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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major consequence of cleft palate
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Aspiration pneumonia
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5 main causes of epistaxis
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- Trauma
- Exertion - Inflammation - Hemorrhage - Neoplasia |
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What is a unique cause of epistaxis in the horse?
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Ethmoid hematoma
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Appearance of ethmoid hematomas
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Soft, pedunculated, expansile masses of clotted blood and granulation tissue
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What is the respiratory tract protected by? (4)
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- Nasal conchae (traps particle)
- Mucous - Mucocillariy apparatus - Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) |
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5 categories of respiratory inflammation
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- Serous
- Catarrhal - Fibrinous - Purulent - Fibronecrotizing |
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What characterizes a serous inflammation? (2)
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- Thin, clear secretion
- Swollen, red mucosa with hydropic degeneration and cilia loss |
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What characterizes a catarrhal inflammation? (2)
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- Mucoid discharge
- More pronounced hyperemia, edema, and swelling |
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What characterizes a fibrinous inflammation?
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Fibrin accumulating on nasal mucosa
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What characterizes a purulent inflammation? (3)
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- Erosion and hyperplasia with extensive ulceration
- Large numbers of neutrophils - Desquamation of epithelial cells |
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What characterizes a fibronecrotizing inflammation?
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Presence of membrane adhered to underlying tissues
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What does chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract produce?
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Fibrovascular tissue polyps
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4 causes of rhinitis
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- Equine strangles
- Feline upper respiratory complex - Atrophic rhinitis of swine - Rhinosporidosis |
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Cause of equine strangles
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Streptococcus equi localizing in submandibulary and retropharyngeal LN
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Cause of feline upper respiratory complex (3)
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- Feline rhinotracheitis virus (FHV-1)
- Feline calicivirus - Chlamydophila felis |
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Cause of Feline rhinosporidosis
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Rhinosporidium seeberi
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Pathology of feline rhinosporidosis
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Inflammatory polyps in nasal cavity
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Cause of atrophic rhinitis
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- Bordatella bronchiseptica
- Pasteurella multocida (A&D) |
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Pathology of Atrophic rhinitis
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Cytotoxins inhibit osteoblasts and promote osteoclasts
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5 types of nasal neoplasms
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- Squamous cell carcinoma (cat, horse)
- Fibrocarcinoma (dog) - Osteosarcoma (dog, cat) - Lymphosarcoma - Adenocarcinoma |
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What is a unique nasal lesion in cats?
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Nasopharyngeal polyps
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Pathology of nasopharyngeal polyps in cats
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Starts in middle ear then grows down auditory tube or out into external ear
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2 causes of gutteral pouch infections
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- Bacterial (Streptococcus)
- Fungal (Asperigillus) |
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Consequences of gutteral pouch infection (4)
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- CN damage
- Erosion of internal carotid arteries - Epistaxis - Exanguination |
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What are chondroids?
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Stone-like structures of solidified pus
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What causes laryngeal paralysis in horses? (2)
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- Hemiplegia of left recurrent laryngeal nerve
- Atrophy of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m. |
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Consequence of laryngeal paralysis in horses
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Roaring
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What dog breeds are most common to laryngeal paralysis?
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Large
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Cause of laryngeal paralysis in dogs
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Denervation atrophy
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Distribution of laryngeal paralysis in dogs
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Often bilateral
- As opposed to horse, which is often unilateral |
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4 malformation categories of the trachea
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- Hypoplasia
- Flattening - Inflammation - Neoplasia |
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What breeds of dogs often have dorsoventral tracheal collapse?
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Miniature breeds
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What species does lateral tracheal collapse often occur in?
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Horses
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Common pathogenesis of lateral tracheal collapse in horses
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Contraction of scar tissue and overlapping of ventral tracheal rings
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4 common causes of inflammation of the trachea
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- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
- Nematodes (Oslerus osleri in dogs) - Syngamus trachei (birds) - Aspiration of gastric contents |
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What's often associated with tracheal inflammation? (2)
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- Upper respiratory inflammation
- Lower bronchitis |
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What is luminal obstruction of the bronchi called?
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Bronchiolitis obliterans
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What induces bronchiolitis obliterans?
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Chronic polyploidy inflammation of the bronchial tree
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What is a fixed dilation of the bronchi called?
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Bronchiectasis
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2 sources of bronchiectasis
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- Congenital malformation
- Sequelae of chronic bronchitis or bronchopneumonia |
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What's the pathogenesis of non-congenital bronchiectasis?
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Inflamed, weakened bronchiole wall which is destroyed by proteases, inducing granulation tissue to replace most of the bronchial wall
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4 lesions associated with bronchiectasis
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- Atelectasis
- Emphysema - Pneumonia - Greenish/yellow exudate |
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Why does bronchiectasis occur more often in cattle?
