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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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young adult after illness, fast, stress, exercise - elevated unconjugated bilirubin.
Disease? Mechanism? Treatment? |
Disease: Gilbert's Syndrome
Mecdhansim is decreased UDPGT - AR D/O Tx: None its fine |
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episodic blood diarrhea
increased alk phos joint pain disease? |
ulcerative colitis
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ulcerative colitis is associated with what hepatobiliary D/O
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primary sclerosing cholangitis
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histological description of sclerosing cholangitis
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inflammation and fibrosis of itnra and extrahepatic bile ducts
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what cancers are at increased risk w/ FAP?
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colon cancer
gastric cancer duocenal cancer thyroid cnacer CNS tumors childhood hepatoblastomas |
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chromosomal problem with FAP?
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mutated APC tumor suppressor gene on Chrom. 5
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what is misoprostol MOA and use?
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prostaglandin E1 analog used for NSAID ulcer prevention and as a medical abortificant.
it activates dissolution of collagen bundles and increases submucosal water content of cervix while potentiating oxytocin |
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AB toxin that binds and inactivates ribosomes?
where found? |
Shiga toxin
shigella and E coli O157:H7 |
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diffuse abdominal pain and rebound tenderness of RLQ top two on DDx?
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appendicitis and ectopic pregnancy
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what is most ischemic bowel from? where at?
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emboli at SMA
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OR calculation?
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(A/B)/(C/D)
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Relative risk calculation?
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(A/A+B)/(C/C+D)
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attributable risk calcuation?
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A/A+B - C/C+D
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absolute risk reduction?
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reduction in risk w/ Tx relative to placebo
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number needed to treat calculation
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1/(Absolute risk reduction)
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immune complex mediated HSN reaction involving mucocutaneous surfaces and potentially fatal?
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Steven's Johnson Syndrome
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common (4) drugs precipitating Steven Johnson Syndrome
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Lamotrigrine
carbamezepine ethosuximide phenytoing |
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vessel disease associated with HBV?
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Polyarteritis Nodosa
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decreased aFP in pregnancy?
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Down's Syndrome
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severe HTN in head, upper torso, upper extremities and Ascending aortic dissection. Pathology?
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coarctation of aorta
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muscles that attach to humeral head?
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SITS
supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis |
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action of supraspinatus?
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assists deltoid in abduction
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action of teres minor
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adduct and lateral rotate upper arm
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action of infraspinatus
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lateral rotation
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Birbeck granules are.....
where.... |
tennis racket shaped granules in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells
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Langerhans cells found....
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all layers of epidermis
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Langerhans cells derived from? for what purpose?
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bone marrow
they are APC's for the skin |
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what is seen on a muscle biopsy of a patient with ALS?
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atrophy from decreased neuronal input will result in decreased preexisting cell mass
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eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions?
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negri bodies - rabies
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difference between bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris?
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bullous pemphigoid is from an antibody to hemidesmosomes that anchor the cell to basement membrane. The bullae they form are hard to rupture and DO NOT leave a scar when gone
Pemphigus vulgarus is an antibody at desmoglein 3 of a desmosome whose bullae are easily ruptured and leave a scar |
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function of a meissner corpuscle?
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light touch and position
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function of pacini's corpuscle?
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vibration and pressure
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motor function of median nerve?
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Oaf - 3 thenar muscles - opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis
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sensory function of median nerve?
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palmar lateral side of hand up to the middle of the 4th digit
dorsal aspect of the digits distal to proximal IP joing on same digits |
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sensory for anatomic snuffbox?
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radial nerve
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anit-microsomal
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hashimoto's
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anti-mitochondrial
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primary biliary cirrhosis
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what are microglia?
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CNS macrophages that ar from circulating macrophages which are from mesoderm
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what can make a blood smear have a blue-ish look?
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reticulocytes still have some clumped nuclear material
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Southern blot
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DNA probe for DNA
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Northern blot
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DNA probe for RNA
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Western blot
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labeled Ab for protein
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MR, growth retardation, seizures, fair skin, eczema, musty BO
Disease? MOA? |
Phenylketonuria
deficient phenylalanine dehydroxylase or dihydroptean reductase so that phenylalanine can not be converted to tyrosine |
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treatment of phenylketonuria?
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no phenylalanine and more tyrosine in diet
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SCID - MOA?
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mostly from adenosine deaminase deficiency which is for purine salvage so decreased T and B cell production.
also from defective IL2 receptors or failed MHC II antigen synthesis |
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adenosine deaminase deficiency - related disease?
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SCID
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MR, self mutilation, aggresssion, hyperuricemia, gout, choreoathetosis.
DIsease? MOA? inheritance? |
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
HGPRT deficiency which leads to decreased/0 purine salvate and excess uric acid X linked recessive |
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Dark connective tissue, pigmented sclera, arthritis when adult, black urine when standing?
disease? Treatment? |
alkaptonuria - deficient homogentistic oxidase for tyrosine degradation
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subluxated lenses, premature vascular disease, early death, MR, osteoperosis, tall, kyphotic
disease? MOA? inherited? |
Homocystinuria
AR D/O of deficient cystathionine synthase leading to increased homocysteine and decreased cystathionine |
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failure to thrive, jaundice, hepatomegaly, infantile cataracts, MR
Disease? MOA? iheritance? |
classic galactosemia from an absent galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase inherited in AR DO pattern
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galactose in blood and urine. infantile cataracts, difficulty tracking objects as child, no development of social smile
disease? MOA? |
galactokinase deficiency so galactitol accumulates.
is an AR DO and mild. |
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enzyme associated with fructose intolerance? and why a problem?
