30-32 Test

Front 1

OPEC

Back 1

Cartel for principal oil exporting nations, it raised the cost of oil. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Front 2

Gerald Ford

Back 2

Inflation was the chief economic culprit; he was first to support the Vietnam war urged to send more troops. First president to serve as both the VP and Pres.

Front 3

Stagflation

Back 3

As unemployment rose it failed to extinguish inflation, millions of workers lost their jobs yet wages and prices continued to rise; economic growth rate slows down

Front 4

detente

Back 4

The French word meaning to relax, general easing of relations between the US and Russia during the middle of the Cold War.

Front 5

1976 election/ Jimmy Carter

Back 5

beat Gerald Ford, known for talking too much and never doing. Foreign policy with a constant decency and would put basic human rights first. Former governor of Georgia

Front 6

Three Mile Island Nuclear Energy Plant

Back 6

Failure of cooling system led to a nuclear reactor in Pennsylvania to overheat and generate radioactivity and it was shut down 5 days later.

Front 7

Camp David Accords

Back 7

In 1978 the president of Egypt and the President of Israel came to the United States at Carter’s invitation to seek a peace treaty ending the state of war between their two countries. In the treaty Israel promised to withdraw from territory captured from Egypt during the 1967 Israeli-Egypt war. Egypt in turn recognized Israel as a nation, the first Arab country to do so. Peace ensured an uninterrupted supply of Arab oil to the United States.

Front 8

Iran Hostage Crisis

Back 8

President Carter invited the shah to come for cancer treatment, militants in Tehran seized the American embassy enraged by support for the shah. The president froze Iranian assets, Iran would hold them hostage until America returned the shah and he was put on trial as a traitor. Iraq and Iran started a war and Iran gave back the hostages so that the US would unfreeze the assets.

Front 9

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Back 9

came to power in Iran against the shah, denounced America because it aided the shah

Front 10

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

Back 10

allegedly assisted in the hostage situation

Front 11

Recognition of People’s Republic of China

Back 11

Until the 1970s, most Western countries recognized the ROC while the communist bloc and third world countries generally recognized the PRC. This gradually shifted and today only 23 state recognize the ROC while the PRC is recognized by the United Nations and the majority (171) of sovereign states around the world and Palestine. Both the ROC and the PRC maintain the requirement of recognizing its view of the One-China policy to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

Front 12

Election of 1980

Back 12

Reagan went back to old virtues. Discontent w/ the economy and the unresolved hostage crisis led to his election. Expand nuclear weapon system so that the SU would back down. Won his reelection by a landslide.

Front 13

Boycott of Moscow Olympics

Back 13

SALT II Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty trying to make peace during the Cold War, Soviet troops were sent to Afghanistan to overthrow the government. W/drew SALT II and would not allow the Americans to compete in the Moscow Olympics.

Front 14

Reaganomics

Back 14

Entitlement programs which were part of Reagan’s economic policy which consisted of tax cuts, welfare cuts, and increased military spending

Front 15

Moral Majority/ Election of 1984

Back 15

an organization founded by Reverend Jerry Falwell to combat all “amoral things”; drug abuse, homosexuality, communism, coddling of animals, abortion, and all other things that the president did not like. Government aid to schools run by church groups, disapproved forced integration. Got nearly 60% of the popular vote.

Front 16

SDI

Back 16

Gorbachev wanted to continue on with the agreements in SALT II, while Reagan wanted to expand the nuclear program. Sought funds to develop an elaborate system of missile defenses that he referred to as the Strategic Defense Initiative. Network of computer stations that could detect missile action.

Front 17

Iran-Contra Affair/Colonel Oliver North

Back 17

Rebels overthrew the dictatorial regime of Anastasio Somoza. Run by SU and Cuba so Reagan wanted to crush it. Marine Colonel Oliver North, devised a scheme to indirectly funnel federal money to the Contras. North was fired and Reagan insisted he had nothing to do with it. A scandal involving high officials in Reagan’s administration who were accused of funding Contra rebels in Nicaragua. They were being funded by the secret sale of arms to Iran by Oliver North.

Front 18

Mujahideen

Back 18

The mujahideen were Muslim warriors who were trying to drive the Soviets out of their country. Wilson persuaded his colleagues to allocate money for these Muslim warrior. They received 100s of millions of dollars in weapons. They got stinger missiles which were effective at taking down the Soviet helicopters. With these American weapons, the Muslims were able to inflict serious damage to the Soviets. Soviets pulled out in 1989. Good fight son.

Front 19

Sandra Day O’ Connor

Back 19

first woman named to the Supreme Court; one of the advancements made by Reagan to appoint conservatives to federal judgeships.

Front 20

Mikhail Gorbachev

Back 20

Soviet premier in March 1985; seemed more moderate and flexible than his predecessors. Glasnot was the policy of openness and encouragement of political debate in SU. Perestroika was the decentralization of the administration and rewarding of the individual enterprise.

