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296 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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The precentral gyrus is motor or sensory?
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Motor
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The postcentral gyrus is motor or sensory?
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Sensory
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The Saccadic gaze center is found where? What does it do?
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Found in middle frontal gyrus
Important to initiate horizontal eye mvnt |
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Broca's area is found where? What does it do?
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Found in inferior frontal gyrus (mostly left)
Important to generate speech, talking |
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Wernicke's area is found where? What does it do?
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Found in Parietal Lobe (supramarginal & angular gyrus) & Temporal Lobe (superior temporal gyrus)
Important in recognizing language |
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Where is Heschl's gyrus found? What does it do?
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Found in inner surface of superior temporal gyrus
Important as primary auditory cortex |
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Where is the uncus found? What does it do?
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Found on the medial aspect of temporal lobe
Important as primary olfactory cortex |
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Where is the striate cortex found? What does it do?
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Found on around the calcarine sulcus in occipital lobe
Important as primary visual cortex |
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In the brain, cell bodies of the nuerons lie in the?
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Cortex - grey matter
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The uncus is closely associated with what nerve?
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CN III
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What ducts modify saliva?
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Striated ducts
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Occasional sebaceous glands that are not associated w/ hair follicles are called?
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Fordyce spots
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What cells of taste buds extend the full thickness of the epithelium from the basal lamina to the taste pore?
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Neuroepithelial (sensory cells) & Supporting cells
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The portion of the gingiva that attaches to the root of the tooth and is very prone to infection is called?
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Junctional epithelium
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Which cells contain zymogen granules apically?
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Serous cells
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What cause the "striations" of striated ducts?
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Basal infoldings of cells along w/ longitudinal mitochondria
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The muscularis mucosa separates?
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Submucosa fromlamina propria
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Cajal cells & Meissner's plexus is found where in the GPAT?
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Submucosa
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Where are G cells found?
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Antrum/pylorus of stomach
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Tumors of _________ compress the pretectum & cerebral aqueduct, resulting in paralysis of upgaze and hydrocephalus (Parinaud's syndrome)?
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Pineal Gland
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A lesion of ______ results in involuntary mvnt disorder in the contralateral limbs known as hemiballismus?
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Subthalmic nuclei
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What CN is the only one to exit dorsally from brain stem?
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CN IV - Trochlear
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Where brain talks to basal ganglia – input nucleus?
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Striatum = Cuadate & Putamen
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Lentiform nucleus is made up of?
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Putamen & Globus Pallidus
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The substania nigra comes from what origin?
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Mesencephalic - Midbrain
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The subthalamic nucleus is of what origin?
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Diencephalic
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What important part of the limbic system is important for incorporating new memory?
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Papez circuit
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What seperates midbrain from diencephalon?
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Posterior Commissure (White mater)
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Where are small intestine stem cells found?
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At the base of crypts, next to paneth cells
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What are the 6 types of cells in intenstine mucosa epithelium?
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Absorptive enterocytes
Enteroendocrine cells M cells Goblet cells Stem cells Paneth cells |
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Where are Brunner's glands?
What do they secrete? |
In duodenum
Secrete pure mucous |
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Are jejunum and ileum covered by serosa or adventitia?
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They are intraperitoneal so serosa
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Which cells in small intestines endocytose antigens and pass the antigens along to the underlying lymphocyte?
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M cells
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Where in the GI tract are lymphatic vessels limited to immediately adjacent the muscularis mucosae?
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Large Intestine
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What cells in the liver break down old erythrocytes and are members of the MPS?
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Kupffer cells
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What collagen type support the portal triads in liver?
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Type I
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What collagen type support the sinusoids in liver?
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Reticular fibers (Type III)
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What keeps the bile from going one way and sinusoids from going one way?
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Tight junctions
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What lines liver sinusoids?
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Discontinous endothelium & Kupffer cells
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What cell in liver stores fat and vitamin A, which if stimulated can become fibroblasts/myofibroblasts?
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Stallate cell - Ito cell
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What of the intestinal brush border glycocalyx activates enzymes from pancreas when they reach the intestinal lumen?
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Enterokinases
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What is the main stimulus for pancreatic duct cells to produce their watery bicarbonate-rich secretion?
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Secretin
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In the pancreas capillaries supply which cells first?