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decrease in Aldolase B so increased fructose 1 phosphate stays around and this decreases the amount of free phosphate available for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
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Maple Syrup Urine Disease.
deficiency? leads to? |
problem with alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase leading to a decrease in branched chain amino acid metabolism. (Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine) in urine
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retinoblastoma gene product does what?
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binds to E2F transcription factor and keeps the cell cycle in quiescent stage. if it is mutated then the cells go on and divide and stuff
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Rb gene associations?
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retinoblastoma
osteosarcoma |
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Cyanide poisoning - MOA?
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modifies iron in cytochrom oxidase of mitochondria which interrupts the ETC and halts cellular respiration.
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bright red arteries and veins on fundoscopic exam? WITH burnt almond breath?
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cyanide poisoning
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treatment for cyanide poisoning?
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give nitrites - induce methemoglobinemia to bind cyanide (it prefers it) then sulfates to coat it and get rid of it
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SAM is what and good for what?
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activated methionine and is good for donating methyl groups
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cells requiring sodium for glucose uptake?
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enterocytes and neurons
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cells with glut 2 receptors? and why?
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hepatocytes and beta cells.
GLUT 2 is a high capacity, low affinity and those cells don't want to do what they do (glycogenolysis, release insulin) unless sufficient glucose is around |
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cells with glut 4 receptors?
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adipose and myocytes
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muscle spasms, myopathy, ataxia, generalized seizures, intellectual deterioration, hearing loss.
Mitochondrial inheritance. disease? |
Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers
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retinoblastoma gene product does what?
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binds to E2F transcription factor and keeps the cell cycle in quiescent stage. if it is mutated then the cells go on and divide and stuff
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Rb gene associations?
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retinoblastoma
osteosarcoma |
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Cyanide poisoning - MOA?
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modifies iron in cytochrom oxidase of mitochondria which interrupts the ETC and halts cellular respiration.
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bright red arteries and veins on fundoscopic exam? WITH burnt almond breath?
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cyanide poisoning
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treatment for cyanide poisoning?
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give nitrites - induce methemoglobinemia to bind cyanide (it prefers it) then sulfates to coat it and get rid of it
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SAM is what and good for what?
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activated methionine and is good for donating methyl groups
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cells requiring sodium for glucose uptake?
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enterocytes and neurons
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cells with glut 2 receptors? and why?
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hepatocytes and beta cells.
GLUT 2 is a high capacity, low affinity and those cells don't want to do what they do (glycogenolysis, release insulin) unless sufficient glucose is around |
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cells with glut 4 receptors?
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adipose and myocytes
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inheritance of Duchenne and Becker Muscular dystrophy?
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Xlinked recessive
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V2 effects?
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V2's in the kidney to increase water permeability and reabsorption at the collecting tubules
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action and use of bethanechol
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direct cholinomimetic for postop and neurogenic ileus and urinary retention
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action and use of carbachol
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direct cholinomimetic used for glaucoma, pupillary constriction and decreased intraocular pressure
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action and use of pilocarpine
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direct cholinomimetic used for stimulating sweat, tears and saliva
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which of the direct cholinomimetics is resistant to AcHE
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Pilocarpine and bethanechol
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4 most common anticholinesterases and their uses?
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Neostigmine - post-op/neurogenic ileus and urinary retention, MG, post op reversal of NM blockade
Pyridostigmine - long term MG Tx Edrophonium - MG Dx Physostigmine - glaucoma and Atropine OD |
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post op NM blockade reversal
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NEOstigmine
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used for Atropine OD
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Physostigmine - crosses BBB
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alpha hemolytic means?
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partial hemolysis, green zone
S pneu or viridan strep |
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G+, cat-, beta hemolytic cocci?
bacitracin sensitive? resistant? |
Group A - Strep pyogenes - bacitracin resistant
Group B - S agalacticae - bacitracin sensitive |
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G+ rods?
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Bacillus
Corynbacterium Listeria Clostridium |
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G+ anaerobic rod?
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clostridium
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G+, cat-, alpha hemolytic cocci?
optochin resistant optochin sensitive? |
Strep Pneu - optochin sensitive
viridans strep - optochin negative |
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type of second messenger G protein for the alphas, betas, D, H, V receptors
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QISS QIQ SIQ SQS
kiss &kik until sik of sex alpha1,2, beta 1,2 M1,2,3, D1,2, H1,2, V1,2 Q = Phospholipase C cleavage of IP3 I=decreased adenyl cyclase-> decreased cAMP and PKA S=increased adenylyl cyclase |
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action and use of methacholine
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direct cholinomimetic for asthma challenge test
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G+ catalase - cocci
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Strep
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G+ catalase + cocci
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Staph
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G+, Cat -, gamma hemolytic cocci
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enterococcus
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what does gamma hemolytic mean?
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no hemolysis
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G+, Cat+, Coag- cocci
novobiocin resistant novobiocin susceptible |
Staph epidermis - sensitive
Staph saprophyticus - resistant |
