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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Term for a rolling in of the eyelids
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Entropion
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Term for a reverted lower eyelid
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Ectropion
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Species that entropic and ectropic eyelids are common in
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Dogs
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Term for presence of additional cilia in eyelid
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Distichiasis
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Where do the additional eyelashes in distichiasis grow from?
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Meibomian gland ducts
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Term for a notch-like defect in the eyelid
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Coloboma
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Term for inflammation of eyelids
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Blepharitis
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Term for abscessation of the Meibomian gland
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Hordeolum
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Term for inflammation of the lacrimal gland
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Dacryoadenitis
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What does Dacryoadenitis occur secondarily to in dogs?
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Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
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What is eyelid edema a classic lesion of in swine?
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Edema disease
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What is the common name of protrusion of the third eyelid?
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Cherry eye
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What's a common benign neoplasm of the canine eyelid?
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Meibomian gland adenoma
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Pathogenesis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca
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Autoimmune destruction of the lacrimal gland
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6 possible eyelid tumors
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- Meibomian gland adenoma
- Viral papillomas - Hemangiomas - Melanomas - Equine sarcoid carcinomas - Equine squamous cell carcinomas |
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What does chronic conjunctivitis cause? (4)
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- Epithelial hyperplasia
- Squamous metaplasia with keratinization - Hyperplasia of goblet cells - Hyperplasia of lymphoid aggregates |
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Term for edema of the conjunctiva
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Chemosis
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What is infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis caused by?
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Moraxella bovis
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3 causes of infectious conjunctivitis in cats
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- Calicivirus
- Herpes virus - Chlamydophila felis |
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Genus of nematodes that live in conjunctival sac
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Thelazia
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Genus of nematodes that deposits larvae at medial canthus of horse's eye
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Habronema spp.
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Congenital defect characterized by a patch of haired skin on the surface of the cornea and/or conjunctiva
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Corneal dermoid
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Three steps of lesion development during keratitis
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Edema of substantia propria --> migration of leukocytes into cornea (cellular infiltration) --> neovascularization
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Define desmetacoele
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Ulcerations that extend to Descemet's membrane resulting in bulging of Descemet's membrane out through the corneal deficit
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What is the term for when the iris has been displaced into the desmetacoele?
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Corneal staphyloma
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Term for adherence of the iris to the posterior cornea
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Anterior synechia
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Term for a purulent exudate in anterior chamber of the eye
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Hypopyon
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3 examples of keratitis
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- Mycotic keratitis
- Pannus formation - Eosinophilic keratitis |
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Two species affected by Eosinophilic keratitis
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- Cats
- Horses |
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What is eosinophilic keratitis characterized by?
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Infiltration with eosinophils and mast cells
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Lesion caused by feline Herpesvirus 1
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Branching ulcers
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What species is affected most by mycotic keratitis?
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Horses
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Pathogenesis of mycotic keratitis
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Treatment of a corneal abrasion allows normal conjunctival fungi to colonize the damaged cornea
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Species that pannus involved with keratitis forms in
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Dogs
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Pathogenesis of pannus that's involved with keratitis
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Idiopathic, immune mediated disease
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What is pannus keratitis characterized by?
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Subepithelial proliferation of blood vessels and connective tissue
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What breed of dog is pannus keratitis most common in?
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GSDs
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Important neoplasia of the eye in cattle
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Ocular squamous cell carcinoma
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4 contributing factors to ocular squamous cell carcinoma formation in cattle
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- Periorbital pigmentation
- Sunlight - Genetics - Possibly viruses |
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What can be a sequela to ocular squamous cell carcinoma in cattle?
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Metastasis to regional lymph nodes
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How does the lens maintain clarity?
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ATPase pump that maintains an under-hydrated state
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2 ways the cornea maintains clarity
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- Na-K ATPase pump that maintains an underhydrated state
- Glycoaminoglycans bind water to maintain hydration and maintain orderly spacing between collagen fibrils |
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Term for an abnormally small lens
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Microphakia
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Term for an abnormally located lens
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Ectopia lentis
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Cataract (define)
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Permanent opacity of the lens caused by increased hydration resulting from alterations in nutrition, metabolism, or osmotic balance
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Which type of cataract is usually bilateral?
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Congenital
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3 causes of congenital cataracts
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- Viral infection
- Teratogens - Nutritional deficiencies |
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7 ways that cataracts can be acquired
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- Endopthalmitis
- Ocular trauma - Irradiation - Increased intraocular pressure - Toxins - Nutritional problems - Metabolic diseases |
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How does diabetes mellitus result in cataracts formation?
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Saturation of hexokinase causes glucose to be shunted to alternate pathways
- Causes sorbitol formation in the lens --> osmotically pulls water into lens |
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What causes pseudo-cataracts?
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Chilling of corpse after death
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Two lesions of cataracts
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- Morgagnian globules
- Bladder cells |
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What are morgagnian globules?
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Fragmentation and liquefaction of fibrils
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What are bladder cells?
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Large, foamy, multinucleated cells
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Primary cause of lens dislocation
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Trauma
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2 causes of lens dislocation
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- Trauma
- Chronic inflammation |
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What can the lens cause when displaced anteriorly?
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Glaucoma due to obstruction of aquous humor outflow
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What's a common acquired lenticular dislocation in terriers caused by?
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Degeneration of the zonular fibers
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What is inflammation of the lens called?
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Phakitis
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Leakage of lens protein due to lens rupture
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Phacoclastic uveitis
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What's an example of a developmental abnormality of the uvea?
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Persistent pupillary membrane
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What lesion is associated with a persistent pupillary membrane?
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Persistence of perilenticular vascular tunic
- Strand of tissue connecting the pupil to the lens or pupil to the cornea |
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Inflammation of the iris
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Iritis
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Inflammation of the ciliary body
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Cyclitis
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Inflammation of ciliary body and iris
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Iridocyclitis
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Inflammation of the choroid
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Choroiditis
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Alternative term for choroiditis
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Posterior uveitis
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Alternative term for iridocyclitis
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Anterior uveitis
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Inflammation of the entire uvea
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Panuveitis
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Inflammation of entire eye except the sclera
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Endopthalmitis
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Inflammation of entire eye including sclera
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Panopthalmitis
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Why is inflammation of the lens rare? (2)
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- Impermeable to leukocytes
- No blood vessels |
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What occurs in the acute stage of uveitis? (2)
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- Hyperemia
- Increased vascular permeability |
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3 lesions that can be seen in the acute stage of uveitis
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- Aqueous flare
- Hyphema - Hypopyon |
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Aqueous flare (define)
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Protein in the anterior chamber
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Hyphema (define)
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Blood in anterior chamber
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Hypopyon (define)
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Neutrophilic exudate in anterior chamber
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What occurs in the chronic stage of uveitis?
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Mononuclear inflammatory cells become the predominant cell type
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5 sequelae of uveitis
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- Anterior synechia
- Posterior synechia - Cyclitic membrane formation - Atrophy of ciliary processes - Iris bombe |
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What is anterior synechia?
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Attachment of iris to posterior cornea
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What is posterior synechia?
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Attachment of iris to anterior lens
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Define iris bombe
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Condition caused by circumferential attachment of iris to the anterior surface of the lens, causing the iris to bow out due to increased aqueous humor build up
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Define cyclitic membrane
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Band of granulation tissue that extends along the posterior surface of the lens
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Sequelae of cyclitic membrane
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Detachment of retina
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What can atrophy of uveal tissue lead to?
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Hypotony (reduced intraocular pressure) due to degeneration of ciliary processes
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Example of uveitis in horses
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Equine recurrent uveitis
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Progression of lesion in equine recurrent uveitis
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Recurrent bouts of acute uveitis beginning as an anterior uveitis but extending into endopthalmitis
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What is equine recurrent uveitis strongly correlated with?
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Leptospira infection
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What is feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) caused by?
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Feline coronavirus
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What is an important clinical hallmark of feline infectious peritonitis?
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Keratic precipitates on the cornea
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What is a classic lesion of infectious canine hepatitis in regards to the eye?
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Corneal edema ('blue eye')
- Caused by necrosis of the corneal endothelium |
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What is 'blue eye' in the dog a result of?
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Corneal edema caused by infectious canine hepatitis
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What causes corneal edema in cattle and other ungulates?
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Malignant catarrhal fever
- Causative agent: gammaherpesvirus |
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Term for white patchy areas of the skin
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Vitiligo
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Term for abnormally white hair
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Poliosis
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Cause of Uveodermatologic syndrome in dogs
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Immune system targeting uveal and dermal melanocytes
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Which 3 dog breeds are susceptible to uveodermatologic syndrome?
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Arctic breeds
- Akita - Huskies - Malamutes |
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Eye lesion associated with uveodermatologic syndrome
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Granulomatous uveitis
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4 skin lesions associated with uveodermatologic syndrome
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- Vitiligo
- Poliosis - Crusting - Ulceration |
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What is the most common intraocular tumor of dogs?
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Anterior uveal melanomas
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Where do anterior uveal melanomas arise from in dogs? (2)
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- Ciliary body
- Iris |
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Where do uveal melanomas arise from in the cat?
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Iris
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What's the primary difference in uveal melanomas in the cat and dog?
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Uveal melanomas in the cat are much more likely to metastasize
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Where do medulloepitheliomas arise from?
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The primitive neuroectoderm
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What is the most common intraocular tumor of horses?
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Medulloepitheliomas
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What is unique about medulloepitheliomas and what is the term for this condition?
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- May contain bits of brain, muscle, or cartilage tissue
- Teratoid medulloepithelioma |
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What is a unique tumor of cats caused by ocular trauma?
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Post-traumatic ocular sarcoma
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What's critical about post-traumatic ocular sarcomas?
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Have a high metastatic rate
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What is retinal dysplasia caused by?
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Congenital, abnormal differentiations of the retina
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3 breeds of dogs predisposed to retinal dysplasia
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- Irish Setter
- Norwegian Elkhound - Alaskan Malamute |
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Viral cause of retinal dysplasia in cats
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Panleukopenia
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Viral cause of retinal dysplasia in cattle
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BVD
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Viral cause of retinal dysplasia in sheep
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Blue-tongue virus
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4 general, non-congenital causes of retinal dysplasia
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- In utero viral infection
- Nutritional deficiency (Vitamin A) - Exposure to radiation - Drugs (teratogens?) |
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What is retinal degeneration caused by?
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The retina undergoing degeneration after birth
- Differentiated from dysplasia by being non-congenital |
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Two dog breeds pre-disposed to retinal degeneration
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- Miniature Poodle
- Welsh Corgis |
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4 causes of retinal detachment
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- Accumulation of transudates, exudates, tumors, or helminths behind pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors
- Contraction of cyclitic membrane - Leakage of vitreous humor - Trauma resulting in hemorrhage behind retina |
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What's the pathogenesis of hypertensive retinopathy?
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Chronic renal failure --> hypertension --> vascular damage in retina and choroid --> retinal ischemia --> retinal detachment
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What's a unique nutritional issue that can cause retinal degeneration in cats?
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Taurine deficiency
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Where does retinal detachment occur in the retina? (Or, two locations the retina is attached)
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- Ora ciliaris retinae
- Optic disc |
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Pathogenesis of nodular granulomatous episcleritis
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Idiopathic, inflammatory disease of the sclera of the retina
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Two dog breeds predisposed to nodular granulomatous episcleritis
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- Collies
- Shetland Sheepdogs |
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Morphological appearance of nodular granulomatous episcleritis
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Firm, nodular mass at the limbus
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Most common neoplasm of the sclera of dogs
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Limbal melanoma
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What forms the aqueous humor?
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Ciliary processes
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Flow of aqueous humor
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Ciliary processes --> posterior chamber --> pupil --> anterior chamber --> filtration angle
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3 filters of the filtration angle
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- Pectinate ligament
- Uveal trabecular meshwork - Corneoscleral trabecular meshwork |
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Elevation of intraocular pressure
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Hypertony
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What is primary glaucoma caused by?
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Congenital defect
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What is a primary glaucoma seen almost exclusively in?
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Dogs
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What does secondary glaucoma arise from? (3)
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- Anterior synechia
- Posterior synechia - Hypopyon |
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What does anterior synechia result from?
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- Adhesion of iris to cornea
- Anterior luxation of the lens |
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7 sequelae of glaucoma
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- Bupthalmos
- Xeropthalmia - Corneal edema - Uveal atrophy - Anterior lens luxation - Cataracts - Retinal detachment |
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Bupthalmos (define)
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Enlargement of the globe
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Xerophthalmia (define)
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Drying of the cornea
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Why is hypotony important in glaucoma?
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The reduction in intraocular pressure allows the cornea to bend or sag, which can disturb aqueous humor flow
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2 causes of hypotony
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- Decreased secretion of aqueous humor
- Increased removal of aqueous humor |
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What is the 'end stage' eye called?
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Phthisis bulbi
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3 lesions of phthisis bulbi
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- Hypotonic
- Shrunken - Structurally disorganized |
