Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
435 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
CN of Gongylonema pulchrum
|
Stitch worm
|
|
|
DH of Gongylonema pulchrum (2)
|
- Swine
- Ruminants |
|
|
Which species has pathognomonic sinusoidal tracts on the tongue?
|
Gongylonema pulchrum
|
|
|
IH of Gongylonema pulchrum
|
Dung beetles
|
|
|
Egg type passed by Gongylonema pulchrum
|
Embryonated egg
|
|
|
Tx of Gongylonema pulchrum
|
None available
|
|
|
Two genera of rumen flukes
|
- Paramphistomum spp.
- Cotylophoron spp. |
|
|
The level of parasitism which causes a less than genetic potential rate of gain, feed conversion, development, reproduction or less than optimum production of milk, meat, wool, hair, or a decrease in the quality of the above
|
Economic parasitism
|
|
|
Two superfamilies involved in parasitic gastroenteritis
|
- Trichostrongyloidea
- Strongyloidea |
|
|
What's the only member of Strongyloidea involved in parasitic gastroenteritis?
|
Oesphagostomum spp.
|
|
|
Three genera of Trichostrongyloidea involved with Parasitic Gastroenteritis found in the abomasum
|
- Haemonchus spp.
- Ostertagia sppp. - Trichostrongylus axei |
|
|
Three genera of Trichostrongyloidea involved with Parasitic Gastroenteritis found in the SI
|
- Trichostrongylus spp.
- Cooperia spp. - Nematodirus spp. |
|
|
During what season is development rate of larvae involved with gastreoenteritis the highest on pastures?
|
Summer months
|
|
|
During what season is % survival highest in larvae on pastures?
|
Winter months
|
|
|
Primary loss due to Parasitic Gastroenteritis Disease Complex
|
Economic
|
|
|
What predisposes young ruminants towards Parasitic Gastroenteritis Disease Complex?
|
Nutritional failures
|
|
|
Which abomasal parasite kills due to anemia and hypoproteinemia?
|
Haemonchus contortus
|
|
|
SF of Haemonchus contortus
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
|
Location of Haemonchus contortus geographically
|
Temperate and tropical climates
|
|
|
5 hosts of Haemonchus contortus
|
- Sheep
- Goats - Deer - Camelids - Exotic ruminants |
|
|
What is the most important parasitic helminth for small ruminants in tropical climates?
|
Haemonchus contortus
|
|
|
Transmission of Haemonchus contortus
|
Eat L3 while grazing
|
|
|
Which two stages of Haemonchus contortus suck blood?
|
- L4
- Adult |
|
|
When in the year does disease associated with Haemonchus contortus occur?
|
Early summer - Autumn
|
|
|
When do deaths associated with Haemonchus contortus generally occur?
|
2 weeks following rain after a dry spell
|
|
|
How does Haemonchus contortus survive adverse conditions?
|
Hypobiosis
|
|
|
What does Haemonchus contortus cause when coming out of hypobiosis?
|
Periparturient Relaxation of Resistance (PPRR)
|
|
|
Percentage of flock affected by peracute Haemonchus contortus symptoms
|
1 - 2%
|
|
|
2 symptoms of Haemonchus contortus peracute infection
|
- Edema
- Drowning in own juices |
|
|
3 symptoms of acute stage of Haemonchus contortus
|
- "Bottle Jaw"
- Anemia - Soft stool |
|
|
3 chronic symptoms of Haemonchus contortus
|
- Lowered wool production
- Anemia - Iron deficiency |
|
|
What's the most important helminth parasite of cattle in temperate areas of the world?
|
Ostertagia ostertagi
|
|
|
What season does Ostertagia ostertagi plague Texas?
|
Autumn - Summer
|
|
|
SF of Ostertagia ostertagi
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
|
CN of Ostertagia ostertagi
|
Brown stomach worm
|
|
|
Which parasite's male has splintered spicules?
|
Ostertagia ostertagi
|
|
|
What Ostertagia species is in small ruminants?
|
Ostertagia circumcinta
|
|
|
What parasite localizes within the gastric glands?
|
Ostertagia ostertagi
|
|
|
Transmission of Ostertagia ostertagi
|
Ingestion of L3
|
|
|
When in the year does Type I disease of Ostertagia ostertagi occur in the south?