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Lack of collateral ventilation reduces air movement in lungs
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What causes atelectasis?
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Blockage of small bronchi or bronchioles due to insignificant collateral ventilation
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Two major types of emphysema
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- Alveolar
- Interstitial |
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What causes alveolar emphysema?
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Increased amount of air within the alveoli
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4 things emphysema is known as in horses
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- Recurrent airway obstruction
- Heaves - COPD - Chronic bronchiloitis-emphysema complex |
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Pathogenesis of alveolar emphysema (4)
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- Inflammation of bronchiolar alveolar junction
- Recruitment of neutrophils and MP - Releasing of elastases that destroy elastin in alveolar walls - Fibrosis occurs, preventing deflation of alveoli |
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Lesion seen in the bronchioles and parenchyma with alveolar emphysema
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Bronchiolitis with mucoid exudate and eosinophils in cranial portion of lung
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What is interstitial emphysema characterized by?
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Presence of air within interlobular septa and around non-septal vessels and airways of animals with septated lungs
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Three animals with septated lungs, pre-disposing them towards non-septal air accumulation with interstitial emphysema
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- Pig
- Cattle - Sheep |
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What must occur to cause interlobular accumulation of air as in chronic emphysema?
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Lack of collateral ventilation
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What is a result of interstitial emphysema?
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Forced expiration causes bronchioles to collapse, forcing air into interlobular septa
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What is a common incidental finding in cattle necropsy?
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Interstitial emphysema
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What is the term for pulmonary hypertension in conjunction with right-sided heart failure?
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Cor pulmonale
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Gross changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in horses (3)
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- Mucoid bronchiolitis
- Emphysema - Hypertrophy of abdominal muscles and diaphragm |
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Histologic changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in horses (3)
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- Epithelial hyperplasia
- Fibrosis - Inflammatory cell infiltration |
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What is the term for collapse of air-filled pulmonary parenchyma or lack of alveolar expansion?
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Atelectasis
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Define atelectasis
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Collapse of air-filled pulmonary parenchyma or lack of alveolar expansion
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3 types of atelectasis
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- Obstructive
- Compressive - Congenital |
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4 causes of compressive atelectasis
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- Pneumothorax causing compression
- Fluid - Masses - Recumbency (so gravity?) |
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Cause of obstructive atelectasis
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Complete obstruction of airway
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Microscopic appearance of obstructive atelectasis
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Alveoli have collapsed lumens
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Gross appearance of lungs with congenital atelectasis (3)
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- Diffuse
- Dark red-blue - Lungs don't float |
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What is surfactant secreted by?
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Type II Pneumocytes
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What is surfactant used for?
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Lowers resistance needed to inflate alveoli
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What is a common postmortem finding of no diagnostic significance?
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Congestion in lungs
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What is congestion in lungs characterized by? (2)
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- Not firm
- Dark red diffusely |
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3 mechanisms of pulmonary edema
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- Increased permeability
- Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure - Decreased plasma oncotic pressure |
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3 causes of increased hydrostatic pressure that causes pulmonary edema
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- Left sided heart failure (cardiogenic enema)
- Iatrogenic hypovolemia - Autonomic discharge following acute brain injury (neurogenic edema) |
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3 gross lesions associated with pulmonary edema
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- 'Jello-like'
- Red - Doesn't collapse when thorax is opened |
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What might be seen histologically from edema caused by increased permeability? (2)
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- Eosinophilic, homogenous fluid present
- 'Foamy' macrophages may be seen |
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2 general classes of causes of pulmonary embolism
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- Non-septic
- Septic |
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What might cause septic embolism in cattle?
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Liver abscesses
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What might cause septic embolism in horses?
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Endocarditis
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2 causes of non-septic embolism
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- Tumors
- Fat |
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Define embolism
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Lodging of embolus into a narrow vessel, causing blockage
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Define thrombosis
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Formation of a blood clot inside a vessel, causing blockage
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3 general causes of thrombosis
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Virchow's Triad
- Hypercoagulability - Stasis of blood - Vascular endothelial damage |
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3 general causes of thrombosis in dogs
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- Dirofilaria immitis
- DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Glomerular amyloidosis |
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Renal cause of thrombosis
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Glomerular amyloidosis
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Acute appearance of pulmonary infarction
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- Bulges on pleural surface
- Red consolidation |
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Chronic appearance of pulmonary infarction
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Depressed areas on pleural surface
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Two sequelae of pulmonary hypertension
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- Right ventricular hypertrophy
- Cor pulmonale |
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Two causes of pulmonary hypertension
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- High pressure flow of blood from right heart to lungs
- Increased resistance in pulmonary vascular system |
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2 sequelae of high pressure flow of blood from right heart to lungs
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- Arterisclerosis
- Hypertension |
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3 things that increased resistance in pulmonary vascular system is caused by
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- Left-sided heart failure
- Luminal narrowing of vessels - Vasoconstriction |
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What is high-altitude disease of cattle caused by?
