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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long does it take a horse's immune system to fully engage?
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10 days
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What type of placenta does a mare have?
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epitheliochorial
-6 tissue layers between mare and foals blood therefore no placental transfer of immunoglobulins |
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What is measured in colostrum?
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IgG
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HOw is colostrum (IgG) absorbed in the foal?
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pinocytosis - can suck up big molecules
-max absorption in first 6 hours, then nothing |
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FPT is when IgG is measured at 24 hours.
What do the following mean: -IgG >800 mg/dl -IgG is between 400-800 mg/dl -IgG < 400 mg/dl |
-IgG >800 mg/dl = normal
-IgG is between 400-800 mg/dl = partial FPT -IgG < 400 mg/dl = absolute FPT |
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What causes lack of production of colostrum in the mare?
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1 - fescue tox.
2 - disease or death of mare 3 - malnutrition of mare 4 - poor quality (older mare) |
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What are reasons for why a foal might not ingest colostrum?
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1 - premature
2 - severe disease 3 - foal rejection or separation 4 - malabsorption or early mat of gut |
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Is low serum TP a reliable measure of globulin concentration?
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no
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What 2 test are commonly used to detect FPT in the foal (blood collected at 12 and 24 hours)?
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1 - rapid, stall side
2 - single radial immunodiffusion test |
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How do you treat FPT if foal is less tha n 6 hours?
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- oral colostrum
-substitute plasma orally - |
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What must the SG of colostrum be to be good quality? in foals
How much should you feed? |
SG>1.060
-feed 500 ml / hou for first 6-8 hours |
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What is teh treatmetn for FPT in foals 6-12 hours?
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-IV plasma
-0.5 ml/kg over 10 minutes -then if no reactions, gradually increase to 40 ml/kg/hr |
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What are the most common blood antigen types to cause neonatal isorythrolysis in the foal?
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Qa and Aa
-occurs when mare is negative for these, since most stallions will be positive for these two |
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When does the foal deteriorate with NI?
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12-24 horus
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If PCV is less than 15% in the foal with NI, what do you give?
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transfuse with mares washed RBCs
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When doing a crossmatch for blood in an animal with NI, what must you esp. be careful of?
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MINOR Crossmatch must match
-can not be incompatible |
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What test would you use pre-suckle to test for NI?
post-suckle If these are positive, how long should you keep the foal from nursing? |
Jaundiced Foal Agglutination Test
-colostrum from mare and blood from foal post-suckle is Coombs -48 hours |
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What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in horses?
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autosomal recessive trait
-stem cell defect prevents maturation of B and T cells -therefore there is a complete absence of Ag specific immune response |
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What breeds get SCID?
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arabs and arab Xs
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What is the most common typical CS that occurs with SCID?
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-recurring infections (respiratory) at 3-4 weeks
-improves with treatment, then relapses |
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How do you diagnose SCID in the horse?
dead horse? |
-persistent lymphopenia (less than 1000 cells/microliter)
-pan-hypogammaglobulinemia (esp IgM) -definative: genetic dead horse: absence of lympatic tissue (thymus, LN,spleen) --> can appear grossly normal, but absence of germinal centers with few lymphocytes |
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What is the cure for SCID?
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none - die by 5 months
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What is fell pony syndrome?
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-anemia, immunodef, and gangliopathy
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What is the clin path of fell pony syndrome?
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-anemia
-B-cell lymphopenia -low IgM after 4 weeks |
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What is seen on necropsy of fell pony syndrome?
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-no secondary lymphoid follicles, no plasma cells, RBC hypoplasia in BM
-peripheral ganglioopathy: trigeminal, cranial mesenteric, or dorsal root ganglion |
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Primary immunodeficiency disorder is aprimary abnormality of what?
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cell mediated and humoral immunity
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What animal does Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency affect?
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Holstein cattle
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Affected cattle with BLAD have what type of genetic marker?
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homozygous recessive
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What percentage of Holsteins in the US are carriers for BLAD (heterozygotes)?
What % of animals have BLAD? |
15%
6% |
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What is BLAD caused by?
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-lack of glycoproteins (B-2 integrins) on the surface of granulocytes (neutrophils)
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Why is it bad that in BLAD, there is a lack of glycoproteins on the surface of granulocytes?
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because this adversely affects granulocyte adhesion
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What does hematology look like in cattle with BLAD?
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persistent neutrophilia (>40,000) without a left shift
-lymphocytosis and monocytosis |
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What is seen on histology in animals with BLAD?
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lots of neutrophils in the vasculature, but not in infected tissues --> lack the ability to penetrate tissues
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If you see a Holstein that has persistent neutrophilia that you think might have BLAD what test do you do?
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PCR - polymerase chain reaction from the Holstein Association of America
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What does IDLM stand for?
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Inherited Deficiency of Lymphocyte Maturation
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IDLM is a autosomal recessive disorder in what type of animals?
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Shorthorn and Black Pied Danish Cattle
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IDLM is a deficiency in lymphocyte maturation and therefore what?
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cellular immunity
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A calf with IDLM has what problem?
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reduced intestinal absorption of zinc and a high metabolic requirement for zinc
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Calves with IDLM show signs in 1-2 months in what system?
What are these CS? |
dermatologic
-exanthema, alopecia, hyper/parakeratosis of the head, neck and limbs that progress to involve the entire animal |
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What happens to untreated calves with IDLM?
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lose weight, develop pneumonia or diarrhea and die before 4 months of age
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On hematology, what do calves have a reduced number of with IDLM?
What test would you use to show that there is decreased function of these cells as well? |
lymphocytes
-lymphocyte blastogenesis |
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What is the treatment for IDLM?
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zinc oxide
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Chediak-Higashi syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder of what breed of cows?
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Hereford, Brangus, Japanese Black cattle
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What type of disorder is CHS?
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lysosomal storage disorder --> accumulation of granulocytes in leukocytes and platelets
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Affected calves with CHS have decreased what?
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leukocyte bacteriocidal activity and coagulopathy
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What are the Clinical Signs of CHS?
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- homozygous calves have partial albinism, hypopigmentation around the eye, photophobia and lacrimation
-develop septicemia and die before one year |
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What is evident in hematology in calves with CHS?
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-cytoplasmic granules in leukocytes on blood smear
- decreased leukocyte bacteriocidal activity -decreased platelet function |
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With pregnancy associated immunodeficiency in cows, the hormones of pregnancy cause macrophages to release cytokines that stimulate what response?
What does this favor? |
Th1 and Th2 causing a Th1 --> Th2 shift
-favors humoral immunity (Th2) therefore supressess cell mediated immunity |
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What factors increase a cow's susceptibility with pregnancy associated immunodeficiency?
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-reduced cell mediated immunity
-reduced neutrophilic bacteriocidal activity that occurs with increased glucocorticoid production during pregnancy |
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What is adequate passive transfer defined as in the calf?
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- greater than 1,000 mg/dl of IgG in the serum of a calf at 24 hours of age
FPT is anything below this |
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What is THE quantitative test for FPT in calves?
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radial immunodiffusion
-determines the concentration of IgG |
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What are the disadvantages to Radial Immunodiffusion?
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- cost --> $24.00
- time --> 24 hours |
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What 5 semi-quantitative tests are used to estimate the serum concentration of IgG when diagnosiing FPT in the calf?
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1 - refractometry
2 - zinc sulfate turbidity test 3 - sodium sulfate precipitation test 4 - glutaraldehyde coagulation test 5 - Gamma glutamyl transferase concentration |
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When using refractometry to diagnose FPT in a calf, what is measured?
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Total serum protein
TSP> 5.0 = APT TSP <4.5 = FPT -between this is questionable |
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What are the advantages of refractometry?
disadvantages |
cheap, rapid
false positive in a calf that is dehydrated |
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What is the premise of the zinc turbidity test when testing for FPT in the calf?
What does turbidity mean? |
ZnSo4 will precipitate serum immunoglobulin
turbidity = APT |
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What are advantages of a zinc sulfate turbidity test?
disadvantages? |
advantages - cheap, fast
disadvantages ; adversely affected by quality of reagents and hemoglobin |
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In the sodium sulite precipitation test, what 3 percentages of NaSO3 are used?
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14, 16, 18%
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With the sodium sulfite ppt test, what does the following mean:
-turbidity in the: 18% solution 18 and 16% solutions 18, 16, and 14% solutions |
18% solution --> < 500 mg/dl IgG
18 and 16% solutions --> 500-1,500 mg/dl IgG 18, 16, and 14% solutions --> >1,500 mg/dl IgG |
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What is the glutaraldehyde coagulation test based on?
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the premise that a solution of glutaraldehyde will coagulate immunoglobulin (use 10% glutaraldehyde)
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When does coagulation occur with the glutaraldehyde coagulation test?
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when the concentration of IgG exceeds 600mg/dl
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What is the major drawback to the glutaraldehyde coagulation test?
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calf may be positive for this test, but still have a FPT
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When might you get a false positive with a GGT test for FPT?
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liver disease (bacterial sepsis)
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Why do we measure GGT when testing for FPT in calves?
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- mammary epithelial cells secrete large concentrations of GGT during colostrogenesis and this is rapidly absorbed from the intestine of the calf
-GGT conc is an indicator of IgG absorption |
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What does the following mean?
GGT >200 IU/L GGT <50 IU/L |
GGT >200 IU/L = APT
GGT <50 IU/L = FPT -between this is questionable |
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What is the treatment of a calf with FPT that is less than 12 hours?
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oral colostrum - 10% of BW in the first 12 hours
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What is the treatment of a calf with FPT that is less than 18 hours?
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IV bovine plasma (20-40 ml/kg)
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What should be done before freezing colostrum?
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test the SG
should be greater than 1.050 |