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Beta -> Alpha & Delta -> Exocrine acinar cella
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In the liver what is the space between the sinusoidal endothelial cells and the hepatocytes called?
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Perisinusoidal space of Disse
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Of the 3 cell types in taste buds which one has microvilli?
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Supporting Cells
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In the pons, what is the major communication pathway between the cerebellum & cortex?
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Basis Pontis
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What are the components of brain stem?
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Midbrain
Pons Medulla |
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Where does the corticospinal tract cross?
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Pyramidal decussation
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At what level does the spinal cord end?
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L1-2
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What vessels contribute to the blood supply of cerebellum?
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Superior Cerebellar Artery
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) |
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What nerve serves as a landmark to diferentiate b/w SCA and PCA?
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CN III
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What two nerves emerge from the midbrain?
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CN III - Oculomotor
CN IV - Trochlear |
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What part of the brain eventually becomes the spinal cord?
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Medulla
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What CN exists between the medullary pyramid and inferior olivary nucleus?
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CN XII - hypoglossal!
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The posterior circulation of the brain is supplied entirely by?
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Vertebral arteries from sublclavian arteries
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What second messenger will cause Ca release from SR?
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IP3
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What type of muscle contraction is characteristic of sphincters?
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Tonic
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What neurotransmitter modulates the release of ACh, gastrin, somatostatin, serotonin, histamine and prostaglandins?
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Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
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What cells are responsible for slow waves that are generated by the integrated handling of Ca by the SER and mitochondria?
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Interstitial cells of Cajal
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What are the 5 major stages in oropharyngeal swallowing?
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Elevation of tongue
Closure of nasopharynx Relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter Closure/Protection of airway Pharyngeal peristalsis |
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The control of programmed sequence of swallowing occurs where in brain?
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Brainstem (Medulla)
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Receptive relaxation of the stomach is what kind of reflex?
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Vago-vagal reflex
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Accomodation of the stomach is what kind of reflex?
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Vago-vagal reflex
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True or False
Contraction of the fundus are independent of gastric slow waves |
True
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True or False
Store operated Calcium channels (SOC) is voltage independent? |
True
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What mechanism greatly reduces food particle size in stomach?
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Retropulsion
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During fasting, which kinds of contractions predominate in small intestine?
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Propulsion
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During feasting, which kinds of contractions predominate in small intestine?
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Segmenting
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True or False
At the propulsion end of peristalsis, the outer longitudinal muscles have their inhibitory neurons turned on |
True
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True or False
At the receiving segment of peristalsis, the inner circular muscles have their excititory neurons turned off |
True
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What term best describes a failure of LES to relax when swallowing (appears as a “bird’s peak”)?
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Achalasia
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What is the most likely effect of acidic chyme entering the duodenum?
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Stimulates release of secretin
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True or False
The colon is involved with fasting the migrating motor complex |
False
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What is McBurney's point used for?
Where is it? |
Used to determine appendicitis
Between umbilicus & ASIS |
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True or False
Gastric ulcers get better with eating |
False
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True or False
Dudodenal ulcers get better with eating |
True
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What hormone of the GI tract is stimulated by small peptides, gastric distention, vagal stimulation, and amino acids?
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Gastrin
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What hormone of the GI tract is stimulated by fatty acids, peptides, and amino acids?
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CCK
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What hormone of the GI tract is stimulated when the pH of duodenum < 4.5?
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Secretin
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What hormone of the GI tract is stimulated by fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose?
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Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)
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What hormone of the GI tract is stimulated by fasting?
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Motilin
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True or False
In an abdominal exam,auscultation is performed immediately after general inspection |
True
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What kind of abdomen presents as a concavity to the horizontal plane and occurs in malnourished individuals?
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Scaphoid abdomen
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What plexus in the ENS primarily controls motility of GI?
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Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
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What plexus in the ENS primarily controls secretion and blood flow?
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Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus
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What white matter association fiber connects Broca's & Wernicke's area?
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Archuate Fasciculus
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What are the C shaped structures in the head?
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Brain
Caudate nucleus Lateral ventricles Corpus collosum Fornix (connects hippocampus w/ mamillary body) |
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Through what structure does CSF continously flow from the subarachnoid space to the superior sagital sinus?
