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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did 3D echocardiography begin and how was it performed?
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3D Echo started in the 1960s and it was performed by taking parallel scans and putting them together post-exam.
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3D Echo in the 1970s and 1980s
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2D images were tracked and put together into a 3D render post-exam.
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3D Echo in the 1990s
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3D Echo was able to be performed real-time, giving volumetric values and displaying cardiac function.
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Freehand 3D Acquisition
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An older method of acquiring 2D images for composing a 3D image. Bulky probe with a spatial locator attached.
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Which 3D Acquisition technique utilizes the Cartesian Coordinate System?
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Freehand 3D Acquisition with spatial location tracking.
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Mechanically Driven 3D Acquisition
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An older method of acquiring 2D images for composing a 3D image. Images obtained in intervals. More uniform than Freehand 3D Acquisition.
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True or False: The overall quality of your 3D image will be better if you capture more images?
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False. While your 3D reconstruction will be better you will have more motion artifact.
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What is the optimal number of images required to adequately asses the Mitral Valve (When the Freehand/Mechanical Methods were used)?
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More than 6
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What was the optimal number of images required to adequately asses Left Ventricular Function (When the Freehand/Mechanical Methods were used)?
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4-6
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The first generation of Real-Time 3D Probes had how many elements?
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256 (As compared with upwards of 3000 today.)
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How many elements does a Matrix-array transducer have?
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Over 3000
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Newer probes have what advantages over the sparse-array probes of the 90s?
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Smaller Transducer Footprint
Improved side-lobe Suppression Greater Sensitivity Harmonics |
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What are the three different acquisition modes of the Matrix-Array Transducers?
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Real-Time (approximately 50 degrees x 30 degrees)
Zoom Mode (30 x 30 with greater resolution) Wide-angle Mode |
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What is Wide-angle Mode and how does it work?
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Wide-angle mode requires EKG gating and merges four consecutive images from four consecutive beats into a single image. Halted respiration is preferred.
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True or False: Wide-angle Mode for Matrix-array transducers has a greater resolution than Zoom Mode in the same transducer?
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False. Zoom Mode has a much greater resolution.
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What is the significance of the Siemens SC2000?
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It acquires a full-volume image in a single heartbeat instead of in 4 consecutive beats. Important for patients with arrhythmias.
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What are potential problems with EKG Gating?
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Varied Respiration
Arrhythmias |
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What is segmentation?
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Segmentation is the process the machine uses to extract anatomical features from raw data.
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True or False: 3D Echo is different from 2D Echo in terms of standard view descriptions.
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True. 2D Echo is defined by plane, while 3D Echo views are defined by volumes.
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What are the 3 assessments required for a complete 3D study?
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Ventricular Function
Valvular Morphology Hemodynamic Status |
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What does the sagittal plane correspond to?
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It corresponds to a vertical long axis view
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What does a coronal plane correspond to?
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It corresponds to a 4 chamber view
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What does a transverse plane correspond to?
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It corresponds to a short axis view.
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