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121 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the primary
colors?
Red, blue, and green.
What are the secondary
colors?
Magenta, cyan, and
yellow.
Why is a yellow filter
called a minus blue filter?
Yellow subtracts
(absorbs) blue.
As you photograph a track and field event, you wish to use a shutter speed of 1/2 second to produce an effective panning shot. The slowest shutter speed you can achieve without a filter through equivalent exposures is 1/30 second. To use a 1/2 second exposure, what filter factor do you have to select?
16
Suppose you are going to use a filter with a factor of
2. Without changing the shutter speed, what is your
new aperture if your basic exposure is f/8 at 1/250?
f 5.6.
For each of the following situations, determine whether a neutral density filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
a. Outdoor portraiture on a sunny day using an ISO of 400.
Use a neutral density. Most portraits require isolation of the
subject and limited depth of field. Without the filter, the entire image
will have sharp contrast. With neutral density, the viewer’s eyes
will go directly to the subject without being distracted by an
overpowering background or foreground.
For each of the following situations, determine whether a
neutral density filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
b. Hawaiian surfing pictures where a slow shutter speed is
to be used to show motion.
Use a neutral density. Requires
a slow shutter speed outdoors
For each of the following situations, determine whether a
neutral density filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
c. Close-up shot of a flower where depth of field is
important.
Do not use a neutral density
as you will lose depth of field.
For each of the following situations, determine whether
a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
a. Photographing ducks on a pond.
Do not polarize the water. The water
will not reflect the light and the duck will
appear to be on a black or dark surface.
For each of the following situations, determine whether
a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
b. Photographing a window display.
Use a polarizing filter because it
eliminates unwanted reflections.
For each of the following situations, determine whether
a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
c. Photographing a basketball game with electronic
flash.
Not necessary. Fast, indoor action is
unlikely to constantly produce
unwanted reflections.
For each of the following situations, determine whether
a polarizing filter would be useful. Explain your answer.
d. Scenics at midday.
Use a polarizing filter. It darkens the
sky if you use it 90 degrees off axis
from the sun.
Why does the UV2B provide better
UV elimination than the Skylight 1A?
Because the UV2B eliminates all wavelengths
below 380 nm, while the Skylight 1A eliminates
only 1 percent of the UV spectrum.
Why does the UV2B provide better
UV elimination than the Skylight 1A?
Why does the UV2B provide better UV elimination than the
Skylight 1A?
Because the UV2B eliminates all wavelengths below 380 nm, while
the Skylight 1A eliminates only 1 percent of the UV spectrum.
What effect does a UV filter have
on color balance and exposure?
None
What benefit is derived from keeping
a UV filter permanently attached over
your lens?
It helps protect the lens
from damage.
What are the two main
disadvantages of using specialeffects
filters?
Overuse makes your photos dull and
some loss of image contrast is
apparent.
If a gel filter becomes discolored or
scratched, what should you do?
Dispose of the gel filter.
Explain the shotgun
method of shooting.
Shooting almost every angle, f-stop,
shutter speed, and so forth in the hope
that some of the pictures will be usable.
Why does daylight shift towards the
red portion of the spectrum at
sunrise and sunset?
The dust and vapor particles in the atmosphere
tend to scatter the shorter, blue light waves more
than they do the longer, red light waves.
Why is a bright sunny day not
always the best time of day for
photography?
The sun casts dark shadows that
lack detail and highlights that are
extremely bright (high lighting ratio).
What is the ideal lighting
ratio for a digital camera?
1:3 or lower
What is the best choice of natural
lighting direction for a group picture?
Frontlighting
What is the best lighting direction for
photographing a raised or textured
surface?
Sidelighting
Which type of lighting is best
suited to produce silhouettes?
Backlighting
Why does a gas flame appear blue
and green while the tips of the flame
appear yellow?
The hotter the flame gets, the higher
the Kelvin temperature becomes.
Why is it important that you do not
touch a new quartz halogen bulb with
your bare fingers?
The finger prints eventually etch into
the lamp and cause the lamp to
shatter or explode.
What is the determining factor for the
color of light that a fluorescent light
tube produces?
The phosphor coating that converts
the ultraviolet radiation into visible
light.
What is the Kelvin rating
for the photoflood No. 1?
3200
What computations are usually
involved with exposure control of
manual electronic flash units?
Guide numbers, f/stops,
and distance.
Why are automatic flash units
good at saving battery power?
Because the capacitor is usually only
partially discharged each time the
flash is fired.
When you use a flash unit indoors,
what three factors must be
considered?
(1) Color of the subject,
(2) color of the room
(3) size of the room.
What is one of the first precautions to
remember when you use an
automatic flash unit?
Program the ISO and choose
the f/stop you are going to use.
