350 3 Final Quixoticv

Front 1

Aspiration

Back 1

Mechanical obstruction is most common in small children when FOREIGN OBEJECTS are swallowed or aspirated into the air passages of the bronchial tree. In adults t may occur with food particles, creating coughing & gagging

Front 2

Spatial resolution

Back 2

Ability to distinguish SMALL objects that are close together; it increases (gets better) if one reduces screen blur, motion blur, and geometric blur

Front 3

Contrast resolution

Back 3

ability to see OD differences

Front 4

Noise

Back 4

Anything that degrades the image; Electronic noise from varied things; Screen-film - artifacts, fog, etc.

Front 5

Quantum Mottle

Back 5

X-rays travel in discrete "bundles" - never just one x-ray photon is made therefore any degrading of the image will be "magnified somewhat" as there is more than just one photon doing the degrading.

Front 6

Speed of the System

Back 6

Is film-screen speed or receptor speed (how fast the OD is built up
↑ Speed of the film = ↓ Radiographic detail (Resolution)

Front 7

Characteristic Curve

Back 7

• Also known as H & D, Horchkoff shows how OD is built up and the curve is a plot of exposure (like mAs) to OD. Parts of the curve to remember are:
• Toe (also the base + fog if film)
• Straight line portion (also called "Average Gradient") and the
• Shoulder

Front 8

Sensitometer

Back 8

Is a device to expose the film/receptor with a "light source" and a step wedge like device - giving varied OD's

Front 9

Densitometer

Back 9

Device to "read" the amount of OD at the varied stepped densities caused by the "step wedge"

Front 10

Log Relative Exposure

Back 10

Is the amount exposure amount (usually mAs related) but in increments of 0.3 log as the human eye senses OD differences via 0.3 log exposure differences in exposure equivalents

Front 11

Contrast

Back 11

Subject contrast (Patient thickness, Physical make up, Contrast agents, Tissue mass density, Effective Atomic Number) - ALL can be KVP enhanced or reduced ; film-screen contrast; receptor contrast

Front 12

Exposure Latitude

Back 12

How fast or slow the "system" responds to the radiation/exposure

Front 13

Film processing

Back 13

THIS can affect the image: Concentration of chemicals, time of development, temperature of chemicals, agitation of the chemicals (keeping them stirred up)

Front 14

Geometric factors

Back 14

• Magnification (SID-OID {RATIO of distances to one another});
• F.S. size and F.S. blur (size of the focal spot - determines the amount of spatial resolution);
• Distortion (Relation of C.R. to the object and if the object is horizontal/parallel to the image plane and perpendicular to the C.R.)

Front 15

Magnification

Back 15

SID-OID {RATIO of distances to one another}

Front 16

F.S. size and F.S. blur

Back 16

Size of the focal spot - determines the amount of spatial resolution

Front 17

Distortion

Back 17

Relation of C.R. to the object and if the object is horizontal/parallel to the image plane and perpendicular to the C.R.

Front 18

Scatter radiation

Back 18

Responsible for about 50% of the overall blackening of the image
• ↑ THIS = ↑ KVP, Field Size, Part thickness
• ↑ THIS = ↓ CONTRAST
• ↑ KVP = ↑COMPTON & ↓ Photoelectric Effect (PE)
• ↑ KVP = ↑ Energy of Scatter reaching the film
• ↑ Field size = ↑ THIS
• ↑ THIS = ↑ Fog and ↓ Contrast!

Front 19

Aperature diaphragm

Back 19

Beam Restricting device> Lead sheet with a hole in it

Front 20

Cone

Back 20

Beam Restricting device> Like a "cheerleader megaphone"

Front 21

Extension cylinder

Back 21

Beam Restricting device>

Front 22

Positive beam limiting device (PBL)

Back 22

Beam Restricting device> Automatically adjusts the size of the collimated size to that of the cassette/film/image receptor size (can cone in more than the size of the receptor size, but NOT larger

Front 23

Collimation

Back 23

Reduces patient dose and improves contrast resolution

Front 24

Filtration

Back 24

As previously discussed two types of filtration exist: inherent (inherent in the tube's window) and added. The added filtration is in the collimator assembly