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Arachnoid granulations
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What artery may allow the external carotid artery to the supply the internal carotid artery vasculature distribution if needed?
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Opthalmic artery
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What artery has a special relationship with CN III, if this artery were to have an aneurysm?
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Posterior communicating artery
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What sinus lies in a groove of the occipital bone along the lateral margin of the tentorium cerebelli?
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Transverse sinus
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What arteries supply the spinal cord vasculature caudally?
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Radicular arteries
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What meningeal layer contains the blood vessels that supply the CNS?
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Pia mater
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At what level are lumbar punctures performed?
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L4/5
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An epidural hemorrhage will most likely receive blood from?
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Arterial supply (Middle Meningeal Artery)
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A subdural hematoma will most likely receive blood from?
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Venous sinus (bridging veins)
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What layer of meninges helps to anchor the spinal cord to the meninges via the denticulate ligaments?
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Dura
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What hematoma presents as crescent shpaed?
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Subdural hematoma (venous)
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What nerve palsy presents w/ a dilated pupil & eye deviated laterally?
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3rd nerve palsy
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True or False
The central canal of the spinal cord does NOT contain CSF? |
False (it does contain CSF)
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What is the CT layer that separates the orbit from the eyelid and serves to isolate infection?
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Orbital septum
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Early mechanical bowel obstruction will manifest how upon abdominal inspection?
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Visible peristalsis
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What two mechanisms might be the cause of intestinal ileus (decrease in bowel motility)?
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Anatomic obstruction (mechanical ileus)
Inhibited sm. musc contraction (paralytic/adynamic ileus) |
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What are conditions that may cause adynamic ileus?
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Inflammation
Ischemia of bowel Electrolyte abnormalities Manipulation after surgery |
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What may cause borborygmi (increased bowel sounds)?
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Early mechanical small bowel obstruction
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What is the diagnosis of a pt who has high pitched tinkles w/ abdominal distention & vomiting?
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Acute small bowel obstruction
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Ecchymosis in one or both flanks is characteristic of what sign?
What does it suggest? |
Grey Turner's sign
Retroperitoneal & Intraperitoneal bleeding |
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What are common causes of grey turner's sign?
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Ovarian cyst
Ascites secondary to metastatic cancer Infection of fillopian tubes (salpingitis) PID Strangulated bowel w/ hemorrhage |
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Ecchymosis in periumbilical area is characteristic of what sign?
What does it suggest? |
Cullen's sign
Retroperitoneal or Intraperitoneal bleeding through the falciform ligament |
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What syndrome is characteristic of striae that have a purplish hue secondary to erythrocytosis due to excess adrenal androgens?
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Cushing's syndrome
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Cushing's syndrome is caused by?
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Excess adrenal androgens causing erythrocytosis
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What condition is a result of portal hypertension, that manifests as veins that radiate out from umbilicus?
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Caput medusa
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What manifests as a linear midline bulge that is usually due to pregnancy or obesity?
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Diastasis rectus
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What CN comes off at the jct b/w the pons and medulla?
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CN VI (Abducens)
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Where does the dura mater end?
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S2
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What presents with the eyeball moving to the outer lower quadrant?
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Oculomotor Palsy
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What presents with pupil dilation (mydriasis), loss of near accommodation, and drooping of eyelid (ptosis)?
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Oculomotor Palsy
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What presents with the affected eye deviating slightly medially and upward?
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Trochlear Nerve Palsy
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What presents with the affected eye deviating toward the midline?
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Abducent Nerve Palsy
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Mass movements in colon is mediated by?
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Gastrocolic reflex
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Segmentation in colon is mediated by?
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Gastrocolic reflex
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What hormone increases ENAC and Na/K channel in salivary glands?
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Aldosterone
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What syndrome is an autoimmune disease that manifests with decreased saliva & tear production?
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Sjorgen Syndrome
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Secretion of HCl from parietal cells involve what four things?
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Ionization of water (carbonic anhydrase)
H/K exchange Cl/HCO3 exchange K efflux |
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D cells are found where?
What do they release? Is it inhibitory or excititory on ECL or G cells? |
Found in gastric antrum
Release somatostatin Inhibitory on both G cell and ECL |
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What does secretogogue stimulation do to parietal cells?
