31Respiratory System

Front 1

Immotile or Impaired Cilia:

Kartegener syndrome is an immotile cilia syndrome. There is a deficiency of ___, the ATPase necessary for ciliary movement.

Alcohol affects ___ movement and as a consequence, chronic alcoholics frequently have pneumonia.

Smoking impairs ciliary motility and increases mucus production in the trachea, bronchi. *___ can be found further down the bronchioles in smokers.

Back 1

-dynein
-ciliary
-Goblet cells

Front 2

Asthma:
___ in the lamina propria release histamine and other vasoactive substances in response to ___.
Cause the constriction of ___ in bronchioles.
Epinephrine and sympathomimetic drugs are used to ___ during asthma attacks.

Back 2

-Mast cells
-allergens
-smooth muscle
- relax smooth muscle

Front 3

Cystic Fibrosis:
Autosomal ___ disorder.
Genetic defect in ___ protein which results in abnormal transport of Cl- in exocrine gland epithelium.
Results in decreased Cl- ___ and increased Na+ and water ___.
Mucus become very ___ and viscous.
Eventually bronchioles become obstructed and later bronchi.
Average lifespan is 32 years with aggressive daily therapy.

Back 3

-recessive
-Cl- channel
-secretion
-resorption
-dehydrated
(slide 48 for pic)

Front 4

Without surfactant, the alveoli would ___ on exhalation.
This is a problem in ___ that haven't developed sufficiently to produce surfactant. This is called *___

Back 4

-collapse
-premature infants
-*respiratory distress syndrome

Front 5

Goodpasture Syndrome:
Antibodies made to ___ can affect the ___ of the alveolar septae in the lungs.
Also can affect renal glomerular basal lamina.
Goodpasture syndrome is most common in males with an average age of 29.

Back 5

-type IV collagen
-basal laminae

Front 6

Emphysema, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD):
Characterized by a permanent ___ of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole.
Caused by chronic obstruction of the airflow due to narrowing of the ___.
___ are destroyed and gas exchange becomes severely impaired.
___ is the most common cause of emphysema although there are occupations with higher incidence of emphysema, e.g. coal miners.
One treatment for emphysema is to ___ the dilated, damaged portions of the lung to allow room within the thoracic cavity for expansion of the remaining normal lung tissue during inspiration.

Back 6

-dilation
-bronchioles
-Alveolar walls
-Cigarette smoking
-collapse

Front 7

Congestive Heart Failure:
In congestive heart failure, the lungs become congested with ___.
___ are forced into the alveolar spaces from damaged capillaries.
Alveolar macrophages phagocytose these cells and then contain the iron pigment, hemosiderin.
Hemosiderin-filled macrophages are often called ___ cells.

Back 7

-blood
-Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
-heart failure

Front 8

What happens to the respiratory epithelium in drinkers and smokers? Are the cilia affected?

Back 8

In smokers, goblet cells are found further down the respiratory tree. Ciliary motility is impaired by chronic alcoholism and smoking.

Front 9

What are the permanent changes seen in COPD?

Back 9

Alveoli are permanently dilated and alveolar wall are destroyed.