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447 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the lungs are surrounded by what
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the pleural sac
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what is the outer edge of a sac called
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parietal pleura
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the inner edge of a sac is called
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visceral pleura
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the space between the lungs, the central part of the thoracic cavity
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mediastinum
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what borders the mediastinum
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the parietal pleural
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what is the parietal pleura attached to
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the rib
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what is the visceral pleura attached to
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the inner edge of the lung
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when breathing, inspiration is
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active
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when breathing, exparation is
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passive
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what are the 2 muscles used to inspire air
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diaphragm, intercostal
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muscles between ribs
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intercostal muscles
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both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do what the chest cavity
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expand it
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what muscles are used when you deliberately blow out air
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abdominals
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what in the respiratory system acts as a "vaccuum" that creates a negative space in the lungs
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pleural sac
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something that will puncture the pleural sac, a hole in the chest wall
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pnemothorax
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a lung that has a pnemothorax is
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collapsed
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oxygen from the atmosphere to blood
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external respiration
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oxygen from the blood to cells
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internal respiration
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most of the oxygen is carried in
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the RBC's
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where is hemoglobin
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in the RBC's
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oxygen is carried by
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hemoglobin
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CO2 is carried in the blood in what 3 ways
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plasma, plasma, and inside RBC as hemoglobin
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7,70,and 23%, percentages of how CO2 is carried
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plasma, plasma, hemoglobin
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the 70% is carried by what in the plasma
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bicarbonate
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as the blood becomes acidic, you get more of what in the blood, this is also exhaled
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CO2
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stress compromises what
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the immune system
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respiratory disease in cattle where the lung capacity is estimated by looking at the blood pressure in the pulmonary lungs
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brisket disease
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the most common respiratory infection for pigs
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atrophic rhinitis
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an infection where the nasal cavity in pigs is irritated, the nose is turned, and toxins are destroying cells and tissue, usually has a bad smell
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atrophic rhinitis
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the disease that effects the respiratory system in sheep
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Ovine Progressive Pnemonia
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internal versus external respiration; the border/barrier between the two concepts is at the
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lungs
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the majority of CO2 is transported in the blood as
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bicarbonate in plasma
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to eradicate OPP, producers have a saying; test and
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cull
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at the molecular level, the problem with alcohol is/are it
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denatures proteins
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to inspire air, mammals use two muscles, the diaphragm and the
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intercostals
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to function in a hypoxic environment, a different hemoglobin would shift the dissociation curve to the _____ rekative to the normal curve
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left
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when pressure decreases in body capillaries, it causes hemoglobin to what
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be released into cells, interstitial fluid, etc.
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the percentage that hemoglobin is oxygenated
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70%
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what works as an addition or replacement of hemoglobin that has a different structure and works at a lower partial pressure
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myoglobin
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when do cells suffocate
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when hemoglobin is filled with CO2
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what is the most common cause of accidental poisoning deaths across the country
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CO2 exposure
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sacs in the lungs are lined by single cells called
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T1 (type 1) pneumocytes
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Type 2 pneumocytes make a fluid called
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surfactant
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fluid that lines the alveolus to keep them from getting sticky
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surfactant
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sacs in the lungs, lined by a single cell called Type 1 pneumocytes
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alveolous
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enzyme in the RBC
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carbonic anhydrase
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the process of how carbon dioxide gets from a cell waste product back into blood!
