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213 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the closed loop gain formula? |
Gain=(controller gain)(process gain)/(1+(controller gain)(process gain)) |
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When h2s goes through an iron pipe what happens to the iron? |
It oxidizes (rusts) |
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What does derivative respond to? |
Loads |
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What is a communication standard? |
RS-485 |
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When an atom gains an electron, what happens to the atom? |
It becomes a negative ion |
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What does phase lag do when gain is decreased in a first order process? |
Inversely related. Gain goes down phase lag goes up |
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What is the name of the most common dew point analyzer? |
Chilled mirror |
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What is the parent chain of aromatics? |
Benzene Ring |
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What is the calibration procedure? |
Input LRV, set output to 4mA, Input URV, set output to 20mA. Repeat until calibrated. (zero span repeat) |
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What diagnostic test gives info on a valves condition? |
Valve signature |
Valve... |
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What type of selector would you use? |
Low select |
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Why is ph hard to measure? |
One move on ph scale is 10x stronger than the previous value. |
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How does a bluff body relate to flow? |
Directly proportional. |
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What determines how much radiation something will absorb? |
Time, shield, distance. |
TSD |
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Percent of reading question for accuracy? |
Gauge |
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What is traceability? |
An unbroken chain. |
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What is the ppm of 3.5 mg of a substance in a 5L solution? |
Mass (mg)/volume(L) = 0.7 ppm |
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What is cascade control? |
Uses output of primary controller to manipulate the SP of secondary controller. |
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What is done for a sample conditioning probe? |
Filtering before the probe and dilution. |
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What does increasing the surface do when crushing coal? |
Improve combustion. |
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Draw the structure for 2-dimethyl butane. |
(google) |
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When adding weight, what does this also effect in a load cell? |
Resistance goes up. |
More weight is harder to move.... |
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Why is bonding used? |
To eliminate electro static zero voltage shift. |
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When happens when the temp is -40 and dew Point is -20? |
Fluid will condense and freeze. |
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How does a DPT measure level in a tank? |
Infers height of the column by measuring pressure. Inferred by. Weight |
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How do you maintain a coriolis meter? |
Clean and do zero cals when I'm dirty service. |
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What is the flow proportionality for vortex meters? |
Vortices formed are directly proportional to flow rate. |
Faster flow = more vortices |
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What is Doppler effect flow measurement? |
Emits sound energy at a frequency. It is reflected back by matter(bubbles) in stream as it goes down the pipe. |
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How does ultrasonic level detection work? |
Transmits a signal to the fluid and the amount of time it takes to get back is inversely proportionate to the level. Time of flight principle. |
Time of flight is inversely related to level |
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What is the easiest way to calibrate a nuclear level switch? |
Close the shutter. |
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What is the coefficient coefficient in front of co2? |
1 in front of co2 |
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What type of process would you use an extended diaphragm? |
Viscous and corrosive. |
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What is a benefit to pure h2o in relation to ph? |
Can store electrode in it, no lon activity. |
Grandma's canning water |
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Why do we ground both sides of a mag meter? |
To avoid electrostatic zero voltage slips. |
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What relieves internal stresses in metal? |
Annealing. |
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Linear expansion of metal question |
14.4mm - change in L is ((alpha)(original L)(change in temp)) |
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Which of these can't you ground to? |
Plastic liner. |
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What benefits in cascade control? |
The inner loop. |
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how to you correct for Reset windup in selective control? |
Tie back the output of the secondary controller to the input of the primary controller. Reset Tieback |
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O2 in a chemical reaction is typically an? |
Oxidant |
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How do you measure level using radar? |
Electromagnetic |
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On What principal does a mag meter work? |
Faradays law |
Bueler |
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How is a hydrostatic head test performed? |
With H2O |
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Any petro location is considered what? |
A hazardous location |
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What responds to SP and Load changes? |
Integral |
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which of these is a Mechanical property of metal? |
Ductile / Ductility
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Quack |
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What would you consider the linearity of a transmitter to be? |
Characterisitic |
What a character |
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Why is extractive sampling better then Insitu? |
Sampling condition |
What do you do after shampooing? |
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What is accuracy? |
Closeness to which the output of a device represents the true value of the input of the device. |
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What is repeatability? |
Giving the same output multiple times when given a known input. |
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What is measured when analyzing pH or electrical conductiviy? |