Front 25

"First stage and Second stage" (Trimmer)

Back 25

Variable collimator and PBL units have THIS

Front 26

Grid

Back 26

• Absorbs scatter
• Made of radiopaque material (lead) and a radiolucent material (aluminum) or other "spacer" material
• High quality THIS can absorb up to 90% of scatter (remember though - as scatter is absorbed, density is ↓ so MORE mAs must be used to make up for the scatter absorbed by THIS = ↑ Patient DOSE).
• IMPROPER POSITIONING OF THIS with relation to the divergent beam is the MOST common grid problem

Front 27

Grid ratio

Back 27

• Height of lead strips
• BETWEEN the lead strips
• Increased THIS = INCREASED "clean up" of scatter
• E.g. 8:1 or 10:1 (the higher KVP's used - like in a dedicated chest room, the HIGHER THIS that is used - Mammo uses low KVPs thus lower THIS = 2:1 or 4:1)

Front 28

Grid FREQUENCY

Back 28

Lines per inch; Usually asTHIS goes up, so does "clean up"

Front 29

CONTRAST IMPROVEMENT FACTOR

Back 29

Compares contrast with a grid to without a grid

Front 30

BUCKY FACTOR

Back 30

• Attempt to measure penetration of BOTH Scatter and PRIMARY radiation through the grid
• ↑ Grid Ratio = ↑ THIS
• ↑ THIS = ↑ KVP

Front 31

GRID SELECTIVITY

Back 31

• Ratio of TRANSMITTED primary radiation to TRANSMITTED SCATTER
• Basically HEAVIER the grid, = HIGHER it'sTHIS and the MORE efficient in cleaning up scatter.
• ↑ Grid = ↑ THIS = ↑Scatter Clean up efficiency)

Front 32

Parallel Grid

Back 32

• Types of grids > Simplest of all the grid types;
• THIS grid lines separated by interspace material; lead strips are true VERTICAL while the x-ray beam is a diverging (angled) beam with only the CENTRAL BEAM vertical.
• This produces GRID CUT OFF - especially at short SID's
• THE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF this AND CROSED GRIDS IS GRID CUT OFF!!

Front 33

Cross Hatch Grid

Back 33

• Types of grids > Made of 2 parallel grids superimposed over one another with the strips of one perpendicular to the other
• THE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF PARALLEL AND THIS GRIDS IS GRID CUT OFF!!

Front 34

Grid Cut-off

Back 34

Types of grids > Prohibits radiation from reaching the film. In Potter-Bucky mechanisms, the grid lines MUST run with the LONG direction of the table. Only tube tilts WITH the direction of the grid lines can be used. The moving Potter-Bucky diaphragm will remove the grid lines from happening as the grid moves from side to side during exposures.
• THE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF PARALLEL AND CROSED GRIDS IS THIS!!

Front 35

Focused Grid

Back 35

• THIS is designed to be used at 1 SID only! The lead strips are slanted to match the angle of the beam at that "said SID" ANY SID other than the "said SID" will result in grid cut off
• Problems:
• Off level : Grid cut off across image; underexposed LIGHT image
• Off center: Grid cut off across image; underexposed LIGHT image
• Off focus: Grid cut off toward EDGE of image
• Upside down grid: (always a board question!!!) BIG cut off toward BOTH edges of the image with GOOD image in the center.

Front 36

Off Level or Off Center

Back 36

Focused Grid problems > Grid cut off across image; underexposed LIGHT image

Front 37

Off Focus

Back 37

Focused Grid problems > Grid cut off toward EDGE of image

Front 38

Upside Down (Inverted) Grid

Back 38

Focused Grid problems > BIG cut off toward BOTH edges of the image with GOOD image in the center

Front 39

Potter-Bucky diaphragm

Back 39

• THIS moves, which remove the grid lines from happening as the grid moves from side to side during exposures
• For THIS, the grid lines MUST run with the LONG direction of the table. Only tube tilts WITH the direction of the grid lines can be used

Front 40

• KVP, Clean up desired, Patient dose
• KVP's to be used (dedicated CSR room uses all high KVP's - thus a 14:1 or 16:1 grid ratio);
• Degree of clean up desired,
• Patient dose (Remember when grids are used, Pt. dose ↑

Back 40

Grid selections based on?

