333 Exam 1 Incomplete

Front 1

Where is the axon hillock located?

Back 1

on the cell body right where the axon begins.

Front 2

What is the function of sensory neurons?

Back 2

they receive information from the environment.

Front 3

What is the function of motor neurons?

Back 3

to control movement of muscles and control secretion of glands.

Front 4

What is the function of interneurons?

Back 4

to receive information from other neurons. They integrate the information.

Front 5

Where does the action potential start?

Back 5

at the Junction of the axon with the soma.

Front 6

Is action potential a chemical or electrical event?

Back 6

it is both a chemical and an electrical event.

Front 7

What happens when the action potential reaches the end of the terminal buttons?

Back 7

it releases a chemical neurotransmitter.

Front 8

What 2 that types of responses to action potentials promote?

Back 8

excitatory or inhibitory.

Front 9

What is normal resting membrane potential?

Back 9

minus 70 mV.

Front 10

Re: resting membrane potential, which that is positive and which side is negative?

Back 10

negative inside, positive outside.

Front 11

When thinking about resting membrane potential, what is action potential?

Back 11

it is disturbance in resting membrane potential.

Front 12

What is the threshold of excitation?

Back 12

the membrane potential at which the action potential disturbance will occur.

Front 13

Where are electrical synapse is found?

Back 13

all cold
blooded animals, as well as in humans in our neurological system and hormonal system.

Front 14

Through which part of the cell does propofol cause acidosis?

Back 14

the mitochondria.

Front 15

What is another name for electrical synapse?

Back 15

electrical mechanical synapse.

Front 16

Which gap junctions are tight?

Back 16

electrical.

Front 17

In which direction does the current travel with tight gap electrical junctions?

Back 17

it can travel either way.

Front 18

What passes through the gap junctions with electrical mechanical synapses?

Back 18

current carrying ions.

Front 19

What is the distance of the gap junction?

Back 19

3.5 nm.

Front 20

What is the pattern of electrical activity with electrical mechanical synapse?

Back 20

it is synchronized. It is in the circadian rhythm.

Front 21

Which type of neurons in our body operate by electrical mechanical synapse?

Back 21

hormone secreting neurons.

Front 22

How fast does signaling occur with electrical mechanical synapses?

Back 22

0.2 ms. This is very quick.

Front 23

What happens with signal transduction in the electrical synapse?

Back 23

there is a voltage change (an ionic change of 1 of the cells, it can be either presynaptic or postsynaptic) of one of the cells, which allows exchange of ions to occur.

this can go in either direction.

Front 24

What is the medium for signal transduction with chemical synapse is?

Back 24

neurotransmitters.

Front 25

What is the distance of chemical synapses?

Back 25

20 to 40 nm.

Front 26

How fast is signaling with chemical synapses?

Back 26

2 ms.

Front 27

Describe the mechanism of how the neurotransmitter works in chemical synapses:

Back 27

the neurotransmitter spills into the synapse, moving onto a receptor on the postsynaptic site.

this causes either on excitatory response or an inhibitory response.

Front 28

What is needed for the neurotransmitter to spill into the synaptic cleft with chemical synapses?

Back 28

calcium.

Front 29

What does the vesicle do when calcium interacts with it?

Back 29

it docs onto the presynaptic membrane and spills its contents into the cleft. Then, in turn, the neurotransmitter attaches to a channel, which allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic neuron.

Front 30

What is the major neurotransmitter in the spinal cord?

Back 30

glycine.

Front 31

What else happens with the neurotransmitter when it attaches to the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane?

Back 31

there is some degradation of the neurotransmitter.

Front 32

Which neurotransmitter is the excitatory neurotransmitter?

Back 32

glutamate.

Front 33

What happens in the postsynaptic neuron when there is an excess of excitatory glutamate?

Back 33

the postsynaptic neuron is depolarized and more likely to generate an action potential.

Front 34

Describe what happens with head trauma patients and neurotransmitter:

Back 34

head trauma patients have an excess release of glutamate. This sets them up for a vicious cycle of damage. We want to prevent the excitatory response, so we can prevent more damage with neurological insult.

our goal is to stop the process from occurring.

Front 35

What is the number one inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Back 35

GABA.

Front 36

What effect does GABA have on the postsynaptic neuron?

Back 36

the neuron is hyper polarized. It is less likely to generate an action potential.

Front 37

What happens with excitatory postsynaptic potentials?

Back 37

depolarization. There is promotion of action potentials.

Front 38

What happens with inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

Back 38

hyper polarization. There is prevention of action potentials.

Front 39

What are the three types of postsynaptic binding sites?

Back 39

sodium channel, potassium channel, and chloride channel.

plus, calcium channel is presynaptic. It helps to promote action potentials.

Front 40

Which ion is entering the channel with excitatory synapses?

Back 40

sodium.

Front 41

Which ion is entering the channel with inhibitory synapses?

Back 41

chloride.

Front 42

When looking at an MRI, what is the best way to evaluate the ventricles and ventricular size?

Back 42

look at the transverse plane view.

Front 43

Describe development of the central nervous system in early embryonic life:

Back 43

the central nervous system is a hollow tube. Parts of the tube begin to elongate.