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Cause changes in tubovesicles to caniliculus (increase surface area)
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What cells make histamine?
What is the histamine receptor in GI? |
ECL
H2 |
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True or False
Gastrin binds to CCK - A receptors in GI |
False (it binds to CCK B)
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What reflex causes contractile activity in ileum and relaxation of ileocecal sphincter?
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Gastroileal reflex
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Eating a meal stimulates what reflex, which releases CCK & gastric = segmentation?
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Gastrocolic reflex
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True or False
Parasympathetic stimulation constricts the internal anal sphincter via alpha adrenergic receptors? |
False (sympathetic)
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True or False
Secretagogues stimulate basolateral membrane receptors? |
True
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True or False
Salivary amylase is not essential for hydrolysis of starch? |
True, the fundus of stomach can hydrolyze startch
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True or False
At low rates of flow saliva is nearly iso-osmotic & rich in bicarbonate? |
False, at high rates it is
At low rates it is hypo-osmotic |
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True or False
Sympathetic outflow activates myoepithelial cells? |
True
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The regulation of what cell is important for fine tuning HCl secretions?
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ECl
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What three receptors do parietal cells have?
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CCK B - Gastrin
M3 - Ach H2 - Histamine |
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What are the inhibitors of HCl secretions?
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Somatostatin
Secretin CCK GIP Prostaglandin E2 |
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What are the promoters of HCl secretion?
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Gastrin
Acetylcholine Histamine |
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What do enterochromaffin like cells secrete?
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Histamine
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What second messenger is important for the release of HCl by parietal cell?
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cAMP
Ca |
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The most common source of innocent abdominal bruits is?
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Celiac artery
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Two main causes of abdominal friction rubs:
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Liver (metastatic tumor) & Spleen (splenic infarction)
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Bruits in RUQ suggest?
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Hepatoma/neoplasia
Aortic compression Vascular tumors |
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What is the most common cause of peritoneal friction rub?
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Splenic infarction (usually at LUQ)
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A succussion splash is indicative of what?
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Obstructed organ = pyloric channel ulcers
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True or False
If a palpable mass becomes more prominent when the head is raised, then it is an intramural mass? |
True
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What is the normal liver size of an adult male at the midclavicular line?
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9-12 cm
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If the upper margin of hepatic dullness extends higher than the 6th rib, the liver is probably........?
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enlarged
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If the upper margin of hepatic dullness is lower than the 8th rib, the liver is.....?
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Displaced downward by emphysema
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What does a pulsatile liver usually indicate?
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Tricuspid regurgitation
Constrictive pericarditis |
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What is the major cause of splenomegaly?
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Mono
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What is Castell's method?
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Uses percussion at anterior axillary line to determine splenomegaly
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True or False
The left kidney is almost never palpable? |
True
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Bilaterally enlarged kidney's suggest?
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Polycystic kidney disease (cyst in kidneys) or Hydronephrosis
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Unilaterally enlarged kidney's suggest?
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Hydronephrosis- due to obstruction of ureters b/c of kidney stones or blood clots
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Epigastric masses may be a result of?
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Enlarged left liver lobe
Aortic aneurysms |
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What are the two common causes of ascities?
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Cirrhosis w/ portal hypertension
Congestive heart failure |
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What can be commonly confused w/ ascities?
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Large ovarian cyst
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True of False
Percussion of massive ascities yields tympany at flanks and dullness anteriorly? |
False, ovarian cyst
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What are the 4 purposes of deep palpation?
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Evaluate pain and tenderness
Asses muscle tone of abdominal wall Evaluate size & consistency of organs Detect presence of abdominal masses |
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Ascities that has protein rich fluid, is indicative of?
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Intra-abdominal malignancy or infection
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If air in rectum is seen on x-ray, what kind of ileus do you expect?
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Adynamic ileus
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A "board like" abdomen is indicative of?
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Peritonitis (Acute Abdomen)!
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What will cause a positive iliopsoas sign?
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Ureteral calculus
Retroperitoneal bleed Tuboovarian abscess |
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What will cause a positive obturator test?
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Retroperitoneal irritation
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What is the diagnosis of a pt who has seizures, lethargy to coma, aphasia, focal weakness, headache, & fever?