Front 41

Air-gap Technique

Back 41

• E.g. Lateral C-Spine = IR few inches away b/c of shoulders so
• The space results in scatter diffusing in all directions away from the patient and NOT hitting the film/receptor - thus no need for a grid!

Front 42

Remnant Beam

Back 42

THIS is what strikes the intensifying screen and/or film and consists of NON-INTERACTING Photons and SCATTERED Photons
• VOID is NOT this!
• THIS interacts with the INTENSIFYING SCREEN CRYSTALS and strikes the EMULSION in film to from LATENT IMAGE

Front 43

Intensifying Screen Crystals

Back 43

• Converts X-rays to LIGHT
• LIGHT from THIS is responsible for the majority of the emulsion's exposure
• Light given off by THIS, MUST match the color sensitivity of the film
(SPECTRAL MATCHING)

Front 44

Emulsion Layer

Back 44

• Active portion of film that forms Latent Image
• Made of Gelatin & Silver Halide/Bromide crystals
• Imperfection in THIS = Sensitivity Spec!

Front 45

Base

Back 45

Usually made of polyester and gives support to the emulsion layer(s); Is blue (pleasing to eye)

Front 46

Latent Image

Back 46

• Invisible but "there" image
• The invisible image on the film after exposure BUT prior to developing

Front 47

Manifest Image

Back 47

The VISIBLE image after exposure and processing

Front 48

Spectral Matching

Back 48

The light given off by the intensifying crystals MUST match the color sensitivity of the film

Front 49

Supercoating/Overcoating

Back 49

Sometimes used to protect the emulsion layer

Front 50

Sensitivity Spec

Back 50

An "imperfection" in the emulsion where during processing, the silver atoms are attracted to and concentrate

Front 51

Adhesive layer

Back 51

Bonds the emulsion to the base

Front 52

Chemical Lattice

Back 52

• Silver Halide crystal - Silver Bromide and Silver Iodine are in "ion form" (+ and - charges) and form THIS
• S Halide = causes (+) charge
• Bromine & Iondine = causes (-) charge; b/c have additional e-
• Result = Crystal has NEGATIVE total charge

Front 53

Black Metallic Silver

Back 53

• As secondary photoelectric or scattered Compton ELECTRON interacts with the lattice, it can dislodge electrons from the exposure lattice.
• The silver ions now AND an ADDED e- are converted to "Atomic Silver" (latent image) and when processed (developed) become THIS

Front 54

Spectral Response

Back 54

• The film's response to the color emission of the light emitted (from the intensifying screen).
• The color the FILM is sensitive to, MUST MATCH the color light given off by the intensifying screen crystals - SPECTRAL MATCHING.

Front 55

Calcium tugstate crystals

Back 55

• Emit blue/blue-violet light.
• Need film sensitive to BLUE

Front 56

Rare Earth

Back 56

• Elements with atomic numbers 57-71) crystals
• Emit blue-green light
• Need blue-green sensitive film (ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM).

Front 57

Panchromatic Film

Back 57

Used in photography and is sensitive to ALL colors of light.

Front 58

Film Speed

Back 58

↑ THIS = ↑ Emulsion Crystal SIZE, ↑ Emulsion THICKNESS, ↓ Radiographic detail (Resolution)

Front 59

Cross Over

Back 59

• Caused by:
• Double emulsion film can have image "Differences" on EACH side of the emulsions AND/OR also in a cassette/receptor with 2 intensifying screens - as light from one screen can THIS onto the other side causing loss of detail. "Anti-cross over" (anti-halation) layers can be used to prevent this

Front 60

Exposure Latitude

Back 60

• THIS is response of the film to build up OD (and shades of gray) to a given amount of radiation or light.
• This is INHERENT in "that given film" and will not change unless one switches to another speed/type of film.
• The "WIDER THIS" = THE WIDER range of mAs can be used and still get the same (crappy) looking film.

