376 Final

Front 1

You have two individuals, Jerry and Gary, who are about to run a 5K race. Based on the below values who would you expect to win the race between these two individuals?

Jerry: VO2max = 60 ml/kg/min; Lactate Threshold occurs at 74% of VO2max

Gary: VO2max = 64 ml/kg/min; Lactate Threshold occurs at 68% of VO2max

Back 1

Jerry

Front 2

Energy from the gradient created by the electron transport chain is used to:

Back 2

Convert NAD to NADH

Front 3

Energy used directly for muscular contraction occurs via:

Back 3

Fat Metabolism

Front 4

If an individual has a VO2 of 5 Liters per minute and a VCO2 of 3.57 Liters per minute, their respiratory exchange ratio (RER) would equal:

Back 4

~ 0.7

Front 5

Using direct calorimetry, what is measured to determine energy expenditure

Back 5

Heat

Front 6

In every bout of acute exercise all three methods of energy production contribute to ATP formation, but the relative contribution of each varies based on

Back 6

Intensity

Front 7

Which of the 3 energy systems would be the primary contributor of ATP while swimming laps in a pool for 15 minutes?

Back 7

Aerobic

Front 8

Ryan has been anaerobically training for the last 3 months. Which if the following enzymes would up-regulated as a result of this training?

Back 8

Phosphofructokinase

Front 9

Which of the following factors would inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex to slow the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Back 9

Increased NADH

Front 10

ATP production from fat is ___________ ATP production from glucose

Back 10

Slower than

Front 11

What is the role of oxygen in aerobic metabolism?

Back 11

It combines with Hydrogen and electrons in the electron transport chain to form water.

Front 12

During the mobilization stage of fatty acid metabolism:

Back 12

Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids, which then diffuse into the bloodstream.

Front 13

Fatty acyl-CoA is broken down into smaller acetyl-CoA’s during:

Back 13

Beta-Oxidation

Front 14

During the oxidation of one 30-carbon fatty acid how many net total ATP are produced?

Back 14

204

Front 15

VO2 represents:

Back 15

The amount of oxygen consumed for energy

Front 16

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the electron transport system?

Back 16

A chemical and electrical gradient is generated for ATP synthesis

Front 17

Which of the 3 energy systems would be the primary contributor of ATP during a sprinting across campus to get to your class before the test starts in 1 min.

Back 17

Anaerobic

Front 18

Jerry is training for the 100-meter dash. During a 400 meter training sprint (~60 seconds), which of the following is the primary energy substrate?

Back 18

Glycogen

Front 19

The first step of Krebs cycle is the creation of Citrate from

Back 19

Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate

Front 20

Following the uptake of fatty acids into the skeletal muscle cell:

Back 20

The fatty acid is activated into fatty acyl-CoA and translocated into the mitochondria by carnitine

Front 21

An individual is exercising at a constant intensity level (6.0 mph on the treadmill). After 30 seconds of exercise (Note: Assume the intensity is below VO2max):

Back 21

The aerobic energy expenditure is supplemented with anaerobic energy until steady-state VO2 is reached

Front 22

Which of the following proteins transports fatty acids from the blood into the muscle cells?

Back 22

S-FABP (Sarcolema Fatty Acid Binding Protein)

Front 23

Which of the following is the primary hormone for stimulating fatty acid mobilization?

Back 23

Epinephrine

Front 24

Which of the 3 energy systems would be the primary contributor of ATP while swimming laps in a pool for 15 minutes?

Back 24

Aerobic

Front 25

Skeletal muscle uptake of fatty acids is dependent upon:

Back 25

The rate of blood flow

The concentration of fatty acids in the blood

Front 26

The rate limiting enzymes of fast glycolysis and the Kreb cycle are _____________ and _____________?

Back 26

Phosphofructokinase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 27

During fast (anaerobic) glycolysis, one glucose molecule would be metabolized to form:

Back 27

2 lactic acid molecules

Front 28

Fatty acids are carried in the blood by the protein _______________.