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Encephalitis
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If CSF results show increased WBC's with no RBC's and normal glucose what is the differential?
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Viral meningitis
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If CSF results show increased WBC's with increased RBC's and normal to lower glucose, what is the differential?
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Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
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If CSF analysis results show increased WBC's w/ very high levels of RBC's and decreased gluose, what is the differential?
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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If CSF analysis results show very high levels of WBC's and low levels of glucose w/ no RBC's, what is the differential?
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Bacterial Meningitis
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What are the two neural structures required for consciousness?
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Brain stem reticular activating system
One cerebral hemisphere |
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Paraphasic errors are common in what disease?
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A receptive aphasia (Wernicke's)
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What aphasia will typically manifest w/ an associated right hemiparesis?
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An expressive aphasia (Broca's)
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What CN rovides general sensation to mucosa of tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells and auditory tube, plus provides parasympathetic to otic ganglion?
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CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
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What is the primary action of secretin?
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To increases watery bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic duct cells
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What is the primary secondary messenger for VIP and secretin?
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cAMP
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What is the primary secondary messenger for ACh and CCK?
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Ca++
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What nerves run through tendinous ring?
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Nasociliary Nerve (CN V-1)
Abducens (CN VI) Oculomotor nerve (CN III) |
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When you put contacts in your eyes, what nerves carry that sensation?
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Long & Short ciliary
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Active absorption of bile acids occur in?
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The ileum
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What determines the number of grams of bile are secreted?
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How often you eat & the content of diet (fat)
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Re absorption of bile mostly occurs where in GI?
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Ileum
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What is the enzyme necessary for synthesis of bile acids?
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7-alpha hydroxylase (rate limiting step)
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The gallbladder primary responds to ________ which causes rhythmic contractions?
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CCK (but ACh potentiates)
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What two nuerotransmitters are necessary to cause the relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi?
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NO & VIP
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What will stimulate secretion of water from small intestine by causing increased action of _______!!
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VIP & ACh
CFTR |
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Bile extracted from portal blood requires what ion to be cotransported?
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Na
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What hormone stimulates the secretion of water and HCO3 from gallbladder?
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Secretin
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In stored bile what ions decrease in concentration?
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Cl & HCO3
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Hypersecretion of cholesterol or a diminished bile acid pool contributes to?
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Cholesterol gallbladder stone formation
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What is the site of mitosis and secretion in small intestine?
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Crypts
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What determine the size, charge and conductance properties of the paracellular pathway in small intestine villi?
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Claudins
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Transcellular absorption of water is linked to the absorption of nutrients through what transporter?
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SGLT-1 (transports 1 Na & 1 glucose, water follows)
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What 3 hormones will help control over ingested K levels?
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Aldosterone
Insulin Epinephrine |
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The primary active transport (transcellular) of calcium is in the?
The primary active absorption of Magnesium is in the? |
Duodenum
Ileum |
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What channel is important in the absorption of ionized iron in an enterocyte?
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DCT 1
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What substances are primarily absorbed in the ileum?
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Vit C
Vit B12 (cobalamin) Mg |
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What enzymes are mostly responsible for the breakdown of dietary protein?
Where are these enzymes found? |
Proteolytic enzymes from pancreas
Found on enterocyte apical surface |
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What are single amino acids co-transported across apical membrane with?
What are di/tripeptides co-transported acorss apical membrane with? |
Sodium
Hydrogen |
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What is the name of the apical amino acid transpoter?
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B transporter
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What is the name of the apical di/tripeptide transporter?
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PepT1
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True or False
Short & Medium chain fatty acids are incorporated into mixed micelles? |
False, (only long and 2 monoglycerides)
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Bile acids return via portal circulation to the liver bound to?
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Albumin
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What cells in crypts secrete: alpha denfensin, RegIIIly, and CARD15?
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Paneth cells
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True or False
VLDLs & chylomicrons permeate villus blood capillaries? |
False (permeate villus lacteal capillaries)
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What 3 things enter lacteal vessels in small intestines via microvillis (chylomicrons)?
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Long chain fatty acids
2-monoglyceride Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) |
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True or False
K is secreted both passively and actively in small intestine? |
False - In COLON!
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True or False
CCK suppresses hunger? |
True
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True or False
Ghrelin inhibits food intake? |
False, it stimulates it
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What are 3 hormones that will cause vasodilation of splanchnic circulation?