Front 61

Law of Reciprocity

Back 61

Exposure = Amount of Photons X Time (i.e. 2 X mAs should give 2X OD)

Front 62

Safe Light

Back 62

• 15 watt bulb NO CLOSER than 5 feet from the film tray.
• Blue sensitive film uses an amber colored filter (will fog green sensitive film).
• A RED FILTER ("Wratten 6-B") may be used with blue sensitive film

Front 63

Laser film

Back 63

THIS is sensitive to RED light, so must be loaded in total darkness of with a green/yellow safelight.

Front 64

Artifcats

Back 64

• Creases in the film, dirt, scratches, lotion, grease-oil, and gelatin from the processor as well as static
• **TREE STATIC is most common!!
• Can detract from the radiographic appearance of the image and should be avoided.

Front 65

Storage of Film

Back 65

• Store on END; NEVER lay flat (could cause "PRESSURE mark artifacts")
• 68 degrees or less F (20 C)
• Between 40-60% humidity
• Protect from light, radiation, chemicals and heat (EXPOSED, Undeveloped film is MUCH more SENSITIVE to all the items than UNEXPOSED, undeveloped film!)
• Shelf life date is very important as the film starts to develop as SOON as it is made!

Front 66

1942

Back 66

Pako came out with the first "automatic processor" (10 feet long and all films were placed on "wire hangers" to be transported and dipped into each chemical)

Front 67

1956

Back 67

Kodak - first roller film transporting processor (5 minutes)

Front 68

1965

Back 68

Kodak - first 90 sec, processor

Front 69

Developer/Development

Back 69

• Converts the latent image to visible, MANIFEST IMAGE (black METALLIC SILVER) ALKALINE chemistry
• Key things for THIS: Time, Temperature, Chemical concentration

Front 70

Clearing Time

Back 70

TIME REQUIRED TO "clear" the Unexposed/Non-developed Silver Halide - removes/dissolved from the emulsion.

Front 71

Alkaline (Developer) chemicals

Back 71

Reducing Agents/Developing Agents, Buffering agents, Restrainer, Preservative, Hardener

Front 72

Reducing Agents/Developing Agents

Back 72

• E.g. Hydroquinone: SLOW build up of blacks
• 2. E.g. Phenedine/metol/elon: FAST build up of grays

Front 73

Hydroquinone

Back 73

Reducing Agents/Developing Agents > SLOW build up of blacks

Front 74

Phenedine metol elon

Back 74

Reducing Agents/Developing Agents> FAST build up of grays

Front 75

Buffering agents

Back 75

• Enable the developing agents to enter emulsion and maintains pH
• E.g. Sodium carbonate/sodium hydroxide

Front 76

Restrainer

Back 76

• The developing agents from developing the UNEXPOSED silver halide/bromide crystals
• E.g. Potassium Bromide & Potassium Iodide

Front 77

Preservative (Alkaline)

Back 77

• Helps control oxidation
• E.g. Sodium sulfite

Front 78

Hardener (Alkaline)

Back 78

• Lack of THIS is the cause for MANY processor problems
• E.g. Gluteraldehyde

Front 79

Fixing Agents (Acidic)

Back 79

Activator, Fixing Agent, Hardener, Preservative

Front 80

Activator

Back 80

• NEUTRALIZES the developer and STOPS development action
• E.g. Acidic acid

Front 81

• Fixing agent

Back 81

• Removes UNEXPOSED Silver Halide/Bromide from emulsion (sometimes called "clearing agent"
• E.g. Ammonium Thiosulfate (also called Hypothiosulfate)

Front 82

Hardener (Acidic)

Back 82

• Maintains hard emulsion
• E.g. Viagra (just kidding) Potassium alum/Aluminum choride or Chrome Alum

Front 83

Preservative (Acidic)

Back 83

• Maintains chemical balance
• E.g. Sodium Sulfite

Front 84

Rapid Processing

Back 84

...