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CO2+H2O+enzyme = carbonic acid = bicarbonate ion (HCO3) + acid (H+)
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what percentage of CO2 travels back into blood through the pathway of how carbon dioxide gets back into the blood
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70%
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what percentage is carried in blood by binding to hemoglobin
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23%
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what percentage of CO2 is diffused straight back into blood plasma
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7%
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carbonic anhydrase in the lungs drives CO2 in the reverse direction from the ____________ to the _____________
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capillary, alveolous
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what are the 3 major chemical buffer systems in blood
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bocarbonate, Phosphate, Protein
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what is the most common buffer system in the blood
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bicarbonate
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what happens in acidosis
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increase in acid, increase in CO2, increase respiratory rate
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while exercising, the level of carbon dioxide in the blood increase due to
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increased cellular respiration by the muscles
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increased cellular respiration by the muscles activates
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carotid and aortic bodies that increases respiratory rated
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a bacterial infection in the lungs making more/thicker barriers in the alveolus for gas exchange
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tuberculosis
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what are the 3 bovine respiratory diseases
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shipping fever (pnemonia) IBR (bacterial infection) and Brisket disease
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what are the 4 major functions of the GI system
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secretion,motility,digestion,absorbtion
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99% of the proteins in your blood come from
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the liver
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disease where the liver gets bigger and bigger, 2x its regular size
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fatty liver disease
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where the belly gets very descended, where liver is oosing fluid into the abdominal cavity
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ascites
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liver problem when the fingernails come over tightly and turn
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clubbing
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common skin problems like spider veins involve the
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liver
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cells in body accumulate fat , get huge, and distort shape of the liver
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fatty liver
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alcohol causes ___________, accumulation of lipids in fat cells
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steatosis
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delicacy in which birds are stuffed to make liver fatty
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foie gras
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pockets of fiberous nodules in the liver
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cirrhosis
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inflammation of the liver
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hepatitis
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alcohol denatures
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proteins
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losing cognitive functions and memory as a symptom of liver failure
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encephalopathy
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porta-systemic anastomosis
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prominent abdominal veins
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appearance of distended and engorged umbilical veins
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caput medusa
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what are the 3 main functions of the liver
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vascular, secretory, and metabolic
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what are the 3 vascular functions of the liver
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clean blood, transudate, and store blood
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what are the cells that live in the liver and work to keep the blood clean
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kupfer cells
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what is the process that kupfer cells in the liver undergo to remove pathogens and debris in the blood
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phagocytosis
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function of the liver where water will leak through the wall of the liver and fill up the abdominal cavity; leads to ascites
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transudate
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function of the liver where sinusoid can swell or contract
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store blood
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incoming blood into the liver is through
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the hepatic artery and portal vein
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blood flow from the hepatic artery/portal vein in the liver goes to
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central vein
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fixed macrophages that fight bacteria as it moves through blood
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kupfer cells
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in the liver where sinusoids narrow is
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a 2nd capillary bed
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the second capillary bed in the liver is lined with
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endothelial cells
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most tissues in the body contain __________ ___________ of macrophages that protect the tissue from infection
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resident populations
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these kind of cells have different names dependent upon their location in the body
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fixed macrophages
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location where langerhans cell
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epidermis of the skin
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fixed macrophages of the bone
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osteoclast
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fixed macrophages of the connective tissue
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histiocyte
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location where the alveolare macrophage resides
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lung
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location where the microglial cell resides
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nervous tissue
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fixed macrophages of the liver
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kupffer cells
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are all along the GI track to confine and control secretions
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sphincters
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what are the 4 functions of carbohydrates in the liver
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storage of glycogen, conversion of galactose to glucose, gluconeogenesis, and formation of intermediates in CHO metabolism
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the storage form of sugars
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glycogen
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when more energy is needed between meals, what are broken down and used by the liver to make glucose
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glycogen, fat, and protein
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what is the main cell within the liver that is stacked w/n plates and loaded within enzymes that can convert or create sugars
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hepatocytes
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drug used in treatment for diabetes; slows down gluconeogenesis
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metformin
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what animal is efficient in gluconeogenesis
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cats
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what is used in storing up sugar
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glucose buffer
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when hepatocytes lice during trauma and enzymes are released
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liver shock/ hepatic shock
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breakdown or building of fats
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beta oxidation
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what is a big part structurally of bile
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cholesterol
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fat storing cells
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ito cells, sinosouides
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you get cirrosis of the liver as what happens
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ito cells enlarge
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a fat droplet
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micell
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emulsifies fats, absorbs fats, and forms micells
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bile
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lipase breaks down fats to
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monoglycerides
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this is when compounds recirculate between the liver and intestine and are excreted into the intestine with bile
