Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what type of cells line the alveoli?
|
type I alveolar cells
|
|
|
what is the thickness of the barrier to diffusion between air and blood?
|
0.2 microns
|
|
|
what is the name for the tissue between adjacent alveoli?
|
interalveolar septum
|
|
|
which are larger, type I or II alveolar cells?
|
type I
|
|
|
where do type II alveolar cells rest?
|
where the interalveolar septa meet
|
|
|
what type of cells line the alveoli?
|
type I alveolar cells
|
|
|
what is the thickness of the barrier to diffusion between air and blood?
|
0.2 microns
|
|
|
what is the name for the tissue between adjacent alveoli?
|
interalveolar septum
|
|
|
which are smaller, type I or II alveolar cells?
|
type II
|
|
|
where do type II alveolar cells rest?
|
where the interalveolar septa meet
|
|
|
t/f... type II cells can divide and differentiate to replace type I cells
|
true
|
|
|
what percentage of the alveolar area is comprised of type II alveolar cells?
|
3%
|
|
|
what structure allows ventilation to bypass a blocked alveolar duct?
|
interalveolar pores of Kohn
|
|
|
t/f... smooth muscle cells are found in the interalveolar interstitium
|
false, fibroblast-like cells and myofibroblasts but not smooth muscle cells are found in the interalveolar interstitium
|
|
|
which structures make up the pulmonary acinus?
|
respoiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
|
|
|
what is asbestosis?
|
diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis resulting from inhalation of large doses of asbestos fibres
|
|
|
what are the most dangerous forms of asbestos?
|
crocidolite and amosite
|
|
|
what is the least dangerous form of asbestos?
|
chrysolite
|
|
|
t/f... hilar lymphadenopathy is a feature of asbestosis
|
false, it is a common sign in sarcoidosis
|
|
|
what is the size of the most dangerous inhaled particles?
|
1-5 microns
|
|
|
what are the three ways for particles to be cleared from the airways?
|
nasal clearance, tracheobronchial clearance (mucociliary raft), alveolar clearance (by alveolar macrophages)
|
|
|
what percentage of cells in the lungs are inflammatory cells?
|
less than 10%
|
|
|
what type of cell accounts for over 90% of inflammatory cells in the lungs?
|
macrophages
|
|
|
which macrophage derived cytokines are chemotactic for neutrophils?
|
IL-8 and LTB4
|
|
|
what shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
|
increases in temp, H+ concentration, PCO2 and 2,3-DPG concentration in RBCs
|
|
|
what is the O2 saturation of Hb in normal arterial blood?
|
97.5%
|
|
|
what is the O2 saturation of Hb in mixed venous blood?
|
75%
|
|
|
t/f... CO has a greater affinity for Hb than O2
|
true
|
|
|
what catalyses the reaction between CO2 and water?
|
carbonic anhydrase
|
|
|
What is the FIO2 of room air?
|
0.21
|
|
|
what is the normal range for PaCO2?
|
35-45 mmHg
|
|
|
what is the normal range of PaO2?
|
90-100 mmHg
|
|
|
where is the vallecula?
|
anterior to the epiglottis
|
|
|
where are the palatine tonsils located?
|
between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
|
|
|
what is the sensory supply to the nasopharynx?
|
V2
|
|
|
what is the sensory supply to the oropharynx?
|
IX
|
|
|
what is the sensory supply to the laryngopharynx?
|
X
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives sensory innervation from the maxillary nerve?
|
nasopharynx
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives sensory innervation from glossopharyngeal?
|
oropharynx
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives sensory innervation from vagus?
|
laryngopharynx
|
|
|
what is the parasympathetic supply to the nasopharynx?
|
VII
|
|
|
what is the parasympathetic supply to the oropharynx?
|
IX
|
|
|
what is the parasympathetic supply to the laryngopharynx?
|
vagus
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives parasympathetic supply via the facial nerve?
|
nasopharynx
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve?
|
oropharynx
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives parasympathetic supply via the vagus?
|
laryngopharynx
|
|
|
which pharyngeal muscle is innervated by IX?
