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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early setbacks: Karlstadt |
- amongst his ideas, he encouraged iconoclasm, prepared to use violence - karlstadt and his followers welcomed extremist groups- Zwickau Prophets (no need for Bible, ungodly should be slaughtered) - word of god becoming vehicle for radical change, order becoming lost - differed from Luther: Luther- bread and wine offered for reference, Karlstadt- no sign of sacrifice HINDERED Luther - becoming more extremist and unruliness, damaging to reputation of Lutheranism - Luther preached invocavit sermons, denounced Karlstadt reforms - highlighted importance of spoken word
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Muntzer |
- radical, wanted to prepare the world for the second coming of Christ - urged followers to slaughter godless lords -led peasant troops into battle - combined forced of Lutheran Philip of Hesse and Catholic Duke George of Saxony defeated Muntzers peasants |
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Anabaptists |
- extremists discontented with moderate nature of the reform - Luther had been too conservative and bowed to authorities on several occasions - believed in adult baptists, sign of maturity - instances of violence and immorality in Germany, Swiss cantons and Netherlands tarnished them as extremist and dangerous - anabaptists began as spiritual, intellectual and pacifist movement, hijacked by extremists figureheads |
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Zwingli |
- leading humanist - beliefs: 1) criticisms of superstitious Catholics 2) direct contact with bible and word of God emphasised 3) 1520-22 adopted sola fida and sola scripture - split in Zurich between those in favour of reform and traditional cath made standing grow - wished to see spread of reformation, willing to endorse military force similarities and differences between Zwingli and Luther 1) Zwingli just coming to terms with sola fida and sola scripture 2) Zwingli couldn't call in semi-literate and culturally advanced cities to help reform 3) followed closely in footsteps of Luther, dilute appeal of Zwinglism 4) both agreed on path to salvation and duty to God 5) DIVIDED sacrament of Eucharist, Zwingli sacrament purely symbolic 6) Luther outlined position in 'confessions on christ's supper' agreement imposible, chance of unity lost ULTIMATELY NOT RADICAL - personal rivalry |
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The Peasants |
-reforms by Luther gave them an opportunity take greater control over church and challenge existing feudal order - rising prices, pressure on land combined with discontent over taxation have them social and economic stimulus for reform - throughout Germany, attempts to arrest Lutheran ministers often lead to peasants defending - spiritual equality equated by secular equality, peasants had little opportunity to move - landlords exploited that land was in cheap supply to gain cheap labour, bad harvests increased taxation exacerbated situation and appeal of Luther
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The 12 articles |
-Peasants war March 1525 - peasants of Southern Germany rebelled against ruling classes - revolt spread to centre and parts of northern empire in May - 'the twelve articles of Memmingen ' demonstrated how socio-economic concerns merged with religious ones Outlined following: 1) communities should have the right to elect their own ministers 2) serfdom denounced as unjust - landlord criticised for exploitation of peasantry. Christ died for everyone, not property of landlords MESSAGE OF EQUALITY AND JUSTICE BASED ON GODLY LAW SHINES THROUGH 3) peasants right to be restored to countryside 4) economic grievances, unmanageable rent SIGNIFICANCE - message reached countryside, used to frame grievances - peasants were galvanised by word of God |
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The Tyrolean Constitution |
- cities and towns witnessed unrest, Tyrol joined in with peasants - Tyrolean Costitution set up, social privilege and class system to disappear - demonstrated some peasant leaders (Gaismair) politically astute, revolt more than mindless destruction |
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Significance of Peasant revolt |
-Luther and princes became aware of explosive nature of reformation message - Philip of Hesse, duke George of saxony defeated peasants - word of god couldn't make people free and bold if undermined social hierarchy - 100,000 people died - luther recognised his message of equality and freedom, did not condone violence - April 1525 Luther wrote 'admonition of peace' subdue the rebels - May 1525 'against the thieving, murdering hordes of peasants'
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The Imperial knights |
- Lutheranism became stronger and accepted support from mid 1520s onwards - Albert of Hollenzollern followed by Philip of Hesse 1526 - league of Torgau designed to prevent implementation of edict of worms - material benefits of secularising church appealed to princes |
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Towns/ cities
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-Urban people had a higher proabability of being literate (so they could accurately interpret Luther's teachings, unlike the peasants) -Centres of trade so ideas could spread quickly. -Large populations. -'Imperial free cities' could effectively govern themselves, so it was the choice of the populace on whether they became Lutheran or not. -1525 Erfurt and Magdeburg, Nuremberg and Bremen, embraced reform - Augsburg and Strasburg joined 1534 |