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enterohepatic loop
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what are the advantages of the hepatic vein
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cleans blood, detoxifies, stores nutrients, and concentrates products in the enterohepatic loop
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take amine group and nitrogen off
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deamination
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you cannot live without your liver because of this function
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formation of urea
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the liver must eliminate this or it could lead to hepatic coma or death
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ammonia
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what are the miscellaneous functions of the liver
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storage of vitamins (A, B12, D), synthesis of clotting proteins, storage of iron (iron buffer)
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quantitative description of drug disposition
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pharmacokinetics
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when a drug enters the blood
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absorption
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when a drug is delivered to organs and tissues
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distribution
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when a drug is biotransformed and execreted
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elimination
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when the drug disposition curve increases
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absorption
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when the drug dispostion curve decreases
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elimination
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using numbers, charts, figures
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quantitative description
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the use of the GI tract in drug administration
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enternal
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route of drug administration using everything but the GI tract
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internal
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adminstration of drug by injection : just under the skin
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subcutaneous
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administration of drug by injection: in muscle
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intramuscular
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administration of drug by IV, rapid injection, slow and steady infusion
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Intravenous
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administration of drugs for large size drugs
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Intraperitoneal
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administration of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid
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Intrathecal
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adminstration of drugs into the epidural space
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Epidural
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route of drug administration where drug is released over a long period of time, there is reduced pain, and is placed on the skin
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implants
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when drug is given by patch
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transdermal
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what is the fastest route of drug administration
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IV (Intravenous)
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what is the fastest duration route of drug administration
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oral
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time of maximum drug concentration
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T-max
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maximum drug concentration
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C-max
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total drug in the body
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AUC (area under curve)
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drug must get up to this concentration in order to work well, duration of the drug being effective
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effective dose
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farmers going completely off label without veterinarian consent, can lead to resistance
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extra-label drug use
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what are the 3 different types of capillaries
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continous, fenestrated, and discontinous
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type of capillary that has a blood brain barrier: harder for drugs to get into brain tissue
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continous
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name of the 2 cells that coat the outside of the continous capillary
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pericytes and astrocytes
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name of capillary where the endothelial cell has small holes in it, only barrier is the basal lamina, found in glomerulus of kidney
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fenestrated
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type of capillary where the basal lamina has holes, there are no barriers between lumen and extracellular fluid in some spots, easiest for getting drugs across, found in peritoneum and bone marrow, looks like blood
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discontinous
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drugs that are injected in a water carrier
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hydrophilic/ lipophobic
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drugs that are injected in an oil carrier
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hydrophobic/ lipophilic
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what sort of drugs are easiest to leave the body
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hydrophilic (water soluble)
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drugs that take longer to leave the body because they must pass through the liver to become water soluble by conjugation
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lipophobic (fat soluble)
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t 1/2
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half life
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what will happen to the concentration of blood during elimination
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decrease
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the time it takes for concentration of drug to be reduced in half
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half life
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300 mg/ml to 75mg/ml in 30 mins, what is half life
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15 mins
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how many half lifes does it take for you to assume that the drug is completed eliminated
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10
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how do you know how much drug to give to an animal
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dose response
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capillaries that supply the neurons in the brain, within continuous capillaries
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blood brain barrier
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capillaries in the fatty part of the medulla in a bone, in the cancellous portion
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discontinuous
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example with army guy
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involves discontinuous capillaries
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secretions from our are fat or water soluble
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water soluble
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how does the liver make a water soluble drug from a fat soluble drug
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tag it with a sugar group
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a faster half life is what kind of soluble
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water
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a longer half life is what kind of soluble
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fat
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in a dose response curve, what lies on the X axis? what lies on the Y axis?
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dose, responses
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usually on a log scale
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dose
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why might a dose response curve go down
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toxicity
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what part of the dose response curve is of most interest to drug companies
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the linear portion
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small changes in dose represents
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big changes in response
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what are the 2 general kinds of responses to dosages of drugs
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quantitative or qualitative
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response to a drug with a number. i.e lbs of milk
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quantitative
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response to drug with a yes or no response. i.e did they get cured?
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qualitative
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a qualitative dose response curve is also called
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cumulative, frequency
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a plateau of a dose response
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efficacy
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the effective dosage that will work in 50% of the population
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ED50
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is and ED75 higher or lower than an ED99?