What is the major advantage
of using a dedicated flash?
It automatically selects proper
shutter speed and sets the aperture.
What is the maximum focal length for
a lens that is used with most wide
angle flash adapters?
35mm
What is a type of rating given for the
measurement of the light output of
flash units?
Watt seconds
What is a major advantage in
choosing bounce flash over direct
flash?
It eliminates or at least
softens any harsh shadows.
If your sync cord for the flash is
defective, what alternate method of
flash photography can you utilize?
Open flash
Explain the painting with light
technique when you use flash.
The procedure is to walk about the exposure area
aiming and firing the flash unit at the subject or
bouncing the light off ceilings or walls from a
predetermined distance during exposure.
What is the key element in multiple
image flash photography?
Thyristor-type flashes with fast
recycling or a stroboscope.
What are the two types of
syncro-sun flash?
(1) Synchro-sun fill flash
(2) synchro-sun main flash.
What determines the flash output
level in matrix-balanced fill flash?
The microcomputer automatically chooses the
flash output level determined by the combination
of brightness and degree of contrast.
In the equation E = I x T,
what do I and T represent
I= Intensity, T=Time
What speed (or sensitivity) rating
is twice as slow as ISO 400?
200 ISO
What are some of the most common
range of shutter speeds for a
camera?
1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30, 60, 125,
250, 500, 1000, 2000, and up.
What does the number 4 represent
on the shutter speed dial?
1/4th of a second.
Moving the shutter speed dial from
1/125 to 1/1000 decreases exposure
by how many f/stops?
Three f\stops
To what does lens speed refer?
The widest aperture of the lens.
If the proper exposure is 1/60 at f/11,
what is an equivalent exposure if you
change the shutter speed to 1/500?
1/500 at F 4.0
What two factors determine
proper exposure?
(1) Subject brightness
(2) ISO
Explain scene brightness range.
The relative difference between
the highlights and the shadows
Why is visual estimation
important?
You have to be able to determine exposure if you are
having an equipment malfunction. Visual estimation
also helps you diagnose an equipment malfunction.
After you check the battery in a light
meter, what is the next step involved
in taking a reading?
Set the ISO.
Why might a reflective meter misread
a white subject in a white scene?
It concludes that there must be an enormous amount
of illumination and tells you what exposure is required
to record the subject as 18 percent gray.
How do reflective light
meters read the scene?
They read the intensity of light
reflected from the subject.
What is the most common type of
single lens reflex (SLR) meter?
Weighted metering.
How does matrix metering work?
Matrix meters work by dividing your image into a grid. Each cell of
the grid is metered and then the camera’s internal computer
calculates an average metering that works for the entire scene. It
measures five segments, determines overall scene brightness,
and analyzes each area for scene contrast.
What type of meter is a
spot meter?
A reflectance light meter
How do you calculate a
brightness range reading?
By taking two readings—one each in a highlight and
shadow area. Then, set your camera for an exposure
that is midway between the two readings.
Explain how to take a light reading
from the palm of your hand.
Make sure the light approximates that
which falls on your subject’s face. Take
the reading and open up one f/stop.
What item must be available
for a substitution reading?
A gray card
What do flash meters
measure?
The intensity of the light
coming from the flash unit.
If you are taking a multiple flash
reading, why must you take
individual readings from each flash?
To ensure you are reading the
measurement of each flash unit and
not a combined measurement.
What situations might you
use a multiple flash set-up?
Light portraits, large groups of
people or to photograph a subject
that has considerable depth.
What is a slave unit?
Photoelectric cells that convert light to an electrical
output. They sense the light from the unit attached to
the camera and close the firing circuitry for the unit to
which it is attached.
What is the single most important
feature of your photographic
equipment?
The owner’s manuals
What determines the color of light
from the transmission source?
Wavelength
How is wavelength
measured?
As the distance between
corresponding parts of two
consecutive waves.
What is the common term for the straight
line that represents the radius of the wave
radiating from the point source?
A ray of light
Define frequency of light
The number of waves that pass a
given point within a given unit of
time.
What is another name for
frequency?
Hertz
What color do wavelengths from 600
–700 nm give the human eye the
sensation of seeing?
Red
What are the three
primary colors of light?
Red, blue, and green
What is the wavelength range of the
infrared portion of the spectrum?
700 to 15,000 nm
What is the approximate
speed of light in a vacuum?
Approximately 186,000
miles per second.
What type of reflection occurs
when light strikes a mirror?
Specular
What type of mediums
transmits light?
Transparent and
translucent.
At what angle does a normal
ray of light strike a medium?
Perpendicular or 90 degrees.
What problem does dispersion
create in lens design?
The various components of light that
make up the total image will not
focus at the same plane.
Explain three things that must occur
for an object to have a green
appearance.