Front 21

Bill Gates

Back 21

Able to write software and IBM wanted Gates to write the operating system for its new state of the art personal computer; virtually monopolized the market.

Front 22

Election of 1988/ George H. W. Bush

Back 22

No real issue, lacked focus. Democratic candidate was Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts. Claimed Dukakis was a liberal governor who had been soft on crime. Bush won by a landslide. As a president, he increased fed funding on local police and spent billions to end the flow of illegal drugs in the nation. Displayed a more traditional command of the workings of government and the details of current events.

Front 23

Boris Yeltsin

Back 23

After an attempt of communists to regain power, Boris Yeltsin, the anti communist president of the Russian Republic, defied the rebels. The Soviet Union was replaced by a federation of states, of which Russia, led by Yeltsin, was the most important.

Front 24

Persian Gulf War/ Desert Storm

Back 24

Saddam Hussein of Iraq had been crushing the Kurds, an ethnic minority in northern Iraq that sought independence. Launched an all out attack on oil rich neighbors, Kuwait. Hoped to take Kuwait and expand the oil reserves of Iraq. Massed troops on border of Saudi Arabia, so the Americans and other countries unleashed a massive air attack and turned much of Iraq to rubble. Bush tried to issue an ultimatum to Saddam but he ignored it and UN troops attacked in assault known as Desert Storm, they retook Kuwait. Stopped the attack and Saddam agreed to the UN terms but would not step down from power or carry out a peace agreement.

Front 25

Cesar Chavez/ Delores

Back 25

brought tens of thousands of Mexicans into his United Farm Workers Union. In a series of strikes and boycotts, Chavez and the UFW forced wages concessions from hundred of growers in California, Texas, and the Southwest. Argued that illegal immigration undermined his efforts to organize Chicano farm- workers. Dolores Clara Fernandez Huerta a labor leader and civil rights activist who, along with César Chávez, co-founded UFW.

Front 26

Dr. Benjamin Spock

Back 26

Common Sense Guide to Baby and Child Care guided young parents through the common medical crises of parenthood/ psychological stuff. Bolster child’s sense of self worth.

Front 27

Betty Friedan

Back 27

argued that advertisers, popular magazines, and other authorities brainwashed women into thinking they could thrive only at home. Friedan believed that if able women acted with determination, employers would recognize their abilities and stop discriminating against them.

Front 28

Levittown

Back 28

utilized mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban NY to relieve postwar housing shortage; became symbol of movement to suburbs; conformity of houses; diverse communities; home for lower-middle class families

Front 29

Griswold v. Connecticut

Back 29

The Catholic Church had persuaded many state legislators to ban the spreading of information on contraceptives and birth control, including in Connecticut. Estelle Griswold in 1961, opened a birth control clinic to challenge the la. Supreme Court struck down the Connecticut statute contending that it violated couples’ right to privacy.

Front 30

Jerry Falwell

Back 30

Organized the Moral Majority foundation

Front 31

NOW

Back 31

1966, Friedan and other feminists founded the National Organization for Women. Came out for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution for changes in divorce laws, and for legalization of abortion.

Front 32

ERA

Back 32

1972 Congress approved Equal Rights Amendment, made it unconstitutional to deny equal rights on accounts of gender

Front 33

Roe v. Wade

Back 33

Used a false name Jane Roe and her lawyer filed a lawsuit against Dallas County prosecutor because Norma McCorvey asked her doctor for an abortion and he refused. Supreme Court decided that the mother’s right to privacy took precedence; 1973 legalized most abortions. Could not prevent a woman from having an abortion during first 6 months of pregancy. Energized a conservative movement against abortion, supported by Catholic church, Mormons, and Protestant groups.

Front 34

Phyllis Schlafly

Back 34

inaguarated “Stop ERA” campaign which blocked validation. It would subject young women to the military draft, deprive divorced women of alimony and child custody, and make married women legally responsible for providing household income. By 1980 the ERA was dead.

Front 35

Harvey Milk

Back 35

1977 first openly gay man to run for office in California, elected supervisor in San Fran. Led the fight against a California law that would fire gay teachers; prop defeated by a million votes, three weeks later he was assassinated.

Front 36

AIDS

Back 36

first appeared in large cities like Cleveland where gays could mix more anonymously. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Known as the gay disease.

Front 37

HIV

Back 37

AIDS is caused by HIV, a lethal virus that destroys the body’s defenses against infection, making victims susceptible to many disease.

Front 38

Ruth Bader Ginsberg

Back 38

Clinton first used his executive authority to strengthen the Supreme Court majority. A judged known to believe that abortion was constitutional. Clinton indicated he would veto any bill limiting abortion rights.

