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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when a muscle contracts is may or may not shorten. true or false
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true lifting something that is firmly attaached to the floor, causes muscles to contract but because to force that is opposing the muscle force is so much greater the muscle is unable to shorten
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what is an isometric contraction
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a contraction in which there is no muscle shortening
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what do you call a contraction in which the muscle is unloaded and shortens
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isotonic contraction
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is it possible to measure the relationship between force and velocity for a muscle by applying a given force?
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yes by stimulating the muscle and measuring how rapitdly it contracts,and by doing that we get a FORCE VELOCITY CURVE
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the maximum velocity force is generated in isometric contractions where the velocity is zero and the maximum velocity occurs when the muscle is unloaded..what does this reveal
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there is an inverse relationship between force and velocity (as noted from the force velocity curve)
for example when you lift something heavy you do so slowly and when you just lift your arm with no weight you can do it fast. |
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force vs velocity is an intrinsic property of muscle and has to do with how quickly ... can be formed when the muscle is ... vs ...
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cross bridges; loaded vs unloaded
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There is a region of the curve with negative velocities and in this region the force goes way up. This is the third mode of contraction called the ... ... In this situation the muscle is contracting while being stretched by an external force, give three examples of the possible external force
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lengthening contraction;
antagonistic muscle, gravity, or other external load there is evidence that animals use these lengthening contraction to preload a muscle to get maximum amount of force |
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muscles operating around the same joint can be organized into groups of ... and ...
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synergists & antagonists
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What are antagonistic muscles; give an example
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muscles that have opposing actions at the same joint
example: the biceps and triceps muscles are a flexor and extensor of the elbow respectively |
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what are synergistic muscles
give an example |
muscles that have the same action at the same joint
example: biceps and branchialis muscle are both flexors of the elbow. |
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antagonistic and synergistic muscle can be activated simultaneously to modulate ...
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the amount of force exerted
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describe what is means for a muscle to be parallel-fibered
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that the muscle fibers; therefore the direction of the force are parallel to the tendon
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what are the two different kinds of parallel fibered muscles, describe them both
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strap muscles: are long fibered narrow muscles that have a broad tendons attachment on either end of the muscle
fusiform muscles: are also long fibered but narrow into a rope like tendon to attach to the skeleton |
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what is the type of architectural arrangement in which the fibers are shorter and insert into their tendons at an angle
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pennate muscles
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because each sacromere contracts simultaneously and each shortens about __ % of its length,____fibered muscles will undergo a greater excursion in the same amount of time than _____ fibered muscles.
parallel fibered muscles therefore have a ____ contraction velocity and a ____ total displacement |
30%;
longer; shorter greater ; greater |
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in what kind of muscle will a larger number of muscle fibers have their own individual attachments to the muscle, and what can occur in respect to forces that each one can exert
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pennate muscles; force that each one exerts on the tendon add together to generate a greater overall force.
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how are the overall force measured of pennate muslce
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as the physiological cross section of the muscle, which is measured be sectioning the muscle perpendicular to the muscle fibers
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pennate muscle will always have a ____ physiological cross sectional are than parrell- fibered muscle of equal mass.
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greater
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large velocities come from having many sacromeres operating in ____ whereas greater force comes from having many sacromeres operating in ___
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series (parallel-fibered muscles );
parallel ( pennate muscle ). |
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in vertebral development, axial muscles in gnasthostomes become divided dorsally into what two muscles, what are these to muscle seperate by
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epaxial muscles and ventrally located hypaxial muscles separated by a horizontal skeletogenuous septum.
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the axial muscles in fish are segmental what has defined each segment
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embyonic somite which are called myomeres
myomeres are separated by intersegmental myosepta |
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what is the function of the complex three demential shaped myomeres
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bending of the body during swimming
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do tetrapods that use lateral undulations during locomotion; such as salamanders and lizard have segmentation in the epaxial group; what about in mammals
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yes ; in mammals and birds we no longer see strict segmentation in the axial musculature.
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describe the epaxial muscles of mammals
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the epaxial muscles are limited to a fairly narrow band of muscles along the vertebral column and they are elaborated and differentiated into muscles that cross from one vertebral segment, all the way up to some that span the entire vertebral column.
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what is the additional function of the hypaxial muscles in all tetrapods in the terrestrial environment
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supporting the internal organs against gravity
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The hypaxial muscle of tetrapods in the terrestrial environment diffentiate into thin sheets overlaying one another and each layer has fibers that run at different angles. what is the purpose of this
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to increase the strength of the body wall
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in mammals the hypaxial body wall muscles are arranged in four sheets ( internal and external oblique and ____ & ____) that cover the entire abdominal region. still with the different fiber directions in each layer for strength, and three layers of _____ muscles lie between the ribs.