Back 28

Albumin

Front 29

When lactic acid is produced quickly,

Back 29

Fatigue ensues when levels get high enough

The buildup causes a burning sensation in the muscles

It accumulates in the muscle

Front 30

The period of heavy breathing after exercise has ended is known by the acronym

Back 30

EPOC

Front 31

Lactate threshold (LT) is defined as the point at which the rate of lactic acid 1? exceeds the rate of lactic acid 2?

Back 31

1. Produced

2. Clearance

Front 32

Beta Oxidation occurs:

Back 32

Mitochondria

Front 33

Krebs Cycle occurs:

Back 33

Mitochondria

Front 34

Fatty Acid Activation (fatty acid → fatty acyl-CoA) occurs:

Back 34

Cytosol

Front 35

Pyruvate → Lactate occurs:

Back 35

Cytosol

Front 36

Blood oxygen-carrying capacity

Back 36

is dependent on blood hemoglobin concentration

Front 37

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding gas diffusion?

Back 37

Diffusion can occur only if there is a pressure gradient and the flow is from low pressure to high pressure.

Front 38

Oxygen (O2) consumption in a working muscle will ________________ as a result of _________________ metabolism resulting in a(n) _________________ in tissue partial pressure of O2.

Back 38

Increase, Increased, Decrease

Front 39

Which of the following factors DO NOT determine the force of a muscular contraction?

Back 39

The amount of force that the individual motor units are stimulated to generate

Front 40

The DRIVE for respiration is due to changes in:

Back 40

Partial pressures

Front 41

Carbon dioxide (CO2) production in the working muscle will ________________ as a result of _________________metabolism resulting in a(n) _________________ in tissue partial pressure of CO2.

Back 41

Increase, Increased, Increase

Front 42

Calcium ions, responsible for turning on muscle contraction, are stored in the _________.

Back 42

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Front 43

Ventilatory regulation appears to be most sensitive to which of the following chemical stimuli?

Back 43

PCO2

Front 44

In a chocking individual, the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in arterial blood would _________ and ___________, respectively.

Back 44

Decrease, increase

Front 45

During expiration

Back 45

air moves out of the lungs because of a pressure gradient between the intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

Front 46

The Bohr Effect impacts the relationship between which of the following physiologic variables?

Back 46

Oxygen and Hemoglobin

Front 47

Which of the following are TRUE regarding initial muscle length?

Back 47

Optimal length is approximately 20% above resting length

Front 48

During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because

Back 48

lower venous O2 content increases the PO2 gradient

Front 49

Vesicles in the synaptic knob (very end of the axon) of a motor neuron contain _________, which is released into the ___________.

Back 49

Acetylcholine, synaptic cleft

Front 50

Forced expiration is the result of activating the following muscles:

Back 50

Abdominals and Internal intercostal muscles

Front 51

Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (O2) does what as partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) does what

Back 51

increase, increases

Front 52

Under normal resting conditions at sea level, approximately 25% of the oxygen being transported on hemoglobin is dissociated for internal respiration, leaving about 75% in reserve and returning to the lungs

Back 52

True

Front 53

The all or none principle states that if the membrane potential reaches or exceeds threshold that an action potential will occur

Back 53

True

Front 54

A partial pressure gradient of 40 mmHg will facilitate a more rapid diffusion of oxygen across the respiratory membrane compared to a partial pressure gradient of 60 mmHg

Back 54

False

Front 55

The primary difference between motor neurons is the level of myelination

Back 55

False

Front 56

-90 mV is considered hyperpolarization of the membrane potential

Back 56

True

Front 57

As lung volume increases, lung pressure decreases (and vice versa).

Back 57

True

Front 58

The "unloading" portion of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve has a steeper slope than the "loading" portion.

Back 58

True

Front 59

During the sliding filament theory, myosin pulls the actin towards the center of the sarcomere

Back 59

True

Front 60

A muscle fiber can be innervated by more than one motor neuron

Back 60

False

Front 61

A-VO2Difference is a direct index of tissue (aka. Muscle) oxygen extraction from the blood.