(1) Light source must contain green wavelengths.
(2) Object must reflect green wavelengths.
(3) Object must absorb other wavelengths.
What do we call light that
vibrates in only one plane?
Polarized
What is the standard unit for
measuring color temperature?
Kelvin
Define soft light
A uniform light that spreads in all
directions and creates few shadows.
What is the optical center
of a lens?
A point, usually (but not always) within a lens, at
which the rays of light from two sources entering
the lens are assumed to cross.
What unit is normally used
to express focal length?
Millimeters
What two factors determine
the speed of a lens?
(1) The focal length.
(2) The diameter of the aperture
opening.
What are all the full f/stops
between 1 and 64?
1, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11,
16, 22, 32, 45, and 64.
By how much light does a change
from f/16 to f/8 increase the
exposure?
Four times the amount.
When the lens is set to the automatic or
program mode, what is the only method
for determining the f/stop setting?
Looking through the view
finder in the camera.
What is hyperfocal
distance?
The distance from a lens’ optical center to
the nearest point in acceptably sharp focus
when the camera is focused on infinity.
What happens when you switch to a
lens with a shorter focal length and
smaller aperture?
The hyperfocal distance
becomes shorter.
What is depth of field?
The range of distances in adequate
focus on each side of the plane
that's focused upon.
What four factors control
the depth of field for a lens?
(1) Focal length of lens.
(2) Size of the circle of confusion.
(3) Number used.
(4) The distance from the lens to the object on which it is focused.
On a 35mm camera system, where
do you find the depth of field scale?
Usually on the lens barrel and
sometimes on the camera body.
To what does the term
“resolving power” refer?
The ability of a photographic lens or
material to record or resolve fine
detail.
Resolving power results from the
combination of what two factors?
The lens and image
sensor used.
Why is photographic
definition subjective?
It is an impression formed by the observer when
viewing a photograph. The concept depends on
the viewer and the situation involved.
What four factors determine the
photographic definition of a print?
(1) Resolution.
(2) Sharpness.
(3) Pixelization.
(4) Tonal reproduction.
What usually causes lines that bend
or curve at the image plane?
Lens distortion.
What forms color fringes
around image points?
Chromatic aberration.
What causes horizontal lines to be
out of focus when vertical lines are in
focus?
Astigmatism
What is caused by the inability of a lens to
bring oblique rays of light to a common point
with equal magnification and brightness?
Coma
Why does a lens manufacturer
incorporate spherical aberration into
a portrait lens?
To give softness to the
image.
Which type of distortion causes
straight lines to give a barrel effect?
Curvilinear distortion.
Name the two types of
flare.
(1) Mechanical.
(2) Optical.
Which type of flare is caused by a
small reflective scratch on a lens
shade?
Mechanical
Which type of flare is generally
present in most lenses with more
than one element?
Optical flare
Why are lenses coated with
transparent colored material?
The coating minimizes internal
reflections and thereby reduces
optical flare.
What is the approximate lens
coverage for a normal lens?
45º, or the approximate angle
covered by the human eye.
What focal length lens is considered
to be normal for a 35mm camera?
50mm
What are two advantages of
using a wide angle lens?
Wider subject area than a normal focal length lens at a
given lens-to-subject distance; greater depth of field
than a normal lens; allow the photojournalist to use
perspective for emphasis.
What is the biggest disadvantage
of using a wide angle lens?
The converging (distortion) of the
image from the edges toward the
center of the lens.
Describe the basic design
of all telephoto lenses.
A positive element in front of and
separated from a negative rear
element.
How does the term “compression”
apply to a telephoto lens?
Compression of distant objects creates a sense that
the background elements are larger than a normal
perspective and enhances objects such as the sun and
moon.
How does the zoom lens
change focal lengths?
Changing the distance between the
positive and negative elements of a zoom
lens changes the focal length of the lens.
What are the three
disadvantages of the zoom lens?
(1) Loss of lens speed.
(2) Loss of image sharpness compared to a fixed focal length
lens of the same focal length.
(3) Greater chances of problems with refraction, diffraction, and
loss of image quality.
What is the macro lens
designed for?
To be used for small object
distances at scales of reproduction
larger than 1:1
What are two disadvantages
of using the macro lens?
(1) Extremely short depth of field.
(2) Reduction in the amount of light striking the
subject, making a tripod or high ISO necessary.
What are the two types of
fish-eye lenses?
(1) Circular
(2) Full-frame.
How would you know the proper
procedures to follow if a camera is
subjected to salt water damage?
By checking with the maintenance
section prior to any given situation that
might involve hazardous conditions.
When you use canned air to clean
glass surfaces, what procedures
should you follow?
Hold can at least 8–10 inches from
the surface and apply in short bursts
to remove dust and lint.