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lower
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how do you know how much of a drug is too much
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toxic dose curve
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what signifies that your using higher dosages that got an animal sick
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the TD curve is shifted to the right of the ED curve
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a dosage that can kill an animal
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LD curve (lethal dose)
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the further the TD curve is away from the ED drug means that the drug is safer or unsafe
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safer
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2 dosages divided by each other; TD50/ED50
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therapeutic index
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the bigger the therapeutic index, the safer or unsafe
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safer
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1st time the blood passes through the liver, 100% of the drug is broken down (i.e. lidocaine)
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1st pass effect
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how many animals will respond to a drug in a population
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cumulative response
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what are the three main functions of the kidney
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excretory, regulatory, and endocrine
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if the blood volume gets to be too high and there is a high volume of water in the kidney, what kind of urine is produced
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dilute
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if the blood volume is too low, what kind of urine is produced
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concentrated
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excreting potassium and other ions controls what in the blood
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osmolarity
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what percent of the kidney is body weight, what percent is cardiac output
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1%, 20%
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what is the neighboring tissue of the kidney
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adrenal glands
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what protects the kidney
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lumbar veterbrae
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what is the major artery in the kidney
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descending aorta
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what supplies blood to the kidney
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renal arteries
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where vessels go in and out of a structure
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hilus
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what is unique about a cattles kidney
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they are lobulated, 1/5 of cardiac output can go to kidney
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what are the 4 parts of the kidney
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capsule,cortex,medulla, and pelvis
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tough outer covering of the kidney
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capsule
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they use to transport parts of the body to under the capsule because
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it was sewn up easily
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tubular part of nephron
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cortex
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loop part of nephron
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medulla
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inner most part-fills with urine and flows into the ureter
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pelvis
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the basic functional unit of the kidney
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nephron
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what comes close to a valve in a nephron
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where ureter comes in at an oblique angle to the bladder, it can kinda flap shut
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release of urine from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body
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micturition
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part of the loop of a nephron that goes down
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descending loop of henle
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part of the loop of a nephron that goes up
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ascending
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what parts of a nephron are included in the medulla part of a kidney
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The loop of henle and collecting duct
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what parts of a nephron are included in the cortex part of the kidney
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Proximal Tube, Distal Tube, and beginning of collecting duct
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this collects urine from many different neurons
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collecting duct
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what is the flow of urine
|
bowmans capsule, PCT, Loop of henle, DCT, and collecting duct
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the medulla has a striation pattern to it, what are those?
|
collecting ducts and loops of henle
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the descending part of the loop of henle is thin or thick walled
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thin
|
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the 1st capillary bed in the portal system of the kidney is like
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a knot, very tight
|
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the 2nd capillary bed in the portal system of the kidney is
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very spread out
|
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artery that goes in between the lobes of the kidney
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interlobar artery
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artery between the cortex and medulla of the kidney
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arcuate artery
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artery that branches of the arcuate artery
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interlobular artery
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artery that goes into the 1st cap. bed; forms a capillary
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afferent artery
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name of the 1st capillary bed in the kidney
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glomerulus
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comes out of the glomerulus; like a portal vein
|
efferent artery
|
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name of the 2nd cap. bed
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peritubular cap. bed
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what surrounds/encapsulates the glomerulus
|
bowmans capsule
|
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part of the peritubular cap. bed that lies next to the loop of henle that goes down into the medulla is called
|
vasa recta
|
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which part of the kidney has a very good blood supply
|
the cortex
|
|
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what part of the kidney has a poor blood supply
|
medulla
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can you live with half of one kidney?
|
yes
|
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the watery part of blood is called
|
plasma
|
|
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about 1/4 of fluid will be pushed out of glomerulus and be collected where
|
bowmans capsule
|
|
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how many gallons of blood a day goes to your left and right kidneys
|
400 gallons
|
|
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what percent of fluid entering the nephron comes out as urine?