Back 61

True

Front 62

Repolarization occurs due to the opening of what(1) gated channels and causes the ion to what(2) the cell.

Back 62

1. K

2. Leave

Front 63

Resting membrane potential for a motor neuron is what(1) and an action potential occurs if this increases to what (2)

Back 63

1. -70mv

2, -55mv

Front 64

Enzymes...

Back 64

speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy that is required

Front 65

Metabolism...

Back 65

is the sum of all energy transformations (chemical reactions) in the body

Front 66

Energy is needed for...

Back 66

growth and repair of tissues

active transport of substances across cell membranes

muscle contraction and force production

Front 67

The process of converting ADP to ATP by the addition of a phosphate group is called

Back 67

phosphorylation

Front 68

Which of these sets of factors determines the rate of ATP production?

Back 68

substrate availability, enzyme activity

Front 69

How do products of a metabolic pathway typically help control the rate of the chemical reactions?

Back 69

negatively feed back on the rate-limiting enzyme

Front 70

When ADP accumulates, what is the effect on the rate of metabolic chemical reactions?

Back 70

speed them up

Front 71

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

Back 71

Hexokinase

Front 72

In the presence of oxygen, what enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA?

Back 72

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH)

Front 73

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate into fructose 1,6 biphosphate?

Back 73

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

Front 74

The primary function of Kreb's cycle is to make...

Back 74

High energy carrying compounds

Front 75

With one turn of Kreb's cycle what products are produced

Back 75

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH

Front 76

What are the three processes required to oxidatively produce energy from carbohydrates?

Back 76

Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, Electron transport chain

Front 77

NADH that go to the electron transport chain are converted into how many ATP?

Back 77

2.5

Front 78

What is the first step of the Kreb's cycle?

Back 78

Oxaloacetate + Acetyl-CoA = Citrate

Front 79

What is the rate limiting enzyme of Kreb's cycle?

Back 79

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 80

Carbohydrates are stored in the body as...

Back 80

glycogen

Front 81

In the presence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is

Back 81

acetyl-CoA

Front 82

During exercise, what shuttle is used to transport hydrogens from the cytosol into the matrix of the mitochondria?

Back 82

Intracellular lactate shuttle

Front 83

What is the role of OXYGEN in aerobic metabolism?

Back 83

It combines with Hydrogen and electrons in the electron transport chain to form water.

Front 84

The electron transport chain...

Back 84

Pumps positive charged hydrogen ion outside of the mitochondrial matrix

Front 85

The total net ATP yield (i.e. usable ATP) from aerobic metabolism of glucose is _____ ATP.

Back 85

32

Front 86

At the end of the electron transport chain hydrogen ions move back across the membrane down their concentration gradient and the _______________ enzyme allows for the transfer of energy to ADP, forming ATP.

Back 86

ATP synthase

Front 87

Under resting conditions, the ATP-PCr system plays which role?

Back 87

replenishing cellular ATP reserves

Front 88

The net ATP production from anaerobic glycolysis if you start with glucose is

Back 88

2 ATP, which occur in the cytoplasm

Front 89

The anaerobic glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for which running event?

Back 89

800m (1/2 mile) run

Front 90

In the absence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is

Back 90

lactic acid

Front 91

The ATP-PCr system would be the primary ATP source for which event?

Back 91

50m sprint

Front 92

Which of the following statements is true regarding the relative roles of fat, carbohydrate, and protein as energy sources for cellular metabolism?

Back 92

Fat cannot provide all of the energy required for high-intensity muscular activity because the rate of energy release from fat is too slow

Front 93

The best indicator of cardiorespiratory endurance is

Back 93

VO2Max treadmill test

Front 94

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is defined as the ratio between the:

Back 94

amount of CO2 produced and the amount of O2 consumed during metabolism

Front 95

The difference between the oxygen required during a given rate of steady-state work and the oxygen actually consumed is referred to as the:

Back 95

oxygen deficit

Front 96

VO2max represents:

Back 96

The maximal amount of oxygen consumed for energy

Front 97

Using indirect calorimetry, what is measured to determine energy expenditure?