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abdominous and transversus abdominous ; intercostal muscles
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where do the appendicular muscles arise from
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hypaxial musculature
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one of the main trends we see as we move from fish to amniotes is extreme differentiation in ___ ____.
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appendicular musculature.
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evolutionarily all the muscles in the ___ that have similar function to those in fish are homologous; although there are cases in which muscles change function through evolutionary time
table 10-7 in our textbook has examples |
amniotes
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in mammals the hypaxial body wall muscles are arranged in four sheets ( internal and external oblique and ____ & ____) that cover the entire abdominal region. still with the different fiber directions in each layer for strength, and three layers of _____ muscles lie between the ribs.
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abdominous and transversus abdominous ; intercostal muscles
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what are the two functional systems of vertebrate anatomy that are most studied by functional morphologists
these systems off great opportunity to study the relationship between 1) ____ 2) ____ 3) ____ |
locomotion and feeding;
morphology performance and evolutionary fitness |
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where do the appendicular muscles arise from
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hypaxial musculature
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in any form of locomotion, terrestrial, swimming, or flying, the name of the game is force generation. describe the type of force and its direction for all forms of locomotion
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a horizontal force must be generated in the direction OPPOSITE the direction of travel.
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according to Newton's 2nd law what happens when you apply a backward force to the ground
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the ground applies an equal and opposite force on you, pushing you forward
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one of the main trends we see as we move from fish to amniotes is extreme differentiation in ___ ____.
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appendicular musculature.
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evolutionarily all the muscles in the ___ that have similar function to those in fish are homologous; although there are cases in which muscles change function through evolutionary time
table 10-7 in our textbook has examples |
amniotes
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In respect to locomotion, its not as simple as just generating horizontal forces. in air and on land what also has to be considered....and what kind of force has to be used
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the body weight still have to be supported as a vertical force has to be generated as well
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what are the two functional systems of vertebrate anatomy that are most studied by functional morphologists
these systems off great opportunity to study the relationship between 1) ____ 2) ____ 3) ____ |
locomotion and feeding;
morphology performance and evolutionary fitness |
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why must vertical forces be generated to maintain their position in the water column ???
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because weight and buoyancy are rarely in balance
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in any form of locomotion, terrestrial, swimming, or flying, the name of the game is force generation. describe the type of force and its direction for all forms of locomotion
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a horizontal force must be generated in the direction OPPOSITE the direction of travel.
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the total force generated have to be a vector sum of all of the horizontal and vertical forces need to maintain ____ & _____
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proplusion & body support
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according to Newton's 2nd law what happens when you apply a backward force to the ground
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the ground applies an equal and opposite force on you, pushing you forward
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In respect to locomotion, its not as simple as just generating horizontal forces. in air and on land what also has to be considered....and what kind of force has to be used
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the body weight still have to be supported as a vertical force has to be generated as well
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why must vertical forces be generated to maintain their position in the water column ???
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because weight and buoyancy are rarely in balance
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the total force generated have to be a vector sum of all of the horizontal and vertical forces need to maintain ____ & _____
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proplusion & body support
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Allometry:
when two object are geometrically similar they are ____. for this we see for cubes that as we increase the length of a side, ___ will increase proportionally to the square of the ___&____ will increase in proportion to the cube of the length (objects that are geometrically similar apply to this) |
isometric; areas; length and volumes
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Allometry section:
if animals really were scale models of each other, this has a big affect on what. |
surface to volume rations as animals get larger the increase in surface areas cannot keep up with increase in volume
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As animal get larger the increase in ____ cannot keep up with increase in ____
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surface ares; volume
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the surface area volume problem has implication with the physiological functions of what two systems? why ?
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digestion and respiration that depend on surface areas or exchange when the demand for these functions depend on mass, which is roughly proportional to volume
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this disproportionate increase in volume compared to area also has implications for _&_
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support and posture
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although both the cross sectional areas of bones and muscles and the mass of the animal with increase with increasing body size, if there is no change in shape what will happen
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the mass will increase much faster and soon outpace the ability of the bones and musles to support the animal
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different sized animals are not just scale models of one another but have different proportions. what is the name of this condition
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allometry
cat and elephant skeleton drawn to same scale show the elephant have shorter an stouter limbs longs and heavier limb girdles and a mush larger rib cage etc |
