Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Father of Animal Breeding |
Robert Bakewell; major influence of development of purebred livestock |
|
|
Genetic Principles |
Mendelian, population, quantitative, molecular |
|
|
Animal breeding can be defined as... |
... application of genetic principles |
|
|
Bakewell's success stemmed from... |
having definite ideals leased rather than sold males bred best of best regardless of relationships |
|
|
Bakewell's work led to establishment of... |
breed associations and A.I. |
|
|
Father of Genetic |
Gregor Mendel |
|
|
Mendel was the first to... |
consider traits separately rather than all at once |
|
|
Law of Segregation |
Genes are discrete units that maintain their identity without blending with other genes; Genes present in duplicate, separate or segregate in formation of gametes and recombine as discrete units of fertilization |
|
|
Law of Independent Assortment |
One member of each pair of alleles goes to each gamete and has no influence on which allele from another pair goes to that same gamete (each individual inherits unique combination of genes) |
|
|
Gene |
specific sequence of DNA that occupies a particular locus on a chromosome defined beginning and end codes for functional product (protein/rna) |
|
|
DNA |
long strand of nucleotide bases joined end to end to form long linear molecule |
|
|
4 common bases in DNA |
Guanine --> Cytosine Adenine --> Thymine |
|
|
DNA most stable when... |
there is complete pairing |
|
|
Double helix supercoiled to fit in nucleus of cell |
Watson and Crick |
|
|
Non-template strand synthesized due to... |
DNA polymerase catalyzing a condensation rxn joining 5' phosphate group of an incoming nucleotide w/ 3' hydroxyl group of last added nucleotide |
|
|
Variation among individuals due to... |
Polymorphisms |
|
|
Polymorphism |
DNA sequence variation at a particular locus that is maintained in the population as different alleles |
|
|
Single set of chromosomes |
HAPLOID |
|
|
Animal species are... |
DIPLOID |
|
|
Complete set of chromosomes inherited from one parent |
GENOME |
|
|
Process of cell division |
MITOSIS |
|
|
Mitosis |
DNA replication Spindle fibers form and attach to dense region called CENTROMERE |
|
|
Meiosis |
eggs and sperm are n; when egg fertilized becomes 2n zygote |
|
|
Chromosomes easiest to be seen at... |
METAPHASE |
|
|
Chromosomes paired up and numbered |
KARYOTYPE |
|
|
Drawing a karyotype |
IDEOGRAM |
|
|
blank classified based upon location of centromere |
AUTOSOMES ONLY; not sex chromosomes |
|
|
mRNA |
messenger ribonucleotide acid; ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose |
|
|
nucleic acid bases of mRNA |
Guanine --> Cytosine Adenine --> Uracil Uracil replaces Thyamine |
|
|
DNA --> RNA DNA --> mRNA |
Transcription |
|
|
mRNA --> protein |
Translation |
|
|
Translation of mRNA to protein is defined by... |
GENETIC CODE |
|
|
blank different amino acids blank code for codons |
64 61 |
|
|
Start codon |
AUG |
|
|
Stop codons |
UAA, UAG, UGA |
|
|
ORF |
Open Reading Frame; region between start and stop codons |
|
|
Sense strand aka Coding strand |
Non-template strand |
|
|
Antisense strand aka Noncoding strand |
Template Strand |
|
|
AUG translates to what protein? |
Methionine |
|
|
T/F All nucleated cells in body have all DNA |
T |
|
|
T/F Germ cell have two copies of genome |
F; only have one copy |
|
|
T/F All genes are expressed in all cells are expressed at all times |
F; not all genes |
|
|
T/F Each cell expresses only small number of mRNAs |
T |
|
|
T/F Highly regulated system so only genes that are needed at present time are expressed |
T |
|
|
T/F Each cell type will never express most of genes |
T |
|
|
T/F Cells are differentiated to have specific functions and only use genes needed |
T |
|
|
Phenotypes incluse proteins involved in metabolism or physiology like... |
enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport proteins, support proteins, myofibrillar proteins, etc |
|
|
Human genome estimated to have... |
3 billion bp and approx 20,700 genes |
|
|
Exons |
expressed regions of coded gene |
|
|
Exons are broken up in DNA by... |
INTRONS |
|
|
Introns are... |
noncoding intervening sequence that are intragenic regions |
|
|
Most of DNA in genes is.... |
in introns |
|
|
Most of DNA in genome is... |
not traditional genes so does not code for protein
|
|
|
DNA between genes is highly... |
polymorphic |
|
|
Observed expression differences can be caused... |
directly by differences in DNA sequence between individuals indirectly by environmental influences indirectly by differences in other genes and chromatin modifications that regulate gene expression |
|
|
Techniques for examining gene expression |
-Northern blotting -Quantitative Real Time RT-PCR -DNA microarrays -Transcriptome sequencing |