Front 39

Monica Lewinsky

Back 39

accused of engaging with sexual relations w/ Clinton; both lied under oath. Trial held for Clinton’s impeachment, but he was not impeached.

Front 40

Contract with America

Back 40

A pledge signed by many Republicans running for Congress in 1994 to support conservative reforms limiting federal power and spending. Championed by House Speaker Newt Gingrich, contributed to a Republican electoral victory; but opposition by Pres Clinton prevented passage. Shut down all but essential services.

Front 41

NAFTA

Back 41

Clinton supported globalization of the economy, promoted the North American Free Trade Agreement; reduced tariff barriers. 1993 accord signed by Canada, exico, US to reduce/ eliminate barriers to trade including tariffs among the countries

Front 42

Yasir Arafat

Back 42

in 1993 Clinton presided over a historic meeting at the White House between Israeli premier Yitzshak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization leader Yasir. They agreed in principle on self-rule for the Palestinians within Israel

Front 43

Election of 2000 and 2004/ George W. Bush

Back 43

Economy was nearing recession, VP Al Gore secured Democratic nom w/ running mate Joseph Lieberman of Conn. Bush selected Dick Cheney, who served as Sec of Def. Ralph Nader was the green party ticket. Main issue= federal surplus, Bush called for a substantial tax cut and Gore wanted to increase spending on education and shore up the Social Security system . Bush ends up winning in a close race. Then in 2004, American soldiers captured Saddam and Bush’s approval ratings soared. American soldiers were torturing Iraqi captives, casualties mounted, cost of occupation soared, American forces failed to find any weapons of mass destruction. Kerry promised to fight a smarter war. Bush was able to show Kerry as an opportunist because he voted in favor of the war. Bush won by a landslide.

Front 44

Fatwa

Back 44

In 1998 Osama bin Laden published a fatwa, a religious edict, to all Islamic peoples saying that killing Americans is a duty of every able Muslim.

Front 45

USS Cole

Back 45

gaping hole was made in the USS Cole, which was stationed in the port of Aden, Yemen, was caused by suicide bombers. The attack was linked to al- Qaeda in October 2000.

Front 46

September 11, 2001

Back 46

A group of Arab speaking men hijacked four seperate planes, one crashed in the N tower of the WTC another into the South, another into the Pentagon and a fourth into a field that passengers of the planes had recaptured. Attacks linked to al- Qaeda and bin Laden. Bush then created the Cabinet position, the office of Homeland security.

Front 47

Osama bin Laden

Back 47

Osama bin Laden was a son of a Saudi oil billionaire. He published a fatwa - a religious edict - to Islamic peoples throughout the world: “To kill Americans and their allies, both civil and military, is an indiviual duty of every Muslim who is able...” He was protected by extremist Islamic group, the Taliban, that rules Afghanistan. In 6 months, his organization, the al-Qaeda, had planned and ordered the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam in Africa, which killed hundreds of people.

Front 48

War on terror

Back 48

Bush declared, initially a worldwide campaign to catch and prosecute terrorist attacks spread throughout the world. W/in weeks the Taliban were driven from power. The US had won the first battles in the war against terror.

Front 49

Axis of evil

Back 49

After the Taliban had been defeated, Bush declared he would not wait for danger, instead her would take preventative actions against Iraq, N Korea, and Iraq

Front 50

Nancy Pelosi

Back 50

She was named the Speaker of the House by the Democrats. She is the first woman to hold that position. Pelosi became the highest ranking women to ever hold office in the US. In 2007 when Bush called for a modest increase in troop levels in Iraq, Pelosi and other prominent Democrats refused.

Front 51

Hurricane Katrina

Back 51

August 2005, took shelter in the Superdome, flooded much of New Orleans. Broke the levy. Over 1 million displaced from homes, sought refuge on rooftops. Floodwater became toxic. 1,300 died.

Front 52

Saddam Hussein

Back 52

Leader of Iraq, US invaded and he was captured and later hung. He was convicted of killing 148 Shiites.

Front 53

Election of 2008

Back 53

McCain fought in the Vietnam war and was a prisoner for 6 years, chose Sarah Palin and running mate, governor from Alaska. Barack Obama was the Democratic nomination and Joe Biden was his running mate. Criticized the republican administration for waging war against Iraq. Federally backed health care. McCain= send more troops to Iraq and no socialized medicine.

Front 54

Hillary Clinton/Bill Clinton

Back 54

Wife of Bill Clinton. 1977 they joined together with banker James McDougal to secure a loan to build vacation homes in the Ozarks. But the development, which they called Whitewater, became insolvent. McDougal illegally covered the debts with a loan from a savings and loan company he had acquired. In 1992 investigators claimed that the Clintons were potential beneficiaries of McDougal’s activities. Hillary Clinton appeared on 60 minutes with her husband to address the allegations, both of Whitewater and of another affair.