Back 97

VO2 and VCO2

Front 98

During a recent laboratory assessment, your client’s oxygen consumption was 2.3 L/min and the carbon dioxide produced was 2.1 L/min. What is the client’s RER?

Back 98

0.91

Front 99

Based on your answer for the previous question where you calculated RER, which substrate is primarily being used for that activity.

Back 99

carbohydrates

Front 100

Carbohydrate oxidation yields ________ kilocalories per molecule of oxygen consumed compared to kilocalories produced during fat oxidation.

Back 100

More

Front 101

Only about 60% of the energy gained during metabolism of carbohydrates and fats is used to produce ATP.

Back 101

False

Front 102

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder classified as a neuromuscular disease. Myasthenia gravis occurs when antibodies in the body attack, block, and/or destroy neurotransmitters receptors found at the neuromuscular junction. What neurotrasmitter is being block in individuals suffering from this disease?

Back 102

Acetylcholine

Front 103

Differentiation of motor neuron action potential velocity is dependent on:

Back 103

axon diameter

Front 104

The site of impulse conduction from one neuron to another is called a(n)

Back 104

synapse

Front 105

Which of the following statements is true concerning the cell membrane of a resting neuron?

Back 105

The resting membrane potential of a typical neuron is about -70 mV.

Front 106

Fluctuations in IPSP and EPSP that cause a localized change in a neuron's membrane potential, which may or may not spread over the entire cell membrane, is called

Back 106

graded potential

Front 107

Synaptic knobs house numerous vesicles, or sacs, filled with chemicals known as

Back 107

neurotransmitters

Front 108

The site of impulse conduction from a neuron to a muscle fiber is called a

Back 108

neuromuscular junction

Front 109

Swiftly and immediately after an action potential occurs the cell returns close to it's resting membrane potential through:

Back 109

the potassium channels opening potassium leaving the cell

Front 110

DEPOLARIZATION of a motor neuron is caused by the opening of _______ gated channels, while REPOLARIZATION of a motor neuron is cause by the opening of _______ gated channels.

Back 110

Sodium, Potassium

Front 111

The primary mechanism responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential and establishing the ion concentration gradient of a neuron is

Back 111

active pumping of sodium ions and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane by the sodium-potassium pump

Front 112

A muscle contraction ends when

Back 112

no more action potential are being sent

no more ATP is present

calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Front 113

According to the size principle, which motor unit will be recruited first for a task?

Back 113

the motor unit with the smallest motor neuron

Front 114

Type I muscle fibers:

Back 114

have a high oxidative capacity

Front 115

A single motor nerve and all of the muscle fibers that it supplies are referred to as a

Back 115

motor unit

Front 116

The active binding sites to which myosin heads attach during muscle contraction are found:

Back 116

on the actin filament

Front 117

Muscle contraction requires energy. Which of the following is (are) correct?

Back 117

ATP provides the energy leading to relaxation between the myosin heads and the actin binding sites

Front 118

When the myosin head pulls the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere, the tilting action of the head is known by this special term: _______________.

Back 118

power stoke

Front 119

Type II fibers:

Back 119

typically have more fibers per motor unit

Front 120

If a type I fiber and a type II fiber of the same size are stimulated side by side

Back 120

they will generate the same amount of force

Front 121

Which is the correct order of events in a muscle contraction?

Back 121

action potential travels down T-tubuals, Ca2+ released, cross-bridging, Ca2+ gathered in

Front 122

During expiration,

Back 122

air moves out of the lungs because of a pressure gradient between the intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure

Front 123

What is the partial pressure of oxygen at a barometric pressure of 727 mmHg?