Front 44

At which time does the nervous system in embryo begin to develop?

Back 44

on the 18th day after conception.

ectoderm thickens and forms a plate.

by the 21st day, the ridges touch each other and fused together, forming the neural tube. This gives rise to the brain and spinal cord.

Front 45

Describe the central nervous system, 28th day of embryonic life:

Back 45

the neural tube is closed.

the rostral end has developed three interconnected chambers. These chambers become the ventricles. The tissue that surrounds them becomes the three major parts of the brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.)

Front 46

In the embryo, what does the forebrain develop into?

Back 46

the telencephalon and diancephalon.

Front 47

What 4 structures are contained in the telencephalon?

Back 47

lateral ventricles.

cerebral cortex.

basal ganglia.

limbic system.

Front 48

What 3 structures are contained in a diancephalon?

Back 48

third ventricle.

thalamus.

hypothalamus.

Front 49

In the embryo, what does the midbrain develop into?

Back 49

the mesencephalon.

Front 50

What is contained in the mesencephalon?

Back 50

cerebral aqueduct.

tectum.

tegumentum.

Front 51

In embryo, what does the hindbrain develop into?

Back 51

metencephalon and mylencephalon.

Front 52

What is contained in the metencephalon?

Back 52

the fourth ventricle, the cerebellum, and the Pons.

Front 53

What is contained within the myelencephalon?

Back 53

the medulla.

Front 54

Where is the limbic cortex located?, and what is its significance?

Back 54

it is located within the limbic system. If there is hypo perfusion, there will be memory loss as a result of damage to this area.

Front 55

What is the role of the hippocampus?

Back 55

to convert short
term memory to long
term memory.

Front 56

What is the role of the amygdala?

Back 56

it is located in the limbic system. It helps manage emotional status.

Front 57

What is the structural function of gyri and fissures?

Back 57

they increase the surface area of the cortex. The more surface area we have, the more synapses we have.

Front 58

Name the sensory organs of the cerebral cortex:

Back 58

primary visual cortex.

primary auditory cortex.

primary somatosensory cortex.

Front 59

What is the function of the primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex?

Back 59

they receive visual, auditory, and sensory information, respectively.

Front 60

Which part of the cerebral cortex is responsible for control of movement?

Back 60

the primary motor cortex.

Front 61

Name the parts of the brain which are named after their corresponding parts of the skull:

Back 61

frontal lobe.

parietal lobe.

temporal lobe.

occipital lobes.

Front 62

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Back 62

executive functions, voluntary muscle actions, eye movements, and the motor aspects of speech.

Front 63

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is the somatosensory lobe?

Back 63

the parietal lobe.

Front 64

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

Back 64

processing of auditory stimuli, visual association, and language comprehension. Keep in mind, however, that the temporal lobe is not primarily responsible for visual association, rather, the occipital lobes is responsible for visual association.

Front 65

What is the occipital lobes responsible for?

Back 65

processing of visual stimuli.

Front 66

What are the 2 language centers of the cerebral cortex?

Back 66

Wernerkes and barochas.

Front 67

What is the major role of the basal ganglia?

Back 67

it is instrumental in controlling movement.

Front 68

What part of the brain does Parkinson's disease affect?

Back 68

the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia is instrumental in controlling movement.

Front 69

What are the three parts of the basal ganglia?

Back 69

the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the global pallidus.

Front 70

What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease when the basal ganglia is affected?

Back 70

weakness, tremors, rigidity of limbs, poor balance, difficulty in initiating movements.

Front 71

What are the primary functions of the limbic system?

Back 71

emotion, motivation, and memory.

Front 72

Name the five parts of the limbic system:

Back 72

the limbic cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the fornix, and the mamillary bodies.

Front 73

In the limbic system, what is the limbic cortex responsible for?

Back 73

dopamine turnover.

Front 74

In the limbic system, what is the hippocampus responsible for?

Back 74

memory formation and learning (encoding of new information.)

Front 75

In the limbic system, what is the amygdala responsible for?

Back 75

regulation of the emotional behavior and appetite.

Front 76

In the limbic system, what is the fornix?

Back 76

it is bundles of axons that connect to hippocampus to the other parts of the brain.

Front 77

In the limbic system, what are the mamillary bodies?

Back 77

they connect the limbic system to the hypothalamus.

Front 78

Is short term memory loss really memory loss?

Back 78

no. It is actually inability to convert information from short term memory into long term memory.

Front 79

What are the two most important structures in the diancephalon?

Back 79

the thalamus and the hypothalamus.

Front 80

What is the role of the thalamus?

Back 80

it contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it.

it integrates and transmits sensory information to various cortical areas of the cerebral hemispheres.

there are lots of interneurons here. Information integrates and then transmits to the brain.

Front 81

What is the hypothalamus mainly responsible for?

Back 81

regulation of the autonomic nervous system and control of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands.

Front 82

What does the hypothalamus consist of?

Back 82

groups of nuclei.

Front 83

What types of human functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

Back 83

basic survival. Eating, fight or flight, survival.