Front 55

“surge”

Back 55

The sudden increase in troop strength that appeared to have used succesfully against the Iraqi insurgency in 2007. Likely result in civilian casualties, violence in Iraq ended.

Front 56

IED

Back 56

Improvised explosive device.

Front 57

Ethnic Cleansing

Back 57

Serbians were basically cleaning out the Muslims in Bosnia. Clinton tried to assemble an international force to prevent this but failed miserably.

Front 58

Taliban

Back 58

an Islamist fundamentalist militant group

Front 59

Al Gore

Back 59

Al Gore was Clinton's vice-president and a candidate for the 2000 presidential election. His running caused one of the closest elections in history and a fiasco with the voting system.

Front 60

Bob Dole

Back 60

Attorney and retired United States Senator from Kansas (1969-1996) longest serving Republican leader. Was the 1996 presidential nominee for the Republican party but lost to Bill Clinton. (Gerald Ford's VP running mate in 1976 election).

Front 61

Braceros

Back 61

Mexican-American workers brought into the U.S. to provide an agricultural labor supply

Front 62

Center for Disease Control

Back 62

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is a United States federal agencyunder the Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Druid Hills,unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, in Greater Atlanta. It works to protect public health and safety by providing information to enhance health decisions, and it promotes health through partnerships with state health departments and other organizations.

Front 63

Central High School

Back 63

A group of African-Americans who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school.

Front 64

Fall of the Berlin Wall and Communism

Back 64

1989 collapse of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the Cold War.

Front 65

Glasnost

Back 65

openness to end political repression & move toward a greater political freedom for soviet citizens

Front 66

Hamid Karzai

Back 66

is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 22 December 2001. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001.

Front 67

Insurgency

Back 67

an armed rebellion against a constituted authority

Front 68

Janet Reno

Back 68

Clinton's female attorney general

Front 69

JFK

Back 69

Democratic candidate for 1960 elections; Senator from MA; Roman Catholic

Front 70

Kenneth Star

Back 70

A former judge and official in Reagans Justice Dept. who was under investigation after the Monica Lewinsky scandal

Front 71

LBJ

Back 71

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Front 72

NAACP

Back 72

Founded in 1909 to improve living conditions for inner city Blacks, evolved into a national organization dedicated to establishing equal legal rights for Blacks.

Front 73

New Left

Back 73

In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics.

Front 74

Newt Gingerich

Back 74

Promoter of the "Contract with America" and the first Republican speaker in 40 years.

Front 75

Norman Schwarzkopf

Back 75

This general was commander of US forces during the Gulf War

Front 76

Oliver North

Back 76

the National Security Council aid convicted of obstructing Congress in the terrorist-money-for-rebel-aid scandal

Front 77

Perestroika

Back 77

restructuring of the soviet economy by introducing free-market practices

Front 78

Persian Gulf War

Back 78

a 1991 war in which the United States and its UN allies drove invading Iraqi forces out of neighboring Kuwait

Front 79

referendum

Back 79

vote on new laws

Front 80

Ross Perot

Back 80

Ran on the independent ticket for the 1992 Presidential election. Harped incessantly on the problem of the federal deficit and made a boast of the fact that he had never held any public office. Reflected pervasive economic unease and the virulence of the throw-the-bums-out national mood. Earned 20 percent of the popular vote. Won no electoral votes but 19.7 million popular votes

Front 81

saigon renamed

Back 81

April 29, 1975, Vietnam was reunited and Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City, after the founding father of the Communist regime in Vietnam

Front 82

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld

Back 82

served as controversial secretary of defense in the George W. Bush administration

Front 83

Shah of Iran

Back 83

Leader of Iran supported by the United States who wanted to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979)

Front 84

SNCC

Back 84

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. It emerged from a series of student meetings led by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in Raleigh, North Carolina in April of 1960. SNCC grew into a large organization with many supporters in the North who helped raise funds to support SNCC's work in the South, allowing full-time SNCC workers to have a $10 a week salary. Many unpaid volunteers also worked with SNCC on projects in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland. played a major role in the sit-ins and freedom rides, a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, the Freedom Summer, and the MFDP. young people.

Front 85

Star Wars

Back 85

Strategic Defense Initiative. President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Front 86

Thurgood Marshall

Back 86

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education

Front 87

USS abraham Lincoln

Back 87

USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72), is the fifth Nimitz-class supercarrier in the United States Navy. It is the second Navy ship named after former President Abraham Lincoln

Front 88

WIN buttons

Back 88

WIN buttons circulated throughout the country and became a national joke, prompting critics to declare Ford's response to inflation ineffective.

Front 89

Yitzhak Rabin

Back 89

The Israeli prime minister who agreed to grant the Palestinians their own land. In 1995 he was killed by Jewish extremists