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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

atom

the basic unit of a chemical element.

electron

a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

nucleus

the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.

proton

a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign.

energy level (orbit, shell)

the fixed amount of energy that a system described by quantum mechanics, such as a molecule, atom, electron, or nucleus, can have.

neutron

a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen.

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table.

isotope

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element.

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

atomic mass

the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom (the mass number) or to the average number allowing for the relative abundances of different isotopes.

period

the name given to a horizontal row of the periodic table. The periodic table has seven periods

group

a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements.

metal

an effective conductor of electricity and heat can be defined as a metal.

nonmetal

is a chemical element that mostly lacks metallic attributes.

metaloid

an element (e.g., germanium or silicon) whose properties are intermediate between those of metals and solid nonmetals. They are electrical semiconductors.

alkali metal

any of the elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium, occupying Group IA (1) of the periodic table. They are very reactive, electropositive, monovalent metals forming strongly alkaline hydroxides.

alkaline earth metal

They are reactive, electropositive, divalent metals, and form basic oxides that react with water to form comparatively insoluble hydroxides.

transtition metal

any of the set of metallic elements occupying a central block (Groups IVB–VIII, IB, and IIB, or 4–12) in the periodic table,

halogen

They are reactive nonmetallic elements that form strongly acidic compounds with hydrogen, from which simple salts can be made.

noble gas

They were long believed to be totally unreactive but compounds of xenon, krypton, and radon are now known.

semiconductor

a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects.

APE MAN

Atomic number


protons


electrons




Mass number


Atomic mass


neutrons

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 4



Valence electron

an electron that is associated with an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond; in a single covalent bond

electron dot diagram

are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs ofelectrons that may exist in the molecule.

chemical bond

is the physical phenomenon of chemicalsubstances being held together by attraction of atoms to each other through sharing, as well as exchanging, of electrons -or electrostatic forces.

ion

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

polyatomic ion

also known as a molecularion, is a charged chemical species (ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded or of a metal complex that can be considered to be acting as a single unit.

ionic bond

is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms and is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.

ionic compound

a chemical compound comprising ions held together by electrostatic forces termed ionic bonding.

chemical formula

that shows the total number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not their structural arrangement.

subscript

Numbers to the lower right of chemical symbols in a formula aresubscripts, indicating the specific number of atoms of the element found in the substance.

crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions

covalent bond

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

molecular compound

a compound regarded as a union of molecules retaining their identities

double bond

a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

triple bond

a chemical bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.

nopolar bond

equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.

polar bond

a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

reactant

a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.

product

are the species formed fromchemical reactions.

chemical equation

is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side.

law of conservation of mass

mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations.

open system

a material system in which mass or energy can be lost to or gained from the environment.

closed system

is a physicalsystem that doesn't exchange any matter with its surroundings, and isn't subject to any force whose source is external to the system.

coefficient

a constant term related to the properties of a product.

senthesis

a written discussion that draws on one or more sources.

decompostion

a type of chemical reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds.

replacement

a type of oxidation-reduction chemical reactionwhen an element or ion moves out of one compound and into another - that is, one element is replaced by another in a compound.