|
1%
|
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where does the majority of fluid that enters the nephron go
|
its reabsorbed back into the blood
|
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blood is lined by what in the cap. bed
|
endothelial cells
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bowmans capsule is lined by what
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epithelial cells
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epithelial cells that make up the visceral layer of bowmans capsule are called
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podocytes
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capillaries in the glomerulus are
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fenestrated
|
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the watery part of blood moves through the basement membrane through the __________ ____________ to the glomerulus
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filtration slits
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the filtration slits are made up of
|
basement membrane
|
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what percentage of plasma goes into the kidney
|
20-25%
|
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what is something that doesnt move through the filtration slits of the bowmans capsule
|
cells, proteins
|
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|
kidney failure usually caused by
|
problems with filtration slits, destruction of podocytes
|
|
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this cap. bed lies very close to the PCT
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peritubular capillary bed
|
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where does reabsorbtion occur the most in the nephron
|
PCT
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what doesnt get back into the blood is
|
eliminated
|
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anything that didnt get filtered out, you get active secretion from _____________ to _________________ into the PCT
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blood to urine
|
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60 to 80% of water leaves PCT and goes
|
back into the blood
|
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at the end of the PCT 100% of what 4 things are reabsorbed back into the blood
|
Amino Acids, Bicarbonate, Sugar, and Chlorine
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|
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some jungle species lack a ________________________, pee alot, and make a very dilute urine
|
loop of henle
|
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the ascending loop of henle is
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intially thin walled and then thick walled
|
|
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where is the salty part of a nephron
|
medulla
|
|
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what happens to fluid in the descending loop of henle
|
water moves out
|
|
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when water moves out of a salty solution
|
osmosis
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what happens when fluid moves into the ascending loop of henle
|
sodium is actively pumped out
|
|
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this is the only place in the nephron that is absolutely impermeable, water cannot move freely
|
ascending loop of henle
|
|
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one of the reason the medulla is so salty
|
countercurrent mechanism
|
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what is the purpose of the loop of henle
|
to make a salty medulla to allow last 20-40% of remaining water to not be lost in the urine
|
|
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when so much sodium is pumped out of the DCT, what happens to urine
|
very dilute
|
|
|
where does the hormone aldosterone work in the nephron
|
DCT
|
|
|
this part of the nephron has a similar function to the ascending limb of the loop of henle and removes sodium ions
|
DCT
|
|
|
in the collecting duct, when urine is flowing down into the salty medulla, what is happening to water
|
flows out
|
|
|
when water flows out of the collecting duct, what kind of urine do you get
|
concentrated
|
|
|
where does the water go that leaves the collecting duct
|
back into the blood
|
|
|
water follows
|
sodium
|
|
|
where does sodium not flow out of the nephron
|
the descending loop of henle
|
|
|
the Blood Pressure going into the glomerulus is _____ and what happens with BP
|
60, it is very high
|
|
|
there is a lot of reabsorption in which cap. bed
|
2nd cap. bed
|
|
|
what are the 2 reasons you get a lot of reabsorption in the 2nd cap. bed
|
BP is low and concentration of proteins is high
|
|
|
hydrostatic vs. osmotic in 2nd cap. bed
|
low vs. high
|
|
|
the longer the loop of henle, the better at
|
reabsorbing water
|
|
|
short loop of henle, completely within the cortex
|
cortical nephron
|
|
|
long loop of henle
|
juxtamedullary nephron
|
|
|
what percentage are humans are long looped
|
14%
|
|
|
what percentage of pigs are long looped
|
3%
|
|
|
what percentage of cats are long looped
|
100%
|
|
|
nitrogen becomes
|
ammonia
|
|
|
mammals secrete nitrogen as
|
urea
|
|
|
birds secrete nitrogen as
|
uric acid
|
|
|
as uric acid gets concentrated, some of the uric acid will precipitate what
|
solids
|
|
|
birds can conserve even more water than
|
mammals
|
|
|
what percent salt is sea water
|
3%
|
|
|
the most concentrated mammals can make their urine is
|
2%
|
|
|
a gland in marine birds that has a lot of blood suppy, a duct system, and can make a 5% salt solution
|
salt gland
|
|
|
a high blood volume will make the kidney produce
|
a lot of dilute urine
|
|
|
how do you make blood volume come down
|
pee
|
|
|
what is the problem with blood volume being too high
|
blood pressure is too high, hypertonic
|
|
|
if your blood volume is too low, kidney produces what kind of urine
|
concentrated
|
|
|
DCT lies very close to the
|
glomerulus
|
|
|
the DCT, Glomerulus, the afferent and efferent artery, macula densa of DCT, and JG cells that sit outside of the afferent and efferent artery make up the
|
juxtaglomerulus appartus
|
|
|
in the wall of the DCT are cells in the apparatus are called
|
macula densa cells and JG cells
|
|
|
cells that sit outside of the afferent and efferent artery
|
JG cells
|
|
|
these cells control blood pressure and blood volume and concentrated or dilute urine
|
macula densa and JG cells
|
|
|
cells that monitor the kidney and cause JG cells to release rennin into the blood
|
macula densa cells
|
|
|
what are the 4 different things the macula densa cells monitor
|
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), blood pressure, sodium, and osmolarity
|
|
|
what is the enzyme released by the JG cells directly into the blood
|
rennin
|
|
|
protien already in the blood made by the liver that is cut down
|
angiotensinogen
|
|
|
angiotensinogen is broken down by rennin to
|
angiotensin 1
|
|
|
angiotensin 1, as blood goes through the lungs, will but cut down by what enzyme to angiotensis 2
|
ACE enzyme (Angiotensin converting enzyme)
|
|
|
enzyme in the lungs
|
ACE
|
|
|
where does rennin come from
|
JGA
|
|
|
what are the 2 different things angiotensin 2 do
|
vasoconstriction, aldosterone
|
|
|
increase in BP
|
vasoconstriction
|
|
|
decrease in BP
|
vasodialation
|
|
|
what are the 3 very potent vasoconstrictors
|
Angio 2, Cathecolamines, ADH
|
|
|
GFR
|
glomerular filtration rate
|
|
|
a mineral corticoid, steroid hormone from adrenal cortex
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
means come from outer layer of the adrenal cortex
|
corti
|
|
|
refers to the structure of the hormone as a steroid
|
coid
|
|
|
aldosterone is called a
|
mineral corticoid
|
|
|
in mineral corticod, the mineral is
|
sodium and potassium
|
|
|
hormone released back into the blood from Angio 2
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone is what sequence
|
RAAS ( Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)
|
|
|
where in the nephron does aldosterone work
|
DCT and beginning of the collecting duct
|
|
|
causes sodium to come out of the urine and be reabsorbed
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
aldosterone will increase what
|
blood volume and reabsorbtion of water
|
|
|
increases potassium excretion (potassium in the urine)
|
aldosterone
|
|
|
angiotensin 2 will cause a lot of vasoconstriction on what artery
|
efferent artery
|
|
|
where this is a lot of vasoconstriction on the efferent artery what happens
|
rise in GFR
|
|
|
what percentage of sodium loss does aldosterone control at the end of the nephron
|
about 8% at most
|
|
|
as consumption of sodium increases, what happens to osmolarity of blood
|
increase
|
|
|
as consumption of sodium increases, what happens to aldosterone
|
decreases
|
|
|
outermost layer of the cortex
|
glomerulosa
|
|
|
where does the aldosterone come from
|
the glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
|
|
|
hormone comes from the pitutitary gland
|
ADH
|
|
|
what does ADH stand for
|
anitdiuretic hormone
|
|
|
a drug that will increase urine production
|
diuretic
|
|
|
hormone that decreases urine volume and allows for a very concentrated urine
|
ADH
|
|
|
ADH is released out the
|
post pituitary
|
|
|
hormone ADH affects kidney where
|
at the collecting duct
|
|
|
ADH opens or closes what to let water be reabsorbed or not
|
aquapores
|
|
|
when there is NO ADH there is
|
more urine volume
|
|
|
when there is ADH there is
|
small volume of urine( volume of blood) and aquapores are open
|
|
|
with ADH is a more ___________________________________________ urine
|
concentrated
|
|
|
without ADH is a more ________________ urine
|
dilute
|
|
|
water can come out every part of the nephron except
|
ascending loop of henle
|
|
|
what produces thirst drives
|
low blood volume and high osmolarity
|
|
|
what is the primary way to fix salty blood
|
thirst
|
|
|
the hormone system is a short term or long term system
|
long term
|
|
|
the biggest role of the endocrine system is to
|
support growth
|
|
|
a signal that comes back on the same cell
|
autocrine
|
|
|
signal comes from one cells and effects neighboring cells
|
paracrine
|
|
|
a compound chemical that leaves one cells, move through the blood, and effects other cells
|
endocrine
|
|
|
ultimately the endocrine system is controlled by
|
the nervous system
|
|
|
a chemical made in one part of the body that has to become blood borne
|
hormone
|
|
|
cells that a hormone effects (and have receptors for a hormone) are called
|
target cells (receptors)
|
|
|
invadling epithelia become deep gland or get isolated off
|
endocrine glands
|
|
|
makes hormones that are released into the blood
|
endocrine glands
|
|
|
what cells have receptors for Angio 2 that release aldosterone into the blood
|
glomerulosa
|
|
|
what are the cells in the DCT that have receptors for aldosterone and causes sodium reabsorption
|
target cells
|
|
|
endocrine system is controlled by what part of the brain
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
clusters of somas of neurons in the hypothalamus is called
|
centers
|
|
|
these are responsible for major physiological responses
|
centers
|
|
|
hypothalamus functions include
|
temp, water balance, HR, feeding, rage, milk letdown
|
|
|
hormone responsible for lactation called
|
prolactin
|
|
|
the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by what
|
stalk
|
|
|
what are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
|
anterior and posterior pituitary
|
|
|
the area where the pituitary gland is protected
|
sella turcica
|
|
|
how do you access the pituitary gland
|
under upper lip
|
|
|
when the roof of the mouth begins to invade and form a pouch, what is the name of the pouch
|
rathke's pouch
|
|
|
what is made up off all neural tissue(nerves)
|
the post pit.