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Chronic hypoxia
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3 sequelae of high-altitude disease of cattle
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- Vasoconstriction
- Pulmonary hypertension - Right-sided heart failure |
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3 lesions of high-altitude disease of cattle
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- SQ edema
- Chronic passive congestion of liver - Right ventricular hypertrophy |
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What is high-altitude disease of cattle AKA?
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Brisket Disease
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Two functions of type II pneumocytes
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- Replace Type I pneumocytes
- Produce surfactant |
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What is bronchopneumonia often caused by?
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Bacteria
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What must occur prior to bronchopneumonia?
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Stress of pulmonary defenses
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Distribution of bronchopneumonia
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Cranioventral
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4 causes of interstitial pneumonia
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- Bacteria
- Viral - Fungal - Protozoal |
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How does bronchopneumonia originate?
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Aerogenously
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How does interstitial pneumonia originate?
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- Aerogenously
- Hematogenously |
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Distribution of interstitial pneumonia lesions
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Diffuse
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Cause of gangrenous pneumonia
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- Aspiration of a foreign material along with saprophytic/putrefactive bacterial presence
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3 signs associated with gangrenous pneumonia
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- Yellow or green-black coloration
- Extensive cavitation - Foul odor |
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Two sequelae of gangrenous pneumonia
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- Pneumothorax
- Empyema |
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Two things that acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema is AKA
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- Fog fever
- Atypical interstitial pneumonia |
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Pathogenesis of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema (4 steps)
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- Excessive ingestion of grass on lush pastures
- L-tryptophan -- ruminal bacteria --> 3-methylindole - 3-methylindole -- lungs --> 3-methyleneindolene - 3-methyleneindolene is toxic to pneumocytes |
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2 gross lesions of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
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- Expansion of interlobular septa by edema and emphysema
- Enlarged, heavy, wet lungs |
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3 histologic lesions of acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
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- Exudative interstitial pneumonia
- Hyaline membranes - Necrosis of type I pneumocytes |
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What is caused by uremia causing an increase in permeability of alveolar air-blood barrier, leading to pneumothorax?
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Uremic pneumopathy
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2 gross lesions of Uremic pneumopathy
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- 'Crunchy' or 'crackly' texture to lungs
- Nodular, multifocal lesions |
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How does embolic pneumonia arise?
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Hematogenously
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How does Granulomatous pneumonia arise?
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- Hematogenously
- Aerogenously |
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What causes granulomatous pneumonia?
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Particles in alveoli which cannot be eliminated
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Distribution of lesions associated with granulomatous pneumonia
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Multifocal
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2 lesions of granulomatous pneumonia
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- Nodular
- Granulomas with central necrosis and caseous exudates |
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Why are metastatic neoplasms more common than primary neoplasms in the lung?
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Lung has good ability to trap tumor emboli
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What's the most common primary lung neoplasm?
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Adenocarcinomas
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What origin do adenocarcinomas have?
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- Bronchogeneic
- Bronchioalveolar |
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What's important about adenocarcinomas in cats?
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Can metastasize to digits
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Most common pleural lesion
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Pleuritis
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3 consequences of pleuritis
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- Firm adhesions between lung lobes or lung and the pleura
- Fibrosis of pleura - Compressive atelectasis |
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3 causes of pyothorax
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- Thoracic empyema
- Penetration - Ruptured lung abscesses |
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3 causes of hydrothorax
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- Neoplasia
- CHF - Hypoproteinemia |
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What color is the fluid associated with acute hydrothorax?
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Clear
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What color is the fluid associated with chylothorax?
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Milky
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Define chylothorax
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Accumulation of lymph in thoracic cavity
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Cause of chylothorax
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Rupture of thoracic or right lymphatic duct
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4 causes of rupture of thoracic or right lymphatic duct
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- Trauma
- Severe coughing - Neoplasia - Idiopathic |
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What color is the fluid in chronic hydrothorax?
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Opaque
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2 causes of hemothorax
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- Trauma
- Erosion of vessel or heart wall |
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Fluid in acute hemothorax
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Presence of blood
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What differs chronic from acute hemothorax?
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Granulation tissue formation
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Spontaneous cause of pneumothorax
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Rupture of pulmonary parenchyma
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Traumatic causes of pneumothorax (2)
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- Penetration of thoracic wall
- Pulmonary biopsy |
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Lesion associated with pneumothorax
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Diffuse atelectasis of entire lung field
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Mesotheliomas and metastatic carcinomas occur where? (2)
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- Pleura
- Other visceral surfaces |