Activity of H+ ions |
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define multi-capacity |
a combination of first order + deadtime |
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What is the sum of all errors in a system? |
Possible |
If it's not impossible its.... |
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What is an I/P? |
Transducer |
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Why does an analog transmitter require voltage / power? |
For its internal components to operate |
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Why is shielding used? |
To correct electromagnetic interference. |
Magnet |
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0-1000 kPa transmitter with an accuracy of +/- 1% of reading. Showing 250 kPa. What is the possible amount the transmitter could be out by? |
(250 kPa)(1%/100%) = 2.5 kPa. |
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What is lag? |
Deadtime |
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What type of process is it if gain changes at different points? |
Non-linear |
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What are the products of coal in a complete combustion? |
CO2 |
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What is a polar covalent bond? |
2 non-metals unequally sharing electrons |
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How do you determine derrivitive? |
A measurement of how a function changes as its input changes. Function(pv) / input = derrivitive |
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What is Bias? |
Output of the controller when no error exists. |
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What does a grab sampler require? |
A bypass line (also in accurate) |
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What oxidizes in H2O? |
(need a chemical reaction to know) Fe (iron). |
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With a 5% increase in CO and a 10% decrease in PV what is gain? |
Gain = output / input -10% / 5% = -0.5 or Reverse Acting (RA), 0.5 gain. |
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Graph Question, What type is it? |
Integrating |
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For a liquid flow process what should the controller settings be? |
TA: 0.5,10 |
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What is the drawing of butene? |
| | | | -C=C-C-C- | | | | |
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What stat is IIA? |
Solids |
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What Group is VIIA? |
Halogens |
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in an I/P if Current Goes up and Pressure goes down what type is the transducer? |
Reverse Acting |
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What is a Self-regulating system? |
Process comes back on its own without control intervention |
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What is measured during a Rockwell hardness test? |
Indentation Depth |
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What Happens to a controllers output when a PV change happens? |
Pick the Graph that goes up slightly wobbles a bit and balances out |
Choice of graphs |
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What does a catalyst do? |
Speeds up the chemical reaction |
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Where is a particulate filter placed? |
Before the analyzer / equipment |
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Controller action question |
Reverse acting for both |
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Resolution Calculation for Analog to Digital Conversion on a 4-20mA transmitter and a 10 bit system |
20mA – 4 mA = 16mA 16mA / (2 to the exponent 10) – 1 = 15.6 uA(micro Amp) /step. (00 1011 0110) |
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An oxygen analyzer detects 20% increase in O2 What happens to the air to fuel ration (A/F)? What happens to CO emissions? |
A/F goes up and CO Goes down |
Up and down |
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What is the molar mass of H2O? using the periodic table. We have 1.01 for hydrogen and 16 for oxygen. |
2 hydrogens so 2(1.01) + 16 = 18.02 g/mol |
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Where do you shield (ground) on an instrument loop? |
At One End only. |
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What is Opacity? |
Absorption of light in a solution |
Every question has a solution |
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What to monitor for in stack / flue gases? |
CO, and O2 |
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How is turbidity measured? |
Scattering of light through a solution |
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what is a k-factor? |
Pulses / unit volume (ex. L) |
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What is the difference between a 2 wire and a 4 wire transmitter? |
4 wire uses 2 for power and 2 for the 4-20mA signal. |
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What is the formula for kinematic viscosity? |
Kinematic Viscosity = dynamic viscosity / density |
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What is the max loop Resistance of a 24v, 20mA transmitter with a minimum required voltage of 12v? |
max resistance = (loop voltage)–(minimum required voltage) / analog signal Rmax = (24v) – (12v) / (20mA) = 600 ohms |
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What type of a capacitance probe should be used in a conductive solution? |
Insulated probe |
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What is the difference between coal and CH4 combustion? |
Coal = C + O2 = CO2 CH4 = CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O Coal combustion does not produce H2O |
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Question on LRV and URV of a DP transmitter measuring level know elevated and suppressed zero. |
See notes |
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Which O2 analyzer uses a bridge circuit? |
Paramagnetic |
Parachute |
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Ph question |
>7 basic, <7acidic, 7 neutral (7.6 most basic) |
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Water with natural gas burning is a... |
Chemical reaction |
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What is molar mass? |
Mass per one mol |
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First order + deadtime |
Ke^-dts/1+ti s |
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Where would you put orifice taps on a steam line? |
Horizontal and below |
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Reset windup in selective? |
Happens to both controllers |
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What is this graph for |
-PI |
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Advantage of grab sample is... |
Cheap/inexpensive |
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Reset windup on both controllers |
Cascade |
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What is cv |
Flow coefficient - describes the relationship between the pressure drop across an orifice and flow rate |
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What is positive displacement? |