|
Autumn/winter
|
|
|
What causes Type I disease of Ostertagia ostertagi?
|
Emergence of parasite from gastric glands
|
|
|
When does Type II disease of Ostertagia ostertagi occur in south?
|
Autumn
|
|
|
What causes Type II disease of Ostertagia ostertagi?
|
Simultaneous emergence of previously arrested larvae
|
|
|
Where does Ostertagia ostertagi undergo hypobiosis?
|
Gastric glands
|
|
|
3 conditions that cause Ostertagia ostertagi to emerge from hypobiosis
|
- Anthelmintic treatment
- Change in diet - Change in weather |
|
|
How does Ostertagia ostertagi cause clinical signs?
|
Lowers production of HCl and Pepsinogen
|
|
|
What occurs at pH 6.0 in abomasum?
|
- Pepsinogen is not activated
- Diarrhea |
|
|
What occurs at pH 7.0 in abomasum? (3)
|
- Diarrhea
- Sloughing of mucosa - Bacterial invasion |
|
|
What occurs at pH 4.0 in abomasum? (2)
|
- Pepsinogen not converted to pepsin
- Anorexia |
|
|
3 general symptoms of Ostertagia ostertagi infection
|
- Green to brown watery diarrhea
- Dehydration - Hypoproteinemia |
|
|
4 symptoms associated with Type I disease of Ostertagia ostertagi
|
- Failure to gain weight
- Anorexia - Diarrhea - Dehydration |
|
|
Which type of disease in Ostertagia ostertagi is most devastating?
|
Type II
|
|
|
4 symptoms of Type II disease of Ostertagia ostertagi
|
- Severe emaciation
- Brown/green diarrhea - Edema - Death (in 1 - 2 weeks) |
|
|
What parasite has an anterior excretory notch?
|
Trichostrongylus axei
|
|
|
What parasite tends to hang out with Ostertagia spp?
|
Trichostrongylus axei
|
|
|
3 symptoms of Trichostrongylus axei
|
- Gastritis
- Weight loss - Anorexia |
|
|
3 hosts of Trichostrongylus axei
|
- Horse
- Swine - All ruminants |
|
|
Egg type of Trichostrongylus axei
|
Segmented
|
|
|
SF of Trichostrongylus axei
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
|
What parasite is known as the 'black scour' or 'bankrupt' worm?
|
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
|
|
|
Location of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in host
|
SI
|
|
|
4 symptoms of Trichostrongylus colubriformis
|
- Anorexia
- Diarrhea - Weakness - Ill thrift |
|
|
Primary species affected by Trichostrongylus colubriformis in TX
|
Goats
|
|
|
What season and area is Trichostrongylus colubriformis important in?
|
Winter areas with high rainfall
|
|
|
Egg type of Trichostrongylus colubriformis
|
Segmented
|
|
|
Which parasite causes a deficiency in Vitamin A, Calcium, and Phosphorus?
|
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
|
|
|
What parasite causes osteodystrophy (Rickets) in lambs?
|
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
|
|
|
What parasite causes feed gains to halve?
|
Trichostrongylus colubriformis
- Requires twice as much feed for same amount of gain |
|
|
What genus is characterized by a cephalic vesicle with transverse cuticular striations?
|
Cooperia spp.
|
|
|
SF of Cooperia spp.
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
|
What's the most prevalent nematode of calves?
|
Cooperia spp.
|
|
|
Which Cooperia species is most prevalent in warm seasons in cattle? (2)
|
- Cooperia pectinata
- Cooperia punctata |
|
|
Which Cooperia species is most prevalent in cool seasons in cattle?
|
Cooperia oncophora
|
|
|
Which Cooperia species is resistant to macrolides?
|
Cooperia punctata
|
|
|
Which Cooperia species is found in sheep?
|
Cooperia curticei
|
|
|
When does immunity against Cooperia form?
|
5 - 7 months of age
|
|
|
SF of Nematodirus
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
|
Which parasite is a huge problem in European sheep industries?
|
Nematodirus battus
|
|
|
What genera is coiled in spring-like fashion?
|
Nematodirus
|
|
|
CN of Nematodirus
|
Twisted Wire Worm
|
|
|
What parasite is adapted to cold and arid climates?
|
Nematodirus spp.