|
stylopharyngeus
|
|
|
what is the parasympathetic supply to the laryngopharynx?
|
vagus
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives parasympathetic supply via the facial nerve?
|
nasopharynx
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives parasympathetic innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve?
|
oropharynx
|
|
|
which part of the pharynx receives parasympathetic supply via the vagus?
|
laryngopharynx
|
|
|
which pharyngeal muscle is innervated by IX?
|
stylopharyngeus
|
|
|
what muscles make up the inferior constrictor?
|
thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus
|
|
|
which constrictor goes from the hyoid bone to the pharyngeal raphe?
|
middle constrictor
|
|
|
where is the superior constrictor?
|
pterygomandibular raphe to pharyngeal raphe
|
|
|
name the levators of the pharynx
|
palatopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus
|
|
|
where is the larynx?
|
C3-6
|
|
|
what is the name for the space between the vestibular folds?
|
rima vestibuli
|
|
|
what colour are the vocal folds?
|
white
|
|
|
what type of epithelium lines the larynx?
|
columnar and squamous
|
|
|
what muscle abducts the vocal cords?
|
posterior cricoarytenoideus
|
|
|
which muscle adducts the vocal cords?
|
lateral cricoarytenoideus
|
|
|
what is the sensory supply to the vocal folds?
|
SLX
|
|
|
which muscle of the larynx is innervated by SLX?
|
cricothyroideus
|
|
|
what is the action of thyroarytenoideus?
|
relaxes vocal cords
|
|
|
which laryngeal muscle is active during forced respiration?
|
posterior cricoarytenoideus
|
|
|
what determines the pitch of phonation?
|
length of vocal cords
|
|
|
in airways obstruction, what happens to FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC?
|
FEV1 decreased (more than FVC)
FVC decreased FEV1/FVC decreased |
|
|
in lung restriction, what happens to FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC?
|
FEV1 decreased
FVC decreased (more than FEV1) FEV1/FVC normal or increased |
|
|
what happens to total lung capacity in obstruction?
|
increased
|
|
|
in obstruction, what increases more, RV or FRC?
|
RV
|
|
|
what is the definition of restriction?
|
TLC<80%
|
|
|
how is oxygen transported through the smaller airways?
|
diffusion
|
|
|
how is oxygen transported through the major airways?
|
convection
|
|
|
what is the most important site for a diffusion impairment?
|
across membrane
|
|
|
what are the mediators of matrix degradation?
|
matrix metalloproteinases
|
|
|
how many members are in the gene family of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs)?
|
4
|
|
|
who is mainly affected by usual interstitial pneumonia?
|
middle aged adults
|
|
|
t/f... the prognosis for desquamative interstitial pneumonia is better than for usual interstitial pneumonia
|
true
|
|
|
what is the mortality from desquamative interstitial pneumonia?
|
30%
|
|
|
what type of pneumonia involves lymphocytes, plasma cells and type II hyperplasia?
|
non-specific interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
what is the FEV1/FVC in interstitial lung disease?
|
normal or high
|
|
|
t/f... reduced compliance is a feature of interstitial lung disease
|
true
|
|
|
what are the pathological features of sarcoidosis?
|
mononuclear cell alveolitis, non-caseating granulomas, interstitial fibrosis
|
|
|
what are some causes of alveolar haemorrhage?
|
idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis, Goodpasture's syndrome, SLE, Wegener's gramulomatosis, vasculitis associated with connective tissue disorders
|
|
|
what are the characteristic symptoms of ILD?
|
dry cough and dyspnoea
|
|
|
what is base excess?
|
calculation of base required to bring the measured pH back to 7.4 after correcting the PCO2 to 40 mmHg
|
|
|
what is occupational lung disease?
|
an abnormality of the lower respiratory system resulting from work place exposure to an offending substance/s
|
|
|
what is the latency period for mesothelioma?
|
up to 30 years
|
|
|
t/f... mesothelioma requires a large amount of exposure
|
false, small amount is sufficient
|
|
|
t/f... asbestosis requires a large amount of exposure
|
true
|