Gas remover: overspeed |
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Aromatic benzene formula |
C6h6 |
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What does faredays law state? |
Voltage in a conductor(E) is proportionate to the strength of a magnetic field(b) the length of the conductor(i) and the velocity of the conductor(v) E=(v)(i)(v) |
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DP Cell Tran question |
See notes |
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What does an on/off controller respond to? |
Size of error |
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What does a p only controller respond to? |
Size and direction of error |
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What does a PI controller respond to? |
Size, direction, and duration of error. |
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What does a PID controller respond to? |
Size, direction, duration, rate of change of error. |
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What does a PD controller respond to? |
Size, direction and rate of change of error. |
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What is the volumetric flow formula? |
Q=(v)(a) v=velocity a=area of pipe |
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What is the mass flow formula? |
W=(q)(p) q=vol flow p=density |
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Explain Reynolds number |
<1000=laminar flow 2000-4000=transitional flow >turbulent flow |
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Define a saybolt viscometer |
Principle of ease of which a fluid can flow through a small diameter orifice. (an indication of its viscosity) |
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What is the relationship between viscosity and Reynolds number? |
Inverse |
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What can a coriolis measure ? |
Flow and density |
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Define elevated and suppressed zeros? |
See notes |
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What color is the neg wire on a thermo couple? |
Red...always! |
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What is better for measuring vapors radar or ultra sonic and why? |
Radar is because it's not affected by temp |
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What is the purpose of the liner in a mag meter? |
See notes |
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K factor formula |
See notes |
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What kind of meter for gas and water? |
PD for gas and rotating disc for water. |
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Where do you find linearization programming? |
Characteristics |
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What best describes a butene compound? |
4 carbons with a double bond |
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Where do we install a transmitter on a steam flow? |
Horizontal and below the office |
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What happens in a first order system if we increase the frequency ? |
Decrease PV and K, increase phase |
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Question about an op amp (0-16mA) what needs to be adjusted? |
Zero potentiometer span |
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How do we change the configuration in a digital controller? |
Reprogram |
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Question asking where a PT gets its power from? |
Pc and terminal 3 |
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Glass membrane produces? |
Potential |
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Advantage of 4 wire over 3 wire RTD? |
Lead wire compensation |
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If your o2 analyzer is lagging what do you do? |
Increase flow rate |
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Which o2 analyzer uses a bridge circuit? |
Paramagnetic thermal |
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What must remain constant with capacitance level measurement? |
Moisture content varies, density and particle size must stay the same. |
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The si unit for radiation dose equivalent? |
Sievert |
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SCR. What are they? |
A device that conducts in only one direction, turn on with positive spike, used by a static switch in a ups system. |
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How to calibrate a radiation detector? |
Use on off type lead plates or filters, or absorption plates to simulate the level. |
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Concentric sheathed capacitance probe is good for what type of level measurement ? |
Non conductive fluids. |
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What happens to electrons when 2 nitrogens bond? |
Share electrons, covalent bonding. |
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Polarographic cell is good for what? |
O2 content in gas |
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What is the MSB of an 8 bit system? |
128=0.5(256) |
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Faradays law states... |
A conductive material moving through a magnetic field will generate a voltage. |
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Which of the following has the fastest response? |
Metal oxide. |
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Intrinsicly safe is a term of? |
Energy limiting. |
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2 wire tx vs 4 wire?? |
2 wire only regulates, 4 wire regulates and generates to produce its own power. |
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What is the main purpose of a transmitter? |
mV to mA converter. |
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How many current loops in a PID loop? |
2. 1 input 1 output |
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Name the following: >c=c-c< |
Propene...anes have a single bond, enes have a double bond and ynes have a tripple bond. |
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Benzene molecule ?? |
C6h6 |
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What's the formula for calcium chloride? |
Cacl2 |
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Property of alkanes? |
Do not react readily with other hydrocarbons |
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Why is it hard to control ph? |
Titration curve is not linear, high resistance in probe and very little voltage change. |
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What is the purpose of the Teflon coating in a magnetic flow meter? |
Prevent electrode from shorting. Allows lines of fluid to pass through fluid creating voltage. |
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What is the material in an o2 analyzer membrane? |
Teflon |
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How do you measure flow in a trench? |
Paddlewheel. |
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With an NPN transistor with no resistor on the emmiter, what is the voltage from base to ground? |
0.7 V germanium 0.3 v |
