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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood and which side carries deoxygenated blood?

right side --> deoxygenated


left side --> oxygenated

what are the 2 nodes of the heart and where are they found?

-SA node(sinoatrial node) --> found in posterior wall of RA near opening of superior vena cava


-AV node (atrioventricular node) --> found in floor of right atrium near opening of coronary sinus


draw a diagram showing the conducting system in the heart

what piece of equipment is required for measuring the resting potential across a cell membrane and how many of this particular piece of equipment is required

a "needle electrode" is required


2 are needed


1 for inside the cell and one for outside the cell


the needle electrode outside the cell is known as the "reference electrode"

what "resting potential" is seen inside the cell with respect to outside the cell

-90mV

what pump maintains the concentrations of K+ and Na+ in the cell


how many of each ion does it transfer and in what direction

Na+/K+ ATP-ase pump



2Kin 3Na Out

the membrane is permeable to only one of Na+ and K+, which one of these is it permeable to

• The membrane is permeable to K+ but not Na+

pertaining to an ionic level, what happens in the cell to give the resting membrane potential of -90mV

•The concentration gradient drives out K+ of the cell


•The resulting electrical gradient pulls K+ in
•The equilibrium results in a resting trans-membrane potential

what is the nernst equation

the electrical potential is determined by the relative concentrations of which ion on either side of the membrane?

The electrical potential is determined by the concentrations of potassium ions (K+) on either side of the membrane (because it is selectively permeable to potassium)

to test the action potential of a cell, it can be stimulated, what are the 5 main phases of this which can be drawn on a graph of voltage against time

Na+ Ca2+ and K+ all travel across the cell membrane using ion channels, in what direction does each ion travel using these channels, and on what does the direction of flow in these ion channels depend?

Na+ & Ca2+ inward currents


K+ outward currents



• Ion currents may be inward or outward, depending on concentration gradient

how is the AP generated using ion channels?

Voltage-gated, ion-selective channels open and close to generate the AP

what is the general common structure of cell membrane ion channels

-they have 4 "phases" of protein groups (I-IV)


-each phase has 6 sub-groups (S1-S6)


-also present is a "P-loop" polypeptide chain


what part of the channel do the P-loops form and what are they responsible for?

“P-loops” form the narrowest part of the channel
they are responsible for:
-gating ion-flow 
-sensing voltage 
-filtering ion species

“P-loops” form the narrowest part of the channel


they are responsible for:


-gating ion-flow


-sensing voltage


-filtering ion species

P-loops are responsible for channel activation and inactivation, what structural change do the P-loops undergo in order to achieve this

• P-loops extend (or twist) for channel activation


• P-loops retract (or twist) for channel inactivation

what are the 5 phases of the action potential?

0- upstroke and overshoot


1- initial recovery


2- plateu


3- recovery


4- resting

during cell membrane action potential, in phase 0, upstroke and overshoot, what happens?

• Na+ channels open,


• Fast, inward Na+ current depolarizes the membrane (triggering closure of the channels)

during cell membrane action potential, in phase 1, initial recovery, what happens?

• Na+ channels close
• K+ channels sense the rising voltage and open • Slower, outward movement of K+, diminishes the overshoot

during cell membrane action potential, in phase 2, plateu, what happens?

• Ca2+ channels open – slower, inward Ca++ current matches outward K+ and maintains the membrane near 0 mV

during cell membrane action potential, in phase 3, recovery, what happens?

• K+ conduction increases and Ca++ decreases, repolarizing the membrane

during cell membrane action potential, in phase 4, resting, what happens?

• Resting membrane potential determined by K+ channel conductance and concentration gradient


• Na+– K+ pump helps maintain resting potential near -90 mV

what is the general structure of the contraction mechanism in cardiac muscle

what are the relative pressures in different places in the heart when certain valves close and can be used to show when they close

what generates the pressure in cardiac muscle?

the contraction of the atria/valves

pressure drives blood flow through the heart in in what direction (in relation to pressure)

from high to low pressure

what opens and closes the heart valves

pressure

what is the pressure in the heart dependent on

the peripheral resistance

what is the formula for Cardiac output and blood pressure/ total peripheral resistance (TPR)

CO = HR x SV


TPR = CO x PVR (peripheral vascular resistance)

as aortic pressure increases what happens to coronary flow?

it also increases... they're pretty proportional

it also increases... they're pretty proportional

when is the window for coronary flow form the aorta back through the coronary arteries

during the diastole

during the diastole

where would you listen to hear the different valve sounds?

what is aortic stenosis

the narrowing of the aortic valve

the narrowing of the aortic valve