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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the PRIMARY FUNCTION OF BREAST
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Lactation
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Where is the primary lymphatic drainage from breast?
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AXILLA! ~97%.
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Where breast carcinomas arise from?
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TDLU - Terminal duct lobular units.
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What are the breast development processes during PUBERTY? during PREGNANCY? during LACTATION?
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Puberty --> Elongation of ducts...ESTROGEN DRIVEN
Pregnancy --> Tubuloalveolar development (PROGESTERONE and PROLACTIN) Lactation --> PROLACTIN (insulin and cortisol) |
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Which causes more mitotic activity: Estrogen + Progesterone OR Estrogen only.
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Estrogen and Progesterone TOGETHER have GREATER MITOTIC ACTIVITY.
Therefore, mitotic rates are higher during LUTEAL PHASE than during FOLLICULAR PHASE. |
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Even though prolactin is present during PREGNANCY, why is there no lactation?
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Estrogen and progesterone inhibit PROLACTIN.
PROLACTIN with the inhibitory hormones thus leads to tubuloalveolar |
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TRUE/FALSE
Ovaries are required for lactation. |
NO!
HPA axis is functioning, then perfect. |
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When does lactation cease upon weaning?
How long does it take breasts to return to pre-pregnancy state (though not the same!) |
Lactation within 7-10 of weaning
Takes 3-4 months to return to normal |
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What happens to breasts during menopause?
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Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels results in PROGRESSIVE INVOLUTION of ducts and glands.
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Which is more common: Asymmetrical breasts or underdeveloped breasts?
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ASYMMETRICAL BREASTS! Can be due to trauma, radiation.
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What is galactorrhea?
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Persistence of discharge >6 months post-partum
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If there is a LACK OF MILK UPON BIRTH, what could be cause?
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Remember...Milk production driven by prolaction. Prolactin secreted by anterior pituitary.
Anterior pituitary can infarcted during labor and delivery (SHEEHAN'S SYNDROME) |
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What are risk factors for breast cancer?
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BAD RISK FACTOR:
- early menarche - delayed menopause - FEW pregnancies MORE pregnancies decreases total estrogen exposure time. |
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How many lobes are typically found in breast?
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~15-20
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What are physical signs of breast cancer?
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Bleeding/nipple discharge
Mass Redness |
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What are the two most common species of bacterial infection in post-partum breast infections
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Staph and strep
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What is inflammatory breast cancer?
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Redness of breast (not all redness is inflammatory breast cancer)
Biopsy shows cancer cells clogging lymphatics WITHOUT inflitrate. |
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What are symptoms of FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES (FCC's)
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CYCLIC (because hormone sensitive) pain. Tenderness, palpable breast irregulatiry .
Usually found during reproductive years |
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Why are FCC's important?
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They can be identified on mammogram and biopsied and analyzed.
Some FCC's are markers for cancer risk. |
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Are most spots on mammogram cancer?
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NO, usually benign FCC's or fibroadenomas.
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What are non-proliferative FCC's?
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cysts, fibrosis, adenosis, apocrine metaplasia
NO INCREASED RISK LEVEL FOR BREAST CANCER WITH NPFCC's |
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What are proliferative FCC's?
Which is particularly important in terms of CANCER RISK? |
Sclerosing Adenosis (SLIGHTLY INCREASED RISK)
Usual ductal hyperplasia Atypica Ductal/Lobular Hyperplasia (ADH/ALH)...ADH/ALH...of the 15% of women who are diagnosed with ADH/ALH, they can go on to develop cancer...ESPECIALLY IF THEY HAVE FAMILY HISTORY. HIGHEST RISK OF ADH/ALH with atypia. |
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What is the MOST BENIGN TUMOR IN THE BREAST?
What part of breast does this tumor arise? |
FIBROADENOMA. Soft, rubbery, easily palpable mass.
Usually excised. ALWAYS BENIGN. FIBROADENOMA COME FROM STROMA. |
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Aside from fibroadenomas, what is the other type of STROMAL TUMOR?
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Phyllodes tumor...
USUALLY BENIGN, though can metastasize. |
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When should women begin mammogram screening
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AT 40, 35 if age-related.
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Which is more malignant?
Invasive ductal/lobular carcinoma OR in situ ductal/lobular carcinoma? |
INVASIVE!!
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CRUSTING AND ULCERATION of the nipple means?
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PAGET's DISEASE. a sort of breast cancer.
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What is gynecomastia?
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Common disorder...likely due to imbalance of estrogen:androgen ratio (tilts towards estrogen)
THIS CONDITION IS BENIGN> Remove for cosmetic purposes. |
