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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three different types of blood cells? |
1) RBCs - red blood cells 2) WBCs - leukocytes 3) Platelets |
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What is the function of you RBCs? |
Gass transport to and from tissue cells and lungs |
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What is the function of your platelets? |
Haemostasis after vascular injury, normal coagulation and clot formation/retraction. |
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What is the main function of Leukocytes? What are the different types of Leukocytes? And what are the functions of each? |
Leukocytes - bodily defence mechanism Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas . N - Neutophils - Phagocytosis, particually during early phases of inflammation. L - lymphycytes - Humoral and cell-medited imminity. M - Macrophages and Monocytes - Phagocytosis; mononuclear phagocyte system. E - Eosinophil - Phagocytosis; antibody mediated defence against parasites; allergic reactions; associated with Hodgkin's disease; recovery phase of infection. B - Basophils - Release histamine and other mediators of inflammation; contain heparin. |
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What is Histamine? |
Histamine is released in response to injury and in allergic reactions causing contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capilleries. |
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Plasma What persentage of plasma is water? . What are the three important protiens in plasma? . What are some other functions of plasma? . What does it also contain? |
- Aprox 90-92% water - Three important protiens are 1) ALBUMIN - main contributor to blood colloid osmotic pressure. 2) GLOBULINS - transport other proteins and to provide imminuty to disease. 3) FIBRINOGEN - blood clotting - other functions - maintain blood pH. - and to transport fat-soluble vitamens, hormones, and carbohydrates (a source of energy for the body) -Plasma also contains - salts, metals and inorganic substances. |
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Erythrocytes. |
- RBC formation = haemotapoiesis - primarly responsible for tissue oxygenation - compormised mainly of water and the red protein haemoglobin - Erythrocyte production takes place in bone marrow. - life cycte = 120 days and are then distroyed by macrophages. Destroyed haemoglobin molecules are used again, although some are broken down to the waste product Bilirubin. |
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Leukocytes. |
- Produced and stored in thymus, spleen and bone marrow - Functions - Destroy foreign substances; bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins and tumor cells. - Clear bloodstream of debris - Numbers increase in response to infection. |
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Platelets. |
Small sticky cells that play a role in blood clotting. Trave to site and swell into off, irregular shapes. Repare missions of capilleries each day. Platelets chemically signal the momplex clotting process - the clotting cascade. Fibrin are like rio mesh and platelets are like concrete. |
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What is the Rh factor? |
Rh factor is either + (present) or - (absent) Much of the population is Rh+ This factor does not affect health unless 1) If a Rh- recipient receives donated Rh+ blood 2) pregnancy if a Rh- women is carrying a Rh+ baby. |
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What are some possible indications for blood transfuctions? |
- Haemorrhage - Dilution anaiea following severe burns - ion deficiency anaemia - egalbolastic anaemia - Anaemia of chronic disorders - Chronis renal failure - Failure of erythropoiesis - sickle cell anemia - Disserminated intravascular coagulopathy. |
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What amount of fluids will begin to knock out your clotting factors? (normal adult size) |
3Lof saline. |
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What is Hematocrit? What do low and high levels of hematocrit indicate? |
The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. The fraction of the total volume of blood that consistes of RBCs is normally 45%. Males is 40-54% and females is 38-47%. LOW HAEMOTCRIT INDICATES - Anaemia, trauma, surgery, internal bleeding, nutritional deficency (iron or vitamin B12), bone marrow disease, sickle cell anaemia. HIGH HAEOTCRIT INDICATES - dehydration, lung disease, certian tumors and disorders of the bone marrow. |
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What are some haematological disorders? |
Anaemia, leukaemia, lymphocytes, polycythaemia, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, haemophilia, multiple myelome, neutopenia, leucopenia (decreased number of WBCs) and thrombocytopenia (reduction in platelets) |
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What is haemoglobin? |
Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein attached to RBCs. It transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Bohr effect Carbon monoxide Adults, children and foetuses |
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What is anaemia? |
Decrease in blood haemoglobin - The cause of which could be 1) Not producing enough RBCs 2) Destroying them too quickly 3) Bleeding Symptoms = tiredness, lethargy, impaired performance, SOB (trying to get rnough O2 with the haemoglobin they have got), Exertion, giddiness, restlessness, apprehension, confusion and collapse. |
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Who is at risk of getting anaemia? |
Menstrating women (loosing blood) pregnant and breastfeeding women Babies, especially if premmi pubescent vegiterians anorexia bulimia people with cancer, stomach ulcers and some chronic diseases Dieting athletes (more renin and angiotensin secreation) |
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How to correct Iron Deficiency Anaemia? What is the potential risk with overdose? |
Ferrous sulphate tablets Blood transfusion Diet correction of underlying cause. Overdose - of ferrous sulphate tablets in children - an overdose can be extremely severe in children - cause of fatal poisonings in the paediatrics - CAN CAUSE SEIZURES
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What is Haemolytic Anaemia? What is the management of it? |
Its disorders that cause RBCs death in the blood. It ccan occure in any part of the body and can lead to organ failure. Genetic defect in the haemoglobin cause thalassaemia dn sickle cell disease. General management. Pts with sickle cell crises are aften in inordinate amounts of pain. |
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Why can sickle cell diseases be painfull? What is the treatment for a sickle cell crisis? |
Painful because, due to their sickle shape, sometimes they dont fit through areas. . - generel management - O2 therapy (because the sickle cells are the wrong shape and cant bind with O2 properly. - Fluid therapy - pain relief |
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What is Leukaemia? What are the different classifications of leukaemia? |
Its an umbrella term for several types of cancers. It is abnormal proliferation of WBC in the bone marrow. This weakens normal production of RBCs, WBCs and plaitlets. . Lyphoid, Myeloid, acute (progresses rapidly, more common byt not exclusively, children), chronic (progresses slowly (adults, middle age) . Large nubers of WBCs are pruduced and accumulate which in turn causes organ failure and eventually death.
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Why do they usually present to the ambulance? . How do we manage these? |
Infection (lymphocytes) Anaemia (erythrocytes) Bleeding episodes (platelets) . General management - pre-alert hospital |
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What is lymphoma? . What are the two types of lymphoma? |
Lymphoma is cancer of the lymph nodes . 1) Hodgkins lymphoma - rare, charcterised by swolen lymph nodes, curable. 2) Non-hodgkins lymphoma - several types, low/intermediate and high aggreassive progress |
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What is polycythaemia? . What are the three types? |
Increased RBC mass of the blood.
1) Primary - idiopathic 2) Secondary - heavy smokers, COPD, High altitude ountian climbers/dwellers and deep sea divers. 3) apparent - dehydration. |
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What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)? . What are the four different types? |
A pathological process characterized by the widespread activation of the clotting cascade that results in the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels throughout the body. . 1) Obstetric 2) Infective 3) Malignant 4) Traumatic |
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What is DIC caused by? |
- Loss of platelets and clotting factors - Fibrinolysis - Fibrin degradation interfereence - Small vessel obstruction - Tissue inchaemia - RBC injury |
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What is Haemophilia? . What is the treatment? |
A reduction in factor 8 clotting. The ability to clott is severly reduced. Its a hereditary bleeding disorder male and female, but predomintly male. Most will have a medi allert bracelet. . Inffusions of factor VIII (8) (antihaemophilic globuin) which is made from lrge pools of donor blood. All paramedics can do is to controll the haemorrhage as best as possible. If they have muscle pain = RICES (splint) |
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What is multiple myeloma? |
malignant neoplas of the bone marrow. Coagulated protein collect in the tissues and impair function - kidney failure - renal tubules becoe blocked. General management - transport. ALWAYS BE ARARE IF THE PATIENT WITH A FEVER NO MATTER HOW MICK. SEPTIC SHOCK IS POTENTIAL. TEMP ABOVE 37.5C = GO NOW. They have no protection. |
