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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the three phases of a typical cough?
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1) initial inspiratory phase, 2) glottic closure/diaphragmatic relaxation/abdominal and IC muscle contraction
3) expulsive cough phase where airflow rates in trachea approach speed of sound |
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t/f... the origin of cough is unique to vagally innervated structures
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true
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t/f... cough does not result from stimulation to airways distal to the segmental bronchi
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true
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where are cough receptors most numerous?
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carina and points of bifurcation of bronchial tree
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what are the main mediators of cough?
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rapidly adapting receptors (RARs)
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where is the cough centre?
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medulla oblongata
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which receptors cause direct inhibition of cough?
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unmyelinated C fibre receptors
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what is the inheritance of cystic fibrosis?
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autosomal recessive
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what is the carrier rate for CF in northern Europeans?
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1 in 22
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what is the most common mutation causing CF?
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delta F508
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what is the cause of male infertility in CF?
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congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens
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in what percentage of CF patients is pancreatic sufficiency preserved?
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10-15%
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which bone of the face is not fixed?
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mandible
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which bones of the face are not paired?
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frontal, mandible
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what type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?
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synovial condylar
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name the muscles of mastication
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temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
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which muscle of mastication retracts the jaw?
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temporalis
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which muscles of mastication elevate the jaw?
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temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
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which muscle depresses the jaw?
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lateral pterygoid
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what innervates the muscles of mastication?
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V3
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which muscle depresses and protracts the jaw?
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lateral pterygoid
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which muscle elevates and protracts the jaw?
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medial pterygoid
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which muscle of mastication attaches to the inner mandible?
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medial pterygoid
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which muscle of mastication attaches to the outer mandible?
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masseter
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which muscle of mastication attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible?
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temporalis
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where does the lateral pterygoid insert?
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neck/head of mandible and articular disc of TMJ
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what is the action of the masster?
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elevation of the jaw
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what innervates the muscles of facial expression?
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VII
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what do the auricular muscles do?
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ear movements
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which muscle produces horizontal forehead wrinkles?
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frontalis
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which muscle produces vertical forehead wrinkles?
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corrugator supercilli
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what are the two parts of orbicularis oculi?
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orbital and palpebral
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what is the action of frontalis?
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horizontal forehead wrinkles and eyebrow raise
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which muscle closes the mouth and positions the lips?
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orbicularis oris
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which muscles elevate the lip?
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levator labii superior, zygomatic minor
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what does levator labii superior alaeque nasi do?
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elevates lip, dilates nose
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which muscle depresses the lip?
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depressor labii inferior
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which muscles elevate the angle?
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risorius, levator anguli oris, zygomatic major
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what does mentalis do?
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chin-lip up
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which muscle brings the cheeks together?
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buccinator
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what does platysma do?
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lowers jaw-lip, tenses neck
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which muscle depresses the angle?
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depressor anguli oris
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where is the geniohyoid?
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from mandible to hyoid, deep to mylohyoid
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which suprahyoid is innervated by C1 through XII?
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geniohyoid
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which suprahyoids are innercated by VII?
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posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
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which suprahyoids are innervated by V3?
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mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
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which vein does omohyoid traverse?
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internal jugular vein
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which infrahyoid is innervated by C1 through hypoglossal?
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thyrohyoid
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which are the superficial infrahyoids?
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sternohyoid and omohyoid
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what are the deep infrahyoids?
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sternothyroid and thyrohyoid
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what innervates the infrahyoids?
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Ci-3 (except thyrohyoid - C1 through XII)
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where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
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upper thyroid cartilage
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what are the branches of the external carotid artery?
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superior thyroid, lingual, facial, maxillary, superficial temporal
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t/f... the facial vein is tortuous
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false, the facial branch of the ext carotid artery is tortuous but not the vein
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which veins drain into the internal jugular vein?
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lingual, superior thyroid, paryngeal, ant/ext jugular, facial, retromandibular, maxillary, superficial temporal
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where are the deep cervical lymph nodes?
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around the internal jugular vein
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what are the motor branches of the facial nerve?
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temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical (ten zebras bit my cheeks)
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what are the two parts of an exocrine gland?
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endpiece and duct
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t/f... composition of primary fluid secreted by endpiece of exocrine gland is dependent on the flow rate
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false, the composition is constant irrespective of flow rate
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where does primary fluid undergo secondary modification?
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in the duct
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what are the major tissues affected in CF?
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sweat ducts, intestine, lungs, epididymis
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t/f... tissues spared in CF have calcium activated Cl- transport
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true
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what activates the chloride channels affected in CF?
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cAMP (via protein kinase A)
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what is the inheritance of cystic fibrosis?
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autosomal recessive
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what is the prevalence of CF?
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1 in 2000-2500
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what is the prevalence of CF carriers?
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1 in 20-25
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which chromosome contains the cystic fibrosis gene?
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chromosome 7 (7q31)
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what is the commonest mutation in CF?
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deltaF508
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what class of CFTR mutation is deltaF508?
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class 2 and 3
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t/f... CF is associated with an increase in ASL volume
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false, there is reduced ASL volume
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which tests are carried out at birth to screen for CF?
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IRT and DNA
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what percentage of CF cases are missed by screening?
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10%
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what is the carrier risk of an unaffected sibling of somoeone with CF?
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2/3
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what is the incidence of CF in the Asian population?
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1 in 90 000
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what is a quick calculation for carrier frequency?
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2 x sqrt(incidence)
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what is the protein product of the affected gene in cystic fibrosis?
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cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
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where is CFTR located in cells?
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apical membrane of epithelial cells
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t/f... severe mutations correlate with pancreatic insufficiency
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true
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t/f... severe mutations correlate with severity of pulmonary disease
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false
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what causes male infertility in CF?
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congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens
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t/f... diagnosis of CF is ruled out by normal mewborn screening
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false
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what is the risk of a CF offspring if one partner is a known carrier?
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1/400
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what is the stimulus based model of stress?
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stress is external to the person, who experiences a reaction to the stress
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what is the response based model of stress?
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focus on the physiological, psychological or behavioural response of the person to stress
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what is the transactional model of stress?
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regards the stress process as a transaction between the environment and the person
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what are the effects of chronic allostatic stress on the brain?
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atrophy of hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and hypertrophy of amygdala
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what is alexithymia?
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inability to recognise feelings, inability to describe feelings, externally oriented thinking
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