|
|
|
old epithelia cells that become glandular make up the
|
the ant. pit
|
|
|
where is the soma located at
|
in the hypothalamus
|
|
|
where do the terminal bulbs stop
|
at the post. pit
|
|
|
hormones made in the hypothalamus and travels down the inside of the axon and released from the post pit.
|
oxytocin and ADH
|
|
|
another name for the post pit. is the
|
neurohypothisis
|
|
|
hormone that causes milk letdown, orgasm response, and contractions of the male and female repro tract
|
oxytocin
|
|
|
another name for oxytocin is
|
vasopressin
|
|
|
oxytocin does what to blood pressure
|
increase
|
|
|
where are the hormones oxytocin and ADH made
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
how many hormones does the pituitary gland make altogether. how many form post pit., how many from ant. pit?
|
8, 2, 6
|
|
|
another name for the ant. pit
|
adenohypophysis
|
|
|
comes from outgrowth from roof of mouth
|
ant. pit
|
|
|
where is the portal vein in the hypothalamus
|
in the stalk
|
|
|
where is the 2nd cap. bed in the 3rd portal system
|
in ant. pit
|
|
|
nerves will release these hormones from hypothalamus into the blood in the ant. pit
|
releasing factors or releasing hormones
|
|
|
releasing hormones go to
|
the 1st cap. bed into the 2nd cap. bed
|
|
|
hormones from the ant. pit come from
|
old epithelial cells
|
|
|
releasing hormones cause what hormones to be released from the ant. pit
|
2nd hormones
|
|
|
endocrine cells will have receptors for what
|
releasing hormones
|
|
|
hormone made in the soma of neurons in the hypothalamus
|
GHRH
|
|
|
cells that have receptors for GHRH in ant. pit. that will make a new hormone which is what
|
GH (growth hormone)
|
|
|
GH is made and released where
|
in the hypothalamus from ant. pit.
|
|
|
GHRH causes the release of
|
GH
|
|
|
endocrine cells that make GH
|
somatroph
|
|
|
somatrophs have receptors for ______ and release ______
|
GHRH, GH
|
|
|
hormone that causes fat cells to breakdown
|
GH
|
|
|
Growth hormone cause muscles and bone to grow through a new hormone called
|
IGF1
|
|
|
hormone that indirectly effects the liver that causes liver to to change growth hormone into IGF1
|
GH
|
|
|
in newborn animals, what percentage of hormones come out of ant. pit. is GH
|
60%
|
|
|
60% of cells in ant. pit. is
|
somatrophs
|
|
|
where does the thyroid gland sit at
|
base of the neck
|
|
|
what is the thyroid gland filled with
|
follicles
|
|
|
fluid filled space
|
follicles
|
|
|
connection between the L and R lobes of the thyroid gland
|
isthmus
|
|
|
fluid inside the follicles of the thyroid gland
|
colloid
|
|
|
colloid are filled with what proteins
|
thyroglobulin
|
|
|
iodine is concentrated in the
|
thyroid gland
|
|
|
iodine is bonded to
|
tyrosine
|
|
|
if you put 1 iodine on tyrosine it makes
|
monotyrosine
|
|
|
hormones that come out of the thyroid gland is
|
T3 and T4
|
|
|
T4 is also known as
|
thyroxine
|
|
|
a single cell that makes up the wall of the follicle
|
thyrocytes
|
|
|
idoine is actively taken up by
|
thyrocytes
|
|
|
cells that are always making the large protein thyroglobulin that is secreted inside the follicle
|
thyrocytes
|
|
|
large follicle that is secreted into the follicle
|
thyroglobulin
|
|
|
huge protein that stores MIT, DIT, T3 and T4
|
thyroglobulin
|
|
|
thyroglobulin gets internalized and then metabolized into
|
T3 and thyroxine
|
|
|
this hormone stimualtes thyrocytes and causes endocytosis which will release T3 and thyroxine into the blood
|
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
|
|
|
where does TSH come from
|
thyrotrophs in the ant. pit
|
|
|
thyrotrophs are controlled by
|
thyrotrophin releasing hormone
|
|
|
TRH is made where
|
in hypothalamus in neurons
|
|
|
targets for TRH are
|
thyrotrophs
|
|
|
thyrophs have receptors for
|
TRH
|
|
|
what is the name of the sequence
|
Hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis
|
|
|
is there a portal system between the thyroid and pituitary gland
|
no
|
|
|
is there a portal system between the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus
|
yes
|
|
|
TRH causes the release of
|
TSH
|
|
|
TSH goes down to the what in the wall of the follicle
|
thyrocytes
|
|
|
the thyrocytes release what 2 thyroid hormones
|
T3 and T4
|
|
|
the brain controls the T3 and T4 levels by
|
negative feedback
|
|
|
T3 and T4 inhibit the release of
|
TRH
|
|
|
where are the receptors for TRH
|
ant. pit.
|
|
|
where are receptors for TSH
|
thyroid gland, thyrocytes
|
|
|
where are there receptors for thyroxine (T4)
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
what the animal or person is making on their own
|
endogenous
|
|
|
comes from an outside source
|
exogenous
|
|
|
the only part close to a valve in the pathway of the urine to the outside is between the _____ and _______
|
ureter and bladder
|
|
|
the kidneys function by filtration then reabsorption. The filtration occurs in the glomerulus while most of the reabsorption occurs in the
|
PCT
|
|
|
angiotensin does not involve the
|
bladder
|
|
|
The _________ comes from rathke's pouch
|
adenohypophysis
|
|
|
where are there receptors for GH
|
fat cells/ adipocytes
|
|
|
these cells are only about 3% of the cells in the ant. pit.
|
thyrotrophs
|
|
|
what are the functions of thyroxine
|
increases metabolic rate, heat production, glucose utilization, protien synthesis, and cholesterol synthesis
|
|
|
what is the protein that carries thyroxine
|
TBP (Thyroxine binding protein)
|
|
|
abnormality when your active, nervous, irritable, bulging eyes, Grave’s disease (antibodies attach to receptor for TSH)
|
hyperthyroidism
|
|
|
abnormality when there is low thyroid activity, tend to overeat, sluggish, sleeps a lot
|
hypothyroidism
|
|
|
abnormality that is either hyper or hypo, iodine deficient areas, thyroid is stimulated, but T3 and T4 cannot by made without iodine
|
goiter
|
|
|
ratio of men to women with thyroid problems
|
13:1
|
|
|
drug and feed ingredients that can cause goiter are called
|
goitrogens
|
|
|
what are the sex steroids
|
progesterone, testosterone, estradiol
|
|
|
what are the adrenal steroids
|
cotisol, cortisone, crticosterone, aldosterone
|
|
|
what are the 2 types of steroids
|
sex and adrenal
|
|
|
cortisol is a type of what that affects glucose from cortex
|
glucocorticoid
|
|
|
where do glucocorticoids come from
|
zona fasiculata of adrenal cortex
|
|
|
adrenal medulla is nervous or endocrine
|
nervous
|
|
|
adrenal cortex is nervous or endocrine
|
endocrine
|
|
|
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
|
glomerulosa (aldosterone), fasciculata (glucocorticoids), reticularis (testosterone/
androgens) |
|
|
in the releasing of cortisol: hypothalamus makes
|
CRH (cortocotrophic releasing hormone)
|
|
|
in the releasing of cortisol: Ant. Pit. makes
|
ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone)
|
|
|
the fasciculate in the adrenal cortex makes cortisol which provides a negative feedback on the release of
|
CRH
|
|
|
what does cortisol do
|
anti-inflammatory, stress, inhibts fertility,induces partrition, stimulates maturition of fetal lungs, and metabolic effect
|
|
|
Addison’s disease, low aldosterone, low sodium levels in the blood feline asthma
|
hypo
|
|
|
-Cushings disease, excess cortisol, high sugar levels, increased drinking, affects liver, hair loss, horses get curly hair, chronic laminitis)
|
hyper
|