Back 123

152 mmHg

Front 124

At sea level and under resting conditions, a typical partial pressure for oxygen in the alveoli is approximately:

Back 124

100mmHg

Front 125

The percentage of saturation in arterial blood under resting conditions is

Back 125

~98%

Front 126

What factors are associated with the dissociation of oxygen from red blood cells?

Back 126

increased PO2 gradient, increased acidity, decreased pH, increased temperature

Front 127

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane?

Back 127

CO2 diffuses rapidly across the membrane in spite of a relatively small pressure gradient

Front 128

The partial pressure in exercising muscle will...

Back 128

decrease as metabolic demand and oxygen usage increases

Front 129

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood principally as

Back 129

bicarbonate

Front 130

A typical partial pressure for oxygen in resting muscle is

Back 130

40mmHg

Front 131

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is

Back 131

ensuring that there is adequate blood flow throughout the circulation to meet the metabolic demand of the tissues

Front 132

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute is referred to as

Back 132

Cardiac Output

Front 133

During exercise, blood flow

Back 133

is shunted toward exercising tissue

Front 134

Stroke volume equals

Back 134

EDV-ESV

Front 135

When exercise is initiated, or if exercise is at low intensity, heart rate first increases due to

Back 135

a decrease in parasympathetic nervous stimulation

Front 136

Blood flow to all body parts is regulated largely by

Back 136

the sympathetic nervous system

Front 137

Skeletal muscles receive approximately _____% of the total cardiac output under resting conditions, but they can receive as much as ______% of cardiac output during heavy endurance exercise.

Back 137

15; 80

Front 138

Determinants of stroke volume (SV) include

Back 138

the aortic or pulmonary arterial pressure

ventricular distensibility and contractility

the volume of venous blood returned to the heart

Front 139

The fact that an increase in end-diastolic volume can cause a related decreases in end-systolic volume to increase SV of the heart is an illustration of...

Back 139

the Frank-Starling mechanism

Front 140

Inactivation of the PDH complex

Back 140

Increase ATP

Increase NADH

Increase acetyl CoA

Front 141

Activation of PDH complex

Back 141

Increase calcium

Increase pyruvate

Increase insulin

Front 142

ATP-PCr: Oxygen, end product, substrate

Back 142

No oxygen

No end product

Substrate: Creatine Phosphate

Front 143

Anaerobic oxygen, end product, substrate

Back 143

No oxygen

End Product: Lactic acid

Substrate: Glucose/glycogen

Front 144

Aerobic oxygen, end product, substrate

Back 144

Oxygen

End product: CO2

Substrate: Glucose/glycogen

Front 145

ATP-PCr system duration

Back 145

3 - 15 seconds

Front 146

Anaerobic system duration

Back 146

30sec - 3min

Front 147

Aerobic system duration

Back 147

Greater than 3 minutes

Front 148

Carnitine

Back 148

Helps Acyl-CoA get into the inner membrane

Front 149

RER (Respitory Exchange Ratio)

Back 149

VCO2/VO2

Front 150

Steady State

Back 150

oxygen demand = oxygen consumption

Front 151

Axon Hillock

Back 151

Summation occurs

Front 152

Hyperpolarization

Back 152

towards -100mv
(Becoming more negative)

Front 153

Depolarization

Back 153

towards 20mv

(Becoming more positive)

Front 154

Repolarization

Back 154

Back towards -70mv

Front 155

Titin

Back 155

Anchors myosin

Front 156

Nebulin

Back 156

Anchors actin

Front 157

Tropomyosin

Back 157

Covers up binding sites for myosin

Front 158

Pulmonary Ventilation

Back 158

move air into and out of lungs

Front 159

Pulmonary Diffusion

Back 159

Gas exchange in the lungs between the lungs and blood

Front 160

Transportation

Back 160

How we carry CO2 and O2 in the blood

Front 161

Capillary Gas Exchange

Back 161

Movement of gases between blood and active tissues

Front 162

Fick Equation

Back 162

VO2 = a - VO2difference * Q

Front 163

Cardiac output equation

Back 163

Q = HR * SV