital - decreased number of Ach receptors on muscle
acquired- antibodies against Ach receptors result in decreased functional number of them |
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What is the common breed for acquired and congenital myasthenia gravis?
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congenital - springer spaniels, jack russel and fox terrier
acquired - Akitas, Golden retrievers, german Shepard |
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What does an EMG/NCV look like with megaesophagus?
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normal
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Where is the lesion for chronic demyelinating neuropathy worse?
What age cats are affected? |
pelivic limbs
-either less than one year or geriatric |
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What is the treatment for chronic demyelinating neuropathy?
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90% respond to steroids initially (prednisolone) and can be tapered
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What does the CSF look like on dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis?
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increased protein with normal cell counts
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What does the MNsNCV look like on dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis?
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slowed with reduced and dispersed evoked APs due to demyelination of peripheral nerves and (ventral nerve roots)
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What does the EMG look like on dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis?
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diffuse, spontaneous activity
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What type of paralysis will botulism, tick paralysis, and coonhound paralysis have?
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LMN
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How do you diagnose toxoplasmosis gondii; or neospora infections?
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-titers, biopsy, response to therapy
-therapy is clindamycin or sulfadiazine |
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What type of gait will animals that have polymyositis associated with collagen-vascular disorders have?
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walking on egg shells gait - it hurts everywhere
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What type of symptoms/test results will animals with immune mediated polymyositis associated with collagen-vascular disorders have?
What tests would you run? |
-inflammatory leukogram
-protein in urine -abnormal joint fluid -rule out toxo TESTS -increased CK -EMG -muscle biopsy |
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What CS will animals with malignant hyperthemia have?
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hyperthermia
acidosis hyperkalemia |
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How do you treat malignant hyperthemia?
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dantrolene
IV fluids steroids bicarb acepromazine |
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IS there pain with type I disk disease?
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yes - HIGH
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What is the best treatment for type I cervical disc extrusions?
thoracolumbar disc extrusions? |
ventral slot procedure
- hemilamnectomy - dorsal laminectomy |
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What are the 4 degenerative conditions that cause spinal cord disease?
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1 - degenerative disk disease
2 - cervical vertebral stenosis (Wobbler) 3 - lumbosacral stenosis (para) 4 - degenerative myelopathy (para) |
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What type of pain is seen with intervertebral disk disease type II?
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mild pain only
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What type of dogs does cervical vertebral stenosis occur in?
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older dobermans
young danes older large breeds |
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Is cervical vertebral stenosis acute or chronic?
What type of pain? |
chronic
moderate pain |
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What are CS for cervical vertebral stenosis?
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-thoracic limb extensor rigidity
-pelvic limb ataxia - cervical pain -quadreparesis with drunk cowboy hind limbs and Japanese princess front limbs |
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What are ancillary aids to help diagnose cervical vertebral stenosis?
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-EMG
-myelogram - must - CT -MRI |
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What type of surgical procedures could you perform on a dog with cervical vertebral steonosis?
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-ventral slot - those with type II disk protrusion
-traction/stabilization - help to relieve compression - continuous dorsal laminectomy - from C4-T1; those that have dorsal compression |
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What breeds are predisposed to getting acquired lubosacral stenosis?
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-German Shepards
-other large breed dogs |
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Is lumbosacral stenosis chronic or acute?
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chronic
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Is there pain associated with lumbosacral stenosis?
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yes - high amount
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Where is lumbosacral stenosis located?
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L6/7-S1 --> causes LMN signs to tail, perineum and sciatic nerves
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How do you diagnose lumbosacral stenosis?
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survey rads --> spondylosis at the LS junction
epiduragram CT evaluation |
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How do you surgically treat lumbosacral stenosis?
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surgical decompressive dorsal laminectomy of L7-S1 +/- fixation of L7-S1 articular processes to the wing of the illeium
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What dogs are predisposed to degenerative myelopathy and is it acute or chronic?
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german shepards
chronic |
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Is there pain with degenerative myelopathy?
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no
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Where is degenerative myelopathy localized and what type of CS do you get?
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T2-L4
back legs show UMN signs with progressive paraparesis |
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What happens with degenerative myelopathy?
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diffuse degeneration of white matter tracts in the thoracic spinal cord and occassionally nerve roots
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How do you diagnose degenerative myelopathy?
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CSF - elevated protein count with no response to steroids
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There is no current therapy to treat degnerative myelopathy, but one this that is controversial - what is it?
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e-aminocaproic acid
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Of the congenital spinal cod disorders, what is associated with abnormal spinal cord development - dorsal or ventral compartment malformation?
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dorsal
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What breeds get ventral compartment malformation?
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brachycephalic - because of screw tails
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What are the 2 main dorsal compartment malformations?
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-spina bifida
-spinal dysraphism |
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What type of breeds are formed with spina bifida?
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bull dogs and manx cats - kinked or absent tails
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What is spina bifida and what are the variants of the disease?
occulta - cystica - manifesta - aperta - |
failure of dorsal arch fusion
occulta - only bony defect cystica - meninges in defect manifesta - spinal cord in defect aperta- potential communication with dorsum |
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What is spinal dysraphism?
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failure in fusion of the neural tube
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What breed does spinal dysraphism most commonly occur?
-what is their typical gait? |
weimeraner dogs
-bunny hop gait |
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Is atlano-axial luxation acute or chronic?
Is there pain associated with it? |
acute
yes - high |
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What breeds are affected by atlanto-axial luxation?
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small breeds (minerature or toy) young
usually less than one year |
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What is the most common reason for atlanto-axial luxation?
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malformation of the dens
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Rank the following in order of most common to least common and highest pain to absent pain.
extradural intramedullary intradural/extramedullary |
-extradural --> 50%, high pain
-intradural/extramedullary --> 35%, moderate pain - intramedullary --> 15%, absent pain |
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Name 4 extradural vertebral tumors.
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-osteosarcoma
-fibrosarcoma -myeloma -chondrosarcoma |
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Name 5 extradural metastatic tumors.
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-lymphoma
-hemangiosarcoma -prostatic -mammary -perianal gland |
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Name 5 intramedullary tumors?
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astrocytoma
ependymoma glioma lymphoma hemangiosarcoma |
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What is diskospondylitis?
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infection of the disk with osteomyelitis of vertebra
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Is diskospondylitis acute or chronic?
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acute
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What is the most common cause of diskospondylitis?
What are ways that the animal gets it? |
coagulase positive Staph (also B. canis, Strep, Corynebacterium, Pasturella, E. coli, Fungal)
-often seeded thru a urinary tract infection |
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What are possible ways to diagnose diskospondylitis?
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CBC, UA, culture, B. canis test, radiographs
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Is steroid responsive acute or chronic and what breeds/ages are predisposed?
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acute
-lg breeds less than 3 years (bermease mountain dogs, pointers, boxers, beagles) also beagles |
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Is there a lot of pain with steroid responsive meningitis?
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yes - high
-severe neck pain, fever, lethargy, anorexia, depression due to inflammation of the meninges around the spinal cord |
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What is typical of steroid responsive meningitis?
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leukocytosis with non-regenerative anemia
marked neutrophilic pleocytosis |
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What is the treatment for steroid responsive meningitis?
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immunosuppresive doses of prednisolone tapered slowly over 2-6 months
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What are the 2 phases of spinal cord trauma?
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immediate - primary
delayed - secondary worse - can result in iscehemic necrosis |
