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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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which activities are influenced by the circadian system?
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sleep-wake timing, thermoregulation, respiratory function, cardiovascular function, alertness, neurocognitive performance, immunie function, endocrine function, gastrointestinal function, renal function
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where is the central circadian pacemaker located?
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suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus
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what is the strongest environmental time cue synchronising the circadian system?
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exposure to light-dark cycle
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how does phototransduction from the retina to the SCN occur?
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via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT)
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name some zeitgebers apart from light-dark cycle
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melatonin, exercise, social cues
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when is sleep propensity highest?
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during the falling phase of core body temperature
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what is melatonin?
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indoleamine produced and secreted by the pineal gland
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what is melatonin synthesis inhibited by?
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suppression of sympathetic neurons originating in the SCN
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light administration prior to the nadir in core body temperature will produce...
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a phase delay
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light administration after the core body temp nadir will produce...
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a phase advance
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what is the parasympathetic effect on the pupil?
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pupil constriction
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what is the sympathetic effect on salivary glands?
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saliva reduced
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what percentage of cardiac output supplies blood to the lung tissue?
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1-2%
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what is the pulmonary artery pressure?
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25/10 mmHg
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what is the pumonary vein pressure?
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1-3 mmHg
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where are pressures lowest, the top or bottom of the lungs?
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apex of lung
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where is blood flow highest in the lung?
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base
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what type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
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respiratory and olfactory epithelium
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name the paranasal sinuses
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frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
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what type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
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respiratory epithelium
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which nerve/s is/are sensory to the external nose?
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V1, V2
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what is the motor supply to the external nose?
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VII
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what is the sensory supply to the nasal cavity?
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Vi, V2 and I(smell receptors)
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what is the parasympathetic ganglion associated with the nasal cavity?
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pterygopalatine ganglion
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which cranial nerve synapses in the pterygopalatine ganglion to give parasympathetic supply to the paranasal sinuses?
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facial
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which muscle retracts the tongue?
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styloglossus
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which muscle raises the tongue?
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palatoglossus
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which muscel raises the soft palate?
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levator veli palatini
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which muscle tenses the soft palate?
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tensor veli palatini
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which muscle protrudes the tonge?
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genioglossus
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which muscle depresses the tongue?
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hyoglossus
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what are the actions of the intrinsic tongue muscles?
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raise/depress tip, narrow, elongate, flatten
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which artery travels in the parotid gland?
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external carotid artery
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which nerve travels in the parotid gland?
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facial
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which salivary gland is located underneath the mandible, close to the symphysis?
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sublingual
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what is the sensory innervation of the mouth?
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V2, V3
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what is the parasympathetic innervation of the mouth?
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VII-Pterygopalatine ganglion
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what is the sensory innervation of the tongue?
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V3
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what is the sensory innervation of the palate?
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V2
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which cranial nerves contain taste fibres?
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VII and IX
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what is the parasympathetic innervation of the tongue?
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VII (submandibular ganglion)
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what is the parasympathetic innervation to the palate?
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VII-ptergopalatine ganglion
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what innervates levator veli palatini?
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X-XIc
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what innervates palatoglossus?
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X-XIc
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what innervates tensor veli palatini?
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V3
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which muscle of the soft palate is innervated by X-XIc?
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levator veli palatini
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which muscle of the soft palate is innervated by V3?
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tensor veli palatini
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which tongue muscle is innervated by X-XIc?
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palatoglossus
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what innervates most of the tongue muscles?
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XII
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what is the parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland?
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IX (otic ganglion)
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which salivary glands receive parasympathetic supply via VII (submandibular ganglion)?
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submandibular and sublingual
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which muscles form the faucial arches and what is their innervation?
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palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus (both innervated by X-XIc)
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what percentage of Australians suffer from chronic sleep disorders?
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20%
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where is the lesion in the somnolent type of encephalitis lethargica?
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posterior hypothalamus
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which type of encephalitis lethargica is associated with lesions of the preoptic area and basal forebrain?
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insomnia type
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where are the neurons that promote wakefulness?
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poasterior hypothalamus (tuberomamillary nucleus)
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where are the neurons that promote sleep?
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preoptic area (ventrolateral preoptic nucleus)
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what in the brain controls circadian rhythms?
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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what secretes melatonin?
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pineal gland
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what percent of the night is spent in REM sleep?
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20-25%
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which stage of sleep accounts for the greatest percentage of the night?
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NREM 2
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t/f... NREM thought is logical and not remembered
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true
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what are the criteria for REM sleep?
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EEG activation, muscle atonia, episodic bursts of rapid eye movements
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what is the prevalence of insomnia?
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30-40%
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t/f... insomnia is more likely in men
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false, insomnia is 1.5 times more likely in women
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what percentage of men have obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome?
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4%
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what percentage of men have obstructive sleep apnoea?
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24%
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what percentage of women have OSA?
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9%
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what percentage of women have OSA syndrome?
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2%
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what is the prevalence of narcolepsy?
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0.02 - 0.18%
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t/f... sleep episodes in narcolepsy are not refreshing
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false
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which muscles are affected by cataplexy?
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all striated muscles
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what happens to CSF orexin levels in narcolepsy?
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low or absent
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what is bruxism?
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grinding or clenching of teeth during sleep
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for OSA syndrome to be diagnosed, what is the RDI?
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> 5 events/hour of sleep
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when will collapse of the upper airway occur?
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when the force produced by the muscles is exceeded by the negative airway pressure
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where does airways obstruction occur in OSA?
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between choanae and epiglottis, behind uvula and soft palate and behind the tongue
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how do upper airway muscles repond to negative airway pressure?
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reflex activation
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which chemoreceptors detect CO2?
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central chemoreceptors in the medulla
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what do the peripheral chemoreceptrs detect?
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O2
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where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
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carotid body
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where do pathological changes in emphysema occur?
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distal to terminal bronchiole
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t/f... emphysema involves overinflation of alveoli
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false
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which deficiency is associated with emphysema?
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alpha1 anti-trypsin
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what does alpha1 anti-trypsin do?
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inhibits proteases (elastase, collagenase)
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how does cigarette smoking lead to a deficiency in alpha1 anti-trypsin?
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oxidants from cigarettes inhibit alpha1-AT
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which cells secrete proteases which contribute to emphysema in smokers?
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neutrophils and macrophages
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what are the three features of chronic bronchitis?
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1) productive cough >3 months/year for 2 consecutive years
2)excessive mucous 3) infection |
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what are some pathological changes in chronic bronchitis?
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vascular congestion, mononuclear inflitrate, thickened basement membrane, abundant mucous-secreting cells
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which cells have a clock face appearance?
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plasma cells
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what is a normal reid index?
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<0.4
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what is the reid index in chronic bronchitis?
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>0.4
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what is the critical feature of emphysema?
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loss of elastin
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