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CCK
Gastrin Secretin |
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Where is lactase located?
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On brush border on apical membrane of enterocytes
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What absorbs more water, the small or large intestine?
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Small intestine
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True or False
The colon DOES have an apical sodium dependent transport of glucose and amino acids? |
False, only the small intestine has it
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Bacterial overgrowth is avoided by?
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MMC!
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What 3 hormones will inhibit increased food intake & at some time increase the satiety center?
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Insulin, leptin, & CCK
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True or False
The tight junctions of colon are LESS "leaky" than those in small intestine? |
True
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What stimulates Na absorption and K secretion in the colon?
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Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids
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Static position (standing or bending down) is sensed by what in the ear?
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Saccule & Utricle Macula
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What is found in the scala media (cochlear duct) and is the source of potassium rich fluid endolymph in ear?
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Stria vascularis
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What cells isolate the lumen of the cochlear duct with its potassium rich endolymph from the spaces in the organ of Corti, which are filled with sodium rich perilymph?
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Phalangeal cells by using tight junctions
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The vestibulocochlear nerve supplies what portion of ear?
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Inner ear
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The otolithic membrane is important for?
The cupula membrane is important for? |
Macula Utriculi & Sacculi
Crista Ampullaris |
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The helicotrema contains perilymph or endolymph?
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Perilymph
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True or False
Hair cells in cochlea do NOT have a true cilia |
True
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What is the most common cause of loss of smell?
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Non-neurologic (inflammation)
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Why should non irratative substances be used when evaluating CN I?
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B/c they would stimulate CN V
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Visual acuity measures only?
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Macular vision
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True or False
A unilateral lesion posterior to the optic chiasm could affect visual acuity? |
False, it has to be bilateral
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A young patient who has subacute loss of visual activity in one eye, will most likely have?
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Demylination of optic nerve (Multiple Sclerosis)
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What part of eye is evaluated with an opthalmiscope?
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Retina
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What are the 3 common sings of Horner's syndrome?
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Partial ptosis
Miosis (pupillary constriction) Anhydrosis (no sweating) |
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True or False
A lesion that is DISTAL to the superior cervical ganglion, will cause decreased ispsilateral sweating (anhydrosis)? |
False, PROXIMAL
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Why is the pupil dilated (mydriasis) in a 3rd nerve palsy?
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B/c compression of parasympathetics from CN III
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The pupillary light reflex assess what cranial nerves?
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CN II & CN III
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Normally shining a light in one eye will stimulate both pupils b/c fibers cross in?
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Optic chiasm & Posterior Commissure!!!!
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Where does light perception occur?
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On outer segment of rods or cones
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What is the blood supply to rods and cones?
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Choroid blood via diffusion
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Where is melanin found in the eye?
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Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Choroid Iris |
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What produces the aqueous humor and zonule fibers in the eye?
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Epithelium of ciliary processes
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True or False
The ANTERIOR part of iris does NOT have epithelium? |
True
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Where does most refraction in eye occur?
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Cornea
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What are the three major components of tears & where do they come from?
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Watery – lacrimal gland
Mucous – Goblet cells Oils – from Mibomian gland |
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True or False
A stroke in the right genu of the internal capsule will demonstrate as full left face weakness? |
False, (just half face weakness)
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True or False
In a left MCA stroke, patient will have a right hemiplesia with left eye deviation? |
True
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In MCA stroke, the eye looks AWAY from hemiplesia
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True or False
A right pontine lesion, will cause a left hemiplesia & eyes go left!! |
True
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In a pontine lesion, the eyes look TOWARD the hemiplesia
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Which nerves are associated with the kidney?
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Iliohypogastric
Ilioinguinal Subcostal (T12) |
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What nerve is vulnerable to injury during surgery that involves the lateral pelvic wall?
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Obturator Nerve
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During what week of development do anterior neural pore defects occur?
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4th week
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What cell in the brain makes CSF?
What is its origin? |
Ependyma
Neuroectoderm |
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Which of the three germ layer components of the eye gives it, its sensory function?
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Diencephalon
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What homeodomain transcription factor is important for lens formation?
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Pax6
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What does the utricle give rise to?