Front 85

Extended Processing

Back 85

...

Front 86

Daylight Systems

Back 86

...

Front 87

Secondary factors

Back 87

Focal Spot size, Distance and Filtration

Front 88

KVP

Back 88

Synonymous with beam QUALITY, penetration, hardness and contrast. Remember that KVP increases the EFFICIENCY of x-ray production slightly.

Front 89

mA

Back 89

Milliamps are 1/1,000 of an amp and are DIRECTLY responsible when X time to make mAs. This is a LINEAR relationship - if one 2 X mAs, the amount of radiation at ALL ENERGIES doubles. Quality of the beam itself is NOT effected by mAs changes.

Front 90

Time

Back 90

Shorter the time, the less chance for patient motion blur. Remember the "wave form" (half wave, full wave, three phase and hi frequency) all will influence the AMOUNT of radiation produced. 2 X mAS = 2 X OD.

Front 91

Distance

Back 91

• Increasing one's distance (SID) based on the inverse square law will leave one with LESS AMOUNT of radiation BUT that amount will be those with the GREATEST PENETRATING ENERGY (the lesser energy photons will be more easily absorbed and/or diffused in the atmosphere.
• Use inverse square law when figuring out how much radiation there will be at varied distances WITHOUT any changes in technique
• Use "Old mAs - New mAs" when figuring what technical factor in mAs must be used at the new distance to get the SAME OD.

Front 92

Focal spot size

Back 92

(Size of the origination of the x-ray beam). Most diagnostic tubes are a "dual focal spot/dual filament" and the majority are sized by a factor of 2 (i.e.: 0.5mm - 1.0mm; 0.6mm - 1.2mm; 1mm-2mm).

Front 93

Distortion

Back 93

Magnification without the object being in the C.R. and Parallel to the receptor and perpendicular to the C.R.

Front 94

AEC (Automatic Exposure Control)

Back 94

Quantomat exposure receptors will determine how much residual radiation reaches them and TERMINATE THE EXPOSRURE when a pre-determined amount of radiation reaches them. A "back up timer" is also set in case the photo sensors do NOT terminate the exposure.

Front 95

Tommography (Body section radiography/Laminography):

Back 95

Tube travel or ARC determines the THICKNESS of the "in-focus (tommo) layer. The MORE tube travel or ARC, the THINNER the slice!

Front 96

Fulcrum/Tommo plane

Back 96

The point (level in the body) of interest

Front 97

Nephrotommograms

Back 97

• Are the most common
• Breath holds are important as is PATIENT EDUCATION PRIOR TO making tommo exposures, so patients will know what to expect (tube moving and when to hold breath and when to breathe)
• Tommo IMPROVES contrast and radiographic DETAIL as it "blurs" anatomy above and below the "Tommo" layer of interest!

Front 98

Pantomography

Back 98

(like at the dentist): Rotates around the patient/area of interest.

Front 99

Autotomography

Back 99

Is when the patient rotates around the x-ray unit - older term/procedure no longer done

Front 100

**Faster speed of system = More exact technique

Back 100

**Faster Speed = ___ Exact?

Front 101

**Exposure Latitude

Back 101

How quickly film is exposed to X-ray ; Built in to machine

Front 102

MADE

Back 102

**X-ray film starts develops itself once it's ____? (getting OD)

Front 103

**AVERAGE GRADIENT

Back 103

Most useful part of curve; Straight line portion, Linear relationship

Front 104

**Histogram

Back 104

AUTOMATIC! Like built in C curve on DIGITAL system !! The raw data that turns into the image

Front 105

UMBRA

Back 105

Geometrical sharpness in our CR

Front 106

PUNUMBRA

Back 106

Blurring of image

Front 107

Cylinder Cones

Back 107

Scatter control> Circular; **Disadvantage = will give extra/needless radiation to patient

Front 108

*Collimator

Back 108

Variable sized collimator b/c can change it; **single most important to reduce dose

Front 109

*Extension Cylinder

Back 109

BEST way to control SCATTER!! Made of lead; Put on collimator & extend all the way down ; Get optical density, with high detail in variable

Front 110

**Positive Beam Limitation Device

Back 110

**Put imaging plate (Syn. cassette/film/board/ IR) & THIS will automatically collimate for you (E.g.10X 12) but DISADVANTAGE =** Can only collimate SMALLER, NOT bigger!!

Front 111

**Grid Ratio

Back 111

Relationship of the Height of LEAD STRIP to the interspace material BETWEEN lead strip!!

Front 112

**Parallel Grid Lines

Back 112

THIS run parallel w/ the LONG AXIS of Table; Will never tilt right to left !!

Front 113

mini or micro-computer

Back 113

**All X-Ray machines have a __?

Front 114

**Automatic Processor (90 second): 20-22 sec in Developer, 20-22 sec Fixer

Back 114

Automatic Processor (90 second)?

Front 115

**Red Light

Back 115

15 watt or less; 3 feet away from Feed Tray on auto processor, Filter = Ratton 6-B safe light!!

Front 116

Does NOT prevent developer from going into Sensitivity Spec to convert Latent  manifest image = LIGHT FILMS coming out if over Replenish !!

Back 116

If too much Hardening agent ?

Front 117

Light image, too much hardener

Back 117

**Over replenishment does what to OD?

Front 118

**1. Transport film from 1 tank to another !! AND
**2. Remove booger emulsion!!

Back 118

**Cross-Overs do 2 things?

Front 119

cross-overs

Back 119

**At night crack lid to wipe off ____? to prevent wet boogers from turning into dry boogers on crossovers which can scratch film next day!!

Front 120

Pi Lines

Back 120

• Rollers 1 inch diameter (3.14 inch circumference= 3.14" tall artifact); If get older can put 3.14 tall artifact (left to right) across on film
• **THIS: Left <-->Right !!

Front 121

**Guide Shoe

Back 121

**Leading edge & Trailing Edge of film scratched

Front 122

Inside FIXER (ACIDIC)! Remains on film

Back 122

**Where is Unexposed,Undeveloped Silver Halide liberated?

Front 123

**FIXER

Back 123

**Removes these Unexposed, Undeveloped silver halide crystals

Front 124

**Wet Reading

Back 124

Doctor doing quick sentence for evaluation of the image

Front 125

**REDUCING AGENT

Back 125

Are in the DEVELOPER (HYDROQUINONE, Phetadidne)!!

Front 126

↑ Speed of System = ↓ Visibility of Detail

Back 126

↑ Speed of System = __?Visibility of Detail

Front 127

**"Sticky VS Tacky

Back 127

Film comes out this way if not enough Hardener to keep Emulsion Layer dry (VERUS WET)

Front 128

Wet

Back 128

• Dryer isn't turned up high enough
• **DIFFERENCE between THIS VS Sticy tacky? Dryer not turned up enough

Front 129

5 min, 68 deg F to develop film!!

Back 129

**Universal Time & Temperature?

Front 130

MAMMO

Back 130

Need Emmersion Thermometer in Developer as well as digital read out!!

Front 131

**Black metallic silver

Back 131

OD you see when silver halide/bromide is developed INSIDE DEVELOPER!!

Front 132

**Direct Magnification

Back 132

2 things = CR & parallel to IR; Item directly in center of CR, & parallel to IR; Pot in periphery b/c it spreads out (Pythagorean theorem)!!; Most often for Mammography!!

Front 133

**Nephrotomogram

Back 133

Tomography for Kidneys !! Most common type of tomograph

Front 134

**Travel/Tube Arc

Back 134

• Fulcrom --> Exposure like solid rock --> Film & Tube go in different directions;
• E.g. 7cm up from IR (1st layer) --> 8cm exposure --> 9cm exposure = Blurring out everything above & below
• ↑Tube Travel /↑Arc = ↓Thickness of slice
• ↑Distance = ↓Thickness of slice
• ↑ Tube movement = ↓Thickness of Slice (thinner slice)

Front 135

**INCREASED Contrast

Back 135

** Biggest advantage of Tommography & CT