365 Health - Ch 10

Front 1

Positive-affect smoker

Back 1

A smoker who smokes to attain positive affect (ex. increased stimulation, relaxation, or gratification of sensorimotor needs)

Front 2

Negative-affect smoker

Back 2

A smoker who smokes to reduce negative affect, such as anxiety, distress, fear, or guilt

Front 3

Habitual smokers

Back 3

Smokers who smoke without the awareness that they are doing so

Front 4

Addictive smokers

Back 4

Smokers who develop a psychological dependence on smoking and are keenly aware when they are not smoking

Front 5

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (second-hand smoke)

Back 5

Smoke that is in the air we breathe because of others' smoking

Front 6

Passive smoking

Back 6

The breathing of environmental tobacco smoke

Front 7

Addiction

Back 7

The state of being physically or psychologically dependent on a substance

Front 8

Withdrawal

Back 8

The unpleasant symptoms people experience when they stop using a substance on which they have become dependent

Front 9

Nicotine-replacement therapy

Back 9

A technique to help one stop smoking that provides some form of nicotine to replace that previously obtained through smoking

Front 10

Aversion therapies

Back 10

Therapy that includes pairing a behaviour that one is attempting to eliminate with some unpleasant stimulus so that the undesired behaviour will elicit negative sensations

Front 11

Self-management strategies

Back 11

Strategies used to help people overcome the environmental conditions that perpetuate smoking

Front 12

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Back 12

The alcohol used in beverages

Front 13

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Back 13

The name used to describe the range of disabilities caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. These effects are permanent

Front 14

Disease model (of problem drinking)

Back 14

A theory that suggests that alcoholism is a disease resulting from the physical properties of alcohol

Front 15

Gamma alcoholism

Back 15

Loss of control once drinking begins

Front 16

Delta alcoholism

Back 16

The inability to abstain

Front 17

Alcohol dependency syndrome model

Back 17

A theory suggesting that for a variety of reasons people do not exercise control over their drinking, and this leads to problem drinking

Front 18

Tension reduction hypothesis

Back 18

A hypothesis maintaining that people drink alcohol because of its tension-reducing properties

Front 19

Self-awareness model

Back 19

A theory that suggests that drinking inhibits the use of normal complex information-processing strategies, such as memory and information acquisition, making people less self-aware

Front 20

Alcohol myopia

Back 20

A drinker's decreased ability to engage in insightful cognitive processing

Front 21

Social learning model

Back 21

This theory, when applied to drinking behaviour, proposes that people drink because they experience positive reinforcement for doing so or because they observe others drinking and model the behaviour

Front 22

Hallucinogens

Back 22

Drugs that dramatically affect perception, emotions, and mental processes and can result in hallucinations

Front 23

Stimulant

Back 23

A drug that increases alertness, decreases appetite and the need for sleep, and may produce intense feelings of euphoria and a strong sense of well-being

Front 24

Information-motivation-behavioural skills model

Back 24

A theory maintaining that there are a number of steps one must go through to successfully achieve safe-sex practices

Front 25

Obesity

Back 25

Condition characterized by having an excess of body fat; Health Canada and the World Health Organization define obesity as a BMI of 30.0 or greater

Front 26

Body-mass index (BMI)

Back 26

Measure of obesity calculated by dividing one's weight in kilograms by height im metres squared

Front 27

Set-point theory

Back 27

The idea that the body contains a set-point that works like a thermostat. When a person gains weight, biological control mechanisms diminish caloric intake. When a person loses weight, similar mechanisms increase hunger levels until the weight returns to its ideal or target level

Front 28

Leptin

Back 28

Hormone that responds to weight loss by increasing hunger levels until the person's weight returns to its ideal or target level

Front 29

Social facilitation approach

Back 29

This approach states that people tend to eat more when in the presence of others

Front 30

Modelling effect

Back 30

People tend to eat the same amount as those in their presence. This effect is sometimes referred to as the matching effect

Front 31

Impression management approach

Back 31

When people believe they are being observed they will eat less than when they believe no one is watching

Front 32

Internality-externality hypothesis

Back 32

Assertion that in people of normal weight, feelings of hunger and satiety come from within, in the form of internal stimuli (ex. hunger pangs or feelings of fullness)

Front 33

Restraint theory

Back 33

An explanation for eating behaviour claiming that external sensitivity is linked to restrained eating (or strict dieting), rather than to body weight, and that overeating is more likely in people who restrain their eating

Front 34

Gastric bypass

Back 34

Radical surgical intervention to control extreme obesity, in which a small pouch is created at the bottom of the esophagus to limit food intake

Front 35

Gastric banding

Back 35

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that involves placing a band around the stomach so that a person feels full after consuming only a small amount of food

Front 36

Bulimia nervosa

Back 36

An eating disorder that involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging

Front 37

Anorexia nervosa

Back 37

An eating disorder characterized by a dramatic reduction in food intake and extreme weight loss due to an extreme fear of gaining weight

Front 38

Binge eating disorder (BED)

Back 38

Compulsive overeating or bingeing. Unlike with bulimia nervosa, with BED there is no compensatory measure or purge to counteract the binge

Front 39

Body dysmorphic disorder

Back 39

Condition in which individuals who suffer from eating disorders do not perceive their bodies accurately

Front 40

Muscle dysmorphia

Back 40

Condition characterized by a belief that one's body is not sufficiently lean and muscular; clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning; and a primary focus on being too small or inadequately muscular