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What is the purpose of cr9? |
Volts to power supply |
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Zener in the Fisher controller diagram?? |
13v steady supply. Provides constant voltage source. |
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Using psychometric chart, find the dewpoint given dry air 20 degc, wet air 13degc? |
7.6 deg c |
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Integrating op amp, what happens when rf opens? |
Negative rail. -15v to 15v |
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Who's law says something about flow head or head pressure? |
Bernoulli |
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Disadvantage of positive displacement meters? |
Mechanical wear |
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What is an example of a PD meter? |
Mutating disc, rotating valve, reciprocating piston. |
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What's the advantage of a turbine flow meter? |
High accuracy, highly performance |
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How does the magnetic shuttle ball vortex meter measure?? |
None of the above, inductive. |
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What type of excitation in a mag flow performs zeroing? |
Pulsed DC |
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Requirement for an ultrasonic Doppler flow meter? |
Good pipe contact of transducer and laminar flow |
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Smart temp comparison using? |
Charts |
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Using a heart communicator must be in what with the resistor? |
Parallel |
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Most accurate form of temp measurement? |
RTD 3 or 4 wire |
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Pyrometer principle of operation? |
Tungsten lamp in the background. Thermal radiation given off by an object is a function of its temp. |
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Disadvantage of a thermistor? |
High neg temp Coefficient, non linear. |
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Why do we use thermocouple temp reference compensation? |
Compensate for changing ambient temps and the Thermocouple junction created at the TX |
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Benefits of using a thermo couple? |
Range, simplicity, easy to calibrate, simple to fabricate. |
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What is a method of calibrating a thermocouple ? |
Reference temps with charts, millivolt method. |
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What is derivative? |
Rate of pv change over time |
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Given a reverse acting PB of 50 %, a step input of 5 %, what is the open loop response? |
A decrease of 10% |
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Given a 0-6mv input and a 4-20ma output, what is the gain setting? |
Gain=output/input = 16/6 = 2.67 |
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With a 250 ohm resistor across a 4-20mA signal, what is the voltage? |
1-5V |
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Given 2% CH3, and UEL is 5.3, what's the LEL? |
2/5.3*100 = 38% |
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Good use of ultra sonic level detector? |
Hydro carbon storage cavity, chip bin. |
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With no current out out in a loop, what is the first thing to check? |
Power supply. |
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Given an alarm circuit diagram, what happens v supply increases by 24v |
Low and high alarm setpoints increase. |
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What is the accuracy of dreager tubes? |
+/- 25% |
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What is sensed by lead assetate tape? |
H2S |
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What is the limitation of a coriolis meter? |
6inch flanges, diameter of pipe run. |
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Where to place a hydrogen detector in a compressor bldg? |
Up high |
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Which is being reduced S + O2=SO2 or SO2+H2O=H2+SO2 |
SO2+H2O=H2+SO2 |
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Given H+ concentration = 7.2×10e-11, find ph. |
Ph=-log(h+) = 10.14 |
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Difference op amp given vin = 1.2v what is vout? |
17.56v |
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Purpose of a flame detector in a burner? |
To tell if pilot goes out |
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Explosimeter presents fire during operation by? |
Flashback arrestor |
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What is the definition of strauhls number? |
Relates vorticies to velocities. A non dimensional parameter important in vortex meter design. |
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Benefits of a current limiting tx? |
Protects other devices in the loop. |
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Process is at 200hz, what frequency should the sample be taken at? |
3x or 600hz |
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Definition of cmrr in op amps? |
Common mode rejection ratio. Ability to reject noise. |
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What type of op amp acts as if it has 2 gains? |
Potentiometric |
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What is the best location for an analyzer for process control? |
Continuous online, as close to process as possible. |
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What's the most accurate way of stating error? |
Percent of reading. |
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Conductivity are most useful in? |
Ultra pure h2o sampling |
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In an h2o treatment facility, what is the best analyzer? |
Ph |
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What does the distillation analyzer produce? |
Gives values of 1 boiling point |
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Purpose of cr3...given diagram?? |
Ac to dc rectification. Smoothen output. |
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What is the formula for butane? |
C4h10 |
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What is Nh4cl? |
Salt |
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What are the two types of turbines? |
inductance and reluctance |
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What type of communication with a digital controller with continuous talking? |
Peer to peer |
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What is a measurement of vibration cycle? |
Period ocilation |
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A smart valve senses what? |
Pressure, temperature and and actuator pressures. |
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10mol of clorine at standard temp and pressure, how much vol does it occupy? |
22.4 L |
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6.02x10e23 units of chlorine weighs what? |
35.45 g/mol |
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