3.5 Pathology Of The Placenta & Fetus

Front 1

Define the following:
1. Chorion:
2. Allantois:
3. Amnion:
4. Amniotic plaques:

Back 1

1. Layer that contacts the mother (fused with allantois = chorioallantois/allantochorion)
2. Contains FETAL urine & other fluids arising from membrane.
3. Surrounds the fetus & holds amniotic fluid
4. Foci of squamous epithelium on INTERNAL surface of amnion.

Front 2

Identify the structures that are indicated by the red circle.

Back 2

Amniotic plaques

Front 3

Define the following:
1. Abortion:
2. Stillbirth:
3. Mummification:

Back 3

1. Expulsion of fetus PRIOR to time of EXPECTED VIABILITY
2. DEATH of fetus in the last part of gestation during the period where IT IS INDEPENDENTLY VIABLE
3. Fetus RETAINED indefinitely & becomes dehydrated

Front 4

What process occurred with this fetus?
Process:

Back 4

Process: Mummification (dehydration of fetus in utero)

Front 5

Causes of mummification in...
1. Horses:
2. Cattle:
3. Dog:
4. Cat:
5. Sow:

Back 5

1. Twining
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD virus)
3. Canine Herpesvirus
4. Uterine horn torsion
5. Parvoviral infection

Front 6

Name this lesion, what is it associated with, and what may be a consequence of it?
Name:
Association:
Sequela:

Back 6

Name: Maceration
Association:
Dystocia/incomplete abortion infected by bacteria
Sequela: Pyometra or maternal death (from peritonitis & toxemia)

Front 7

Placental insufficiency (important in the mare) may occur in cases of:
(5 causes)

Back 7

Twinning
Endometrial fibrosis
Uterine body pregnancy
Premature placental separation (short umbilical cord)
Torsion of umbilical cord

Front 8

In this placenta, several big cotyledons are evident and these are normal. In addition, there are some smaller scattered areas where NEW cotyledonary type tissue has formed. Name this occurrence and why does it occur?

Name:
Reason behind it:

Back 8

Name: Adventitial Placentation.
Reason behind it: COMPENSATION MECHANISM for inadequate development of placentomes.

Front 9

Define the following:
1. Hydramnios & association:
2. Hydrallantois & association:

Back 9

1. Excessive accumulation of fluid in the amniotic sac.
Associated with malformation of the fetus
2. Excessive accumulation of fluid in the allantoic sac.
Associated with uterine disease → inadequate #'s of caruncles → adventitial placentation

Front 10

Identify the structures and their significance.
Structures:
Significance:

Back 10

Structures: Hippomane
Significance: Incidental (proteinaceous soft calculi, aggregated mineral & organic allantoic concrements)

Front 11

Identify the structure and its significance.
Structure:
Significance:

Back 11

Structure: Yolk sac remnant
Significance: Incidental

Front 12

Identify the structure and its significance.
Structure:
Significance:

Back 12

Structure: Hippomane
Significance: Incidental

Front 13

When do we submit aborted bovine fetuses for diagnostic evaluation?

Back 13

・When abortion rate exceeds 3%
・When a # of animals abort over a short period of time

Front 14

Myocardial lesions on aborted calf, we are thinking:

Back 14

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Neospora caninum
Nutritional myopathy

Front 15

1. Dermatitis on aborted calf, we are thinking:
2. Focal necrosis in the liver/other tissues on aborted calf, we are thinking:

Back 15

1. Mycotic abortion
2. Herpesviral infection

Front 16

EARLY embryonic deaths & an important cause of infertility in cattle.

Gross placental lesions: intercotyledonary placentitis & necrosis of the cotyledons

Back 16

Campylobacter foetus ssp. venerealis

Front 17

Causes embryonic deaths & can be found in preputial washes, vaginal mucus, & in cases of abortion, in STOMACH CONTENTS of the fetus

Back 17

Tritrichomonas foetus

Front 18

LATE term abortion more common (7-9 mths) & ***ZOONOTIC***

Gross placental lesions: intercotyledonary placentitis & necrosis of the cotyledons

Back 18

***Brucella abortus***

Front 19

LATE term abortion more common (last trimester)

Gross lesions: AMNION is the most severely affected (amnionitis)

Back 19

Ureaplasma diversum

Front 20

Dermatitis in the aborted fetus, what is our Dx?
Dx:

Back 20

Dx: Mycotic abortion

Front 21

1. Viral etiology for arthrogryphosis (curly calf syndrome) in aborted calf.
2. Viral etiology for cerebellar hypoplasia in aborted calf

Back 21

1. Akabane virus
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

Front 22

MOST COMMON cause of abortion in SHEEP

Gross placental lesions: intercotyledonary placentitis & multifocal necrotizing HEPATITIS in fetus

Back 22

Campylobacter foetus ssp. foetus

Front 23

Cause of IN UTERO infection in SHEEP & GOATS → abortion, stillbirth, & birth of weak offspring & is ***ZOONOTIC*** .

Gross placental lesions: acute suppurative-chronic placentitis

Back 23

Chlamydophila abortus (Ovine enzootic abortion/Enzootic abortion of ewes)
(Infected early in gest → abort during SAME gest;
Infected late in gest → abort during NEXT pregnancy)

Front 24

MAJOR ROLE in ovine abortion & source is usually infected CATS.

Gross placental lesions: cotyledons are bright-dark red with numerous small soft white nodules

Back 24

Toxoplasma gondii

Front 25

Infection of cotyledon resulted in abortion. What caused this abortion and "strawberry-like" lesions?

Back 25

Toxoplasma gondii

Front 26

Results in early abortion, or the surviving lamb being undersized with an excessively hairy fleece.

Back 26

Border disease (Hairy shaker disease)

Front 27

The MOST COMMON cause of LATE term abortion in GOATS & is ***ZOONOTIC***.


Gross placental lesions: acute diffuse suppurative placentitis

Back 27

Coxiella burnetti

Front 28

Multifocal-confluent areas of mineralization, exudate is copious, off-white & most obvious in the intercotyledonary region.
Dx:

Back 28

Coxiella burnetii (acute diffuse suppurative placentitis)

Front 29

About 1/2 of abortions in horses can be determined by direct examination of the ____ & ____.

Back 29

Placenta/Umbilical cord

Front 30

1. Umbilical cords in mares should be between ___ cm long.
2. Longer cords result in ___
3. Cords less than ___ cm may result in ___.

Back 30

1. 36-83 cm
2. Strangulation
3. Placental insufficiency (premature separation)

Front 31

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS) & Late-term abortions are often caused by the ___.

Back 31

Eastern Tent Caterpillar

Front 32

Causes LATE-term (last 3 months) abortion in mares with prominent △'s in the fetus:
・Fibrin cast in trachea
・Interstitial pneumonia (die in first few days)
・Focal necrosis of liver
・Lymphoid follicles in spleen

Back 32

Equine Herpesvirus-1

Front 33

Necropsy of an aborted foal presents the following:
Focal necrosis of liver
Fibrin cast in trachea
Dx:

Back 33

Equine Herpesvirus-1

Front 34

Abortion in pigs at 2-3 month of pregnancy (EARLY)
High incidence of STILLBORN/weak piglets at term

Back 34

Brucella suis

Front 35

Stillbirths, Mummification, Embryonic death, Infertility complex (SMEDI)-type problems in pigs is mainly caused by ___.

Back 35

Porcine parvovirus

Front 36

Pregnancy failure in dogs/cats worry about ___ because zoonotic.

Back 36

Brucella canis (abort after 30d)