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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Appetite
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Influenced by hormone concentration.
Leptin rises when full, reduces appetite. Ghrelin rises when empty. |
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Leptin
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Hormone that reduces appetite. Made in adipose tissue.
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Ghrelin
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Hormone that increases appetite. Produced in stomach lining.
Gastric bypass removes some lining, less ghrelin produced. |
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Adipose
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Stores lipids, makes leptin.
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Tissue of GI tract
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Mucosa
Submucosa Smooth muscles |
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Mucosa
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Inner layer of GI tract, fragile.
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Submucosa
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includes nerves, blood, lymph vessels
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Smooth muscles
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Contracts GI tract in waves. (peristalsis)
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GI tract (5 items)
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Mouth
Stomach Small Intestines Accessory Organs Colon |
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Parts of tooth (3)
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Enamel--dense calcium
Dentin--flexion so tooth won't shatter Pulp--blood vessels and nerves |
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Saliva glands (3)
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Parotoid, submandibular, sublingual.
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Contents of saliva
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Amylase enzyme
Bicarbonate HCO3 Mucins--lubricant binds food into bolus Water |
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Voluntary Swallowing
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Skeletal muscles push bolus into pharynx
Receptors close esophagus, trachea open. |
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Involuntary Swallowing
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Epiglottis seals trachea
Peristalsis sends bolus to esophagus. |
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Lower Esophageal Sphincter
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Opens, allowing bolus to enter stomach.
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Gastric fluids contain:
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Pepsin enzymes
hydrochloric acid, pH of 2 Mucus protects lining |
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Chyme
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Mixture of gastric fluids and food, acidic.
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Gastrin
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Hormone, increases acid production.
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Somatostasin
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Hormone, decreases HCL acid production.
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Small Intestines
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Where nutrients are absorbed.
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Pyloric sphincter
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Opens to let chyme flow from stomach to duodenum.
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Duodenem
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First segment of sm. intestines.
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Goblet cells
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release mucus to protect lining.
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Sm. Intestine mucosa
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folded into villi, which are folded into microvilli. Increases surface area for absorption.
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Special cells in villi release:
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mucus and hormones
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Pancreas (3 functions)
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Exocrine glands release digestive enzymes into duodenum.
Bicarbonates neutralize chyme. Endocrine glands release hormones into blood stream to regulate blood sugar. |
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Liver
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Makes bile salts from cholesterol.
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Gall bladder
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stores bile, when digesting, sphincter opens, bile salts flow down bile duct to sm. intestines.
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Bile
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Emulsifies fat globules by attaching to individual fats.
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CCK hormone
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Contracts gall bladder, squeezing out bile.
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Lacteals of lymphatic system
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Absorb triglyceride fats.
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Colon (lg. intestine) (6 parts)
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Cecum
Ascending colon Transverse Descending Sigmoid Rectum and anal canal |
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Cecum
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part of lg intestines, contains appendix which has good bacteria. May help re-establish bacterial colonies after severe diarrhea.
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Roles of lg. intestine: (2)
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Absorbs water and sodium into bloodstream
Bacterial action produces Vit. K and useful fatty acids |
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Coliform bacteria, as E. coli
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Evidence of fecal contamination in food and water.
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