What does the saccule give rise to? |
Semicircular canals
Cochlear duct |
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Where is the corticobulbar tract in the internal capsule?
Is it afferent or efferent? |
In the genu!
Efferent |
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What is the name of the projection fibers that funnel together to become the internal capsule?
Hint: Found near cortex |
Corona radiate
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What are 3 causes of bulbar conjunctival hemorrhages?
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Trauma
Venous hypertension Blood Clotting disorders |
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True or False
Scleral icterus is a yellow discoloration of the sclera? |
False, of bulbar conjunctiva
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True or False
Not every one who has high intraocular pressure will develop glaucoma |
True
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Contraction of the left SCM will cause the head to move to the?
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Right
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Both abnormal finger tapping & Pronation of the arm are sensitive indicators of what?
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Upper Motor Neuron Injury
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The corticospinal tract crosses where in the internal capsule?
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Posterior Limb
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The corticobulbar tract crosses where in the internal capsule?
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Genu
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Are the corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract afferent or efferent?
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Efferent
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What is the name of the sign, where you have weakness of ocular convergence during near accommodation?
What disease causes this? |
Mobius sign
Grave's hyperthyroidism |
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True or False
Disorders of the optic nerve or retina, do NOT produce aniscoria? |
True
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Sundowning in an adult is a sign of what?
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Increased intracranial pressure
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True or False
Pupillary founction is foun on the INSIDE of CN III? |
False, on the OUTSIDE
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What kind of diplopia is caused by a disruption of ocular alignment that is alleviated by covering either eye?
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Binocular diplopia
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What kind of diplopia is caused by an abnormality of the lens or cornea in one eye & is NOT alleviated by covering the other eye?
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Monocular diplopia
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Variable ptosis or diplopia that worsens as the day progresses and improves after patient takes a nap is a sign of?
Treated with? |
Ocular Myasthenia Gravis
Cholinesterase inhibitors |
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What is the primary light transduction step?
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Conversion of 11-cis to 11-trans Retinal
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What is the activated form of rhodopsin?
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Metarphodopsin II
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The levels of what, control the opening or closure of Na channels in the rods/cones?
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cGMP
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What is the neurotransmitter that rods/cones use to communicate with bipolar cells?
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Glutamate
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Pain & Temperature sensation go through what brain tract?
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Spinothalamic tract
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Vibration & Proprioception sensation go through what brain tract?
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Posterior Columns
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What test asses proprioception/ posterior column function?
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Romberg Test
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What are the three systems normally used to maintain balance?
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Vision
Vestibular appartus Proprioception |
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Truncal ataxia suggests a lesion where?
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In cerebellar vermis
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The efferent arm of normal reflexes originate where?
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Anterior horn cells in spinal cord
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Presence of a Babinski & Clonus indicate?
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UMN lesion
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What is the only sense that does NOT have to go through the thalamus?
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Smell
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What is the rate limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of cholesterol?
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HMG-CoA reductase
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What hydrolyzes long carbon chain triglycerides to 2-monoglyceride & fatty acids?
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Pancreatic Lipase
Co-lipase |
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True or False
Fat soluble vitamins & other fat soluble products are present in both mixed micelles & chylomicrons |
True
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What is the main ion that cells in the colon mucosa secrete?
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K+
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Where is Ca actively absorbed?
Where is Ca passively absorbed? |
Duodenum by Vit. D dependent mechanisms
Everywhere else in small intestine |
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What stimulates the synthesis of calcium binding proteins (calbindin) & transporters in enterocytes?
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Vit. D
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What is the apical transporter for heme?
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HCP-1
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What is the basolateral transporter for iron/heme?
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IREG-1
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Where is cobalamin actively absorbed?
What does it require to be absorbed? |
Ileum
Heptocorrin (R factor) & Intrinsic factor |
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What part of the hypothalamus houses the apetite & satiety centers?
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Arcuate nucleus
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Stimulation of AgRP/NPY neurons will cause.....?
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Increased appetite & food intake
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What in the diet can act as a stimulator of acid secretion?
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Protein!
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Increasing flow of pancreatic secretion, increases the secretion of?
Increasing flow of salivary glands, increases the secretion of? |
HCO3
Na, HCO3, & Cl (only K is decreased!) |
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