|
|
|
Morphology of Nematodirus spp. male
|
Very long spicules
|
|
|
Morphology of Nematodirus spp. female
|
Blunt end with a single hair
|
|
|
Which genus has football shaped eggs containing 8 cells?
|
Nematodirus
|
|
|
When does Nematodirus spp. egg hatch?
|
Not until L3 is present within
|
|
|
Which species of Nematodirus is found in cattle?
|
Nematodirus helvetianus
|
|
|
Which species of Nematodirus is found in small ruminants? (2)
|
- Nematodirus spathiger
- Nematodirus abnormalis |
|
|
Tx of Nematodirus helvetianus
|
Treat only the young to aid those individuals and lower pasture contamination for next year
|
|
|
How do you measure parasitism in ruminant hosts?
|
Egg count
|
|
|
6 things that egg count is affected by
|
- Seasonal variance
- Grazing density - Age group involved - Worm burden - Parasite species - Host species |
|
|
Three management practices that select for resistance
|
- Deworm ewes at or before lambing
- Move to clean pastures after worming - Deworm strategically |
|
|
Which forage type will animals select?
|
Most palatable
|
|
|
What is competition for forage related to in regards to species?
|
Within species, not between species
|
|
|
What does a decrease in serum pepsinogen mean
|
Mechanical damage to mucosa and/or leakage from gut
|
|
|
What does PCV represent?
|
Level of anemia
|
|
|
What Bunostomum species is found in cattle?
|
Bunostomum phlebotomum
|
|
|
What Bunostomum species is found in sheep and goats?
|
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
|
|
|
Transmission of Bunostomum (2)
|
- Skin penetration
- Ingestion |
|
|
SF of Bunostomum
|
Strongyloidea
|
|
|
What parasite genus has cutting plates on the mouth?
|
Bunostomum
|
|
|
Migration of Bunostomum
|
Lymphatic-tracheal
|
|
|
2 symptoms of Bunostomum
|
- Anemia
- Dark, tarry stool |
|
|
What genus is the hookworm of cattle located in?
|
Bunostomum
|
|
|
SF of Strongyloides papillosus
|
Rhabditoidea
|
|
|
Egg type of Strongyloides papillosus
|
Larvated egg
|
|
|
Transmission of Strongyloides papillosus
|
- Skin penetration
- Transmammary |
|
|
Migration of Strongyloides papillosus
|
Skin-tracheal migration
|
|
|
What parasite can build up to tremendous amounts in environment?
|
Strongyloides papillosus
|
|
|
3 symptoms of Strongyloides papillosus
|
- Dermatitis
- Respiratory signs - Cardiac signs |
|
|
CN of Strongyloides papillosus
|
Hair worm
|
|
|
Egg type of Strongyloides papillosus
|
Larvated
|
|
|
Most important symptom of Strongyloides papillosus
|
Rapid death in cattle housed on saw dust
|
|
|
Morphology of Toxocara vitulorum
|
Three large lips
|
|
|
Egg type of Toxocara vitulorum
|
Larvated
|
|
|
Transmission of Toxocara vitulorum (2)
|
- Ingestion
- Transmammarily |
|
|
3 hosts of Toxocara vitulorum
|
- Cattle
- Buffalo - Bison |
|
|
Three symptoms of Toxocara vitulorum
|
- Diarrhea
- Emaciation - Death |
|
|
Egg morphology of Toxocara vitulorum
|
Rough, pitted, clear egg
|
|
|
Geographic location of Toxocara vitulorum (4)
|
- Southern USA
- South America - South Europe - Asia |
|
|
Which age group passes Toxocara vitulorum?
|
Calves only
|
|
|
What is the tapeworm genus of ruminants?
|
Monieza spp.
|
|
|
Cestode family of Monieza spp.
|
Anopolocephalidae
|
|
|
Which species of Monieza is found in small ruminants?
|
Monieza expansa
|
|
|
Which species of Monieza is found in cattle?
|
Monieza benedeni
|
|
|
Egg morphology of Monieza spp.
|
Irregular, angular shaped
|
|
|
IH of Monieza spp.
|
Oribatid mites
|
|
|
What stage of Monieza spp.is present in mites?
|
Cysticercoid
|
|
|
Transmission of Monieza spp.
|
DH eats infected IH
|
|
|
What's important about Giardia intestinalis?
|
Zoonotic potential
|
|
|
Cure for Cryptosporodium parvum in ruminants
|
None available
- Can only offer supportive therapy |
|
|
Age range of Cryptosporodium parvum affliction
|
Neonates
|
|
|
Species affected by Cryptosporodium parvum
|
Pretty much all domesticated species
|
|
|
Infective stage of Cryptosporodium parvum
|
Sporulated oocyst
|
|
|
Which parasite is infective as soon as it's passed?
|
Cryptosporodium parvum
|
|
|
How does Cryptosprodium parvum autoinfect?
|
Some sporozoites are released in the gut
|
|
|
3 symptoms of Cryptosporodium parvum
|
- Profuse watery diarrhea
- Dehydration - Hypothermia |
|
|
Method of transmission of Cryptosprodium parvum
|
Ingestion
|
|
|
Where does Cryptosprodium parvum localize in the host?
|
Brush border of enterocytes
|
|
|
Which parasite causes a milk colored diarrhea?
|
Cryptosprodium parvum
|
|
|
Dx of Cryptosprodium parvum
|
Acid-fast stain
|
|
|
CN of Oesphagostomium
|
Nodular worm
|
|
|
Morhpology of Oesphagostomium (3)
|
- Spiral anterior end
- Inflations on end - Leaf crown |
|
|
SF of Oesphagostomium
|
Strongyloidea
|
|
|
Oesphagostomium species in cattle
|
Oesphagostomium radiatum
|
|
|
Oesphagostomium species in sheep and goats (2)
|
Oesphagostomium columbianum
Oesphagostomium venulosum |
|
|
Location of Oesphagostomium in host
|
SI --> LI
|
|
|
Egg type of Oesphagostomium
|
Segmented
|
|
|
Which parasite has economic importance due to loss of intestines for sausage casings?
|
Oesphagostomium
|
|
|
Transmission of Oesphagostomium (2)
|
- Ingestion
- Skin penetration |
|
|
3 symptoms of Oesphagostomium
|
- Poor reproductive rate
- Ulcerative colitis - Emaciation |
|
|
SF of Chabertia ovina
|
Strongyloidea
|
|
|
CN of Chabertia ovina
|
Large mouthed bowel worm
|
|
|
Morphology of Chabertia ovina
|
- Rudimentary leaf crown
- Large buccal cavity |
|
|
Location of Chabertia ovina
|
Colon
|
|
|
What is the primary species affected by Chabertia ovina?
|
Sheep
|
|
|
PPP of Chabertia ovina
|
9 weeks
|
|
|
Geographical distribution of Chabertia ovina
|
Pacific NW
|
|
|
Symptom of Chabertia ovina
|
Bloody, mucous diarrhea
|
|
|
Primary symptom of Chabertia ovina
|
Anemia due to plug feeding
|
|
|
Where is Trichuris spp. found in ruminants?
|
Cecum
|
|
|
Species that Trichuris ovis is found in (3)
|
- Sheep
- Goats - Exotic ruminants |
|
|
Species that Trichuris discolor is found in (3)
|
- Cattle
- Sheep - Goats |
|
|
Species that Trichuris globulosa is found in (2)
|
- Cattle
- Sheep |
|
|
Egg morphology of Trichuris spp.
|
Small, brownish-yellow eggs with bipolar plugs
- Unsegmented egg |
|
|
Which protozoa is an incidental finding in diarrhea?
|
Pentatrichomonas hominis
|
|
|
Which protozoa resembles Balantidium coli
|
Buxtonella spp.
|
|
|
Which reproductive product of Eimeria is passed in feces?
|
Unsporulated oocyst
|
|
|
Infective stage of Eimeria
|
Sporulated oocyst
|
|
|
Eimeria infection common in ruminants.
|
But Eimeria disease is rare
|
|
|
What two animal species share an Eimeria species?
|
- Sheep
- Goats |
|
|
What acts as a trigger for disease with Eimeria?
|
Stress
- Crowding - Weaning - Feed change - Weather change - Shipping |
|
|
4 clinical signs of Eimeria
|
- Diarrhea
- Tenesmus - Emaciation - Weakness |
|
|
Gross Morphology of Eimeria infection
|
Thickened intestined w/ raised lesions
|
|
|
What are drugs that limit the ability of Eimeria to reproduce at normal rates, but don't kill them?
|
Coccidiostats
|
|
|
4 classes of drugs used as Coccidiostats
|
- Sulfonamides
- Amprolium - Decoquinate - Ionophores |
|
|
Species of Eimeria in cattle (3)
|
- Eimeria zuernii
- Eimeria bovis - Eimeria auburnensis |
|
|
What Eimeria species causes CNS distrubances?
|
Eimeria zuernii
|
|
|
Which Eimeria species is only pathogenic with severe challenge?
|
Eimeria bovis
|
|
|
Symptom of Eimeria auburnensis
|
Bloody, mucous diarrhea
|
|
|
Ranking of pathogenesis of Eimeria in cattle
|
E. zuernii > E. auburnensis > E. bovis
|
|
|
Which parasite has a large, golden, operculate egg?
|
Fasciola hepatica
|
|
|
Two things that the Fasciola hepatica miracidium requires to hatch out of egg
|
- Sunlight
- Fresh water |
|
|
IH of Fasciola hepatica
|
Right handed, amphibian snails
|
|
|
3 stages of Fasciola hepatica in the snail
|
Sporocyst --> Redia --> Cercaria
|
|
|
Critical temperature range for development of Fasciola hepatica
|
50 F - 86 F
|
|
|
PPP of Fasciola hepatica
|
12 - 14 weeks
|
|
|
What stage of Fasciola hepatica is infective to the host?
|
Metacercaria
|
|
|
When does acute fascioliosis occur?
|
5 - 6 weeks of infection with deaths at 6 - 8 weeks
- Occurs before PPP so no eggs to Dx with |
|
|
Two species affected by Black Disease
|
- Sheep
- Cattle |
|
|
What is Black Disease caused by?
|
Clostridium novyi
|
|
|
Morphology of acute fascioliosis
|
Hemorrhagic tracts with cellular damage and cirrhosis
|
|
|
What causes red water?
|
Clostridium haemolyticum
|
|
|
What is the SN for Red Water?
|
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
|
|
|
5 symptoms of chronic disease of Fasciola hepatica
|
- Biliary fibrosis
- Bottle jaw - Anemia - Ill thrift - Jaundice |
|
|
What economic impact does Fasciola hepatica make? (4)
|
- Condemnation of liver **
- Reduced feed conversion - Lowered reproductive efficacy - Delays puberty |
|
|
What is Black Disease often characterized by?
|
Sudden death
- Sheep die overnight - Cattle die in 1 - 4 days |
|
|
What does acute fascioliosis occur most often in?
|
Sheep
|
|
|
What does Black Disease occur most often in? (2)
|
- Sheep
- Cattle |
|
|
What parasite causes rapid putrification of corpses?
|
Fasciola hepatica when accompanied by Clostridium novyi
|
|
|
Two diagnostic techniques of Fasciola hepatica
|
- Fecal sedimentation
- Fluke finder |
|
|
What serological evidence can indicate fascioliosis?
|
Elevated GGT
- Indicates biliary damage |
|
|
Control of Fasciola hepatica (2)
|
- Control snail population **
- Strategic usage of anthelmintics |
|
|
CN of Fascioloides magna
|
Giant deer fluke
|
|
|
DH of Fascioloides magna
|
Cervidae
|
|
|
IH of Fascioloides magna
|
Amphibious snails (Lymnaeidae)
|
|
|
3 hosts of Fascioloides magna in North America
|
- WTD
- Wapiti - Mule deer |
|
|
2 hosts of Fascioloides magna in Europe
|
- Wapiti
- Red deer |
|
|
Pathogenesis of Fascioloides magna in cattle and moose
|
Thick encapsulations lack connecting channels to bile ducts
|
|
|
3 species that Fascioloides magna can be fatal in due to wandering
|
- Sheep
- Goat - Llama |
|
|
What parasite causes pathognomonic black pigmentation?
|
Fascioloides magna
|
|
|
Two organs where Fascioloides magna is found
|
- Lungs
- Uterus |
|
|
Three locations that black pigmentation from Fascioloides magna is found
|
- Liver
- LN - Omentum |
|
|
When to treat cattle for Fasciola hepatica?
|
Autumn
|
|
|
Drug of choice for treatment of Fascioloides magna
|
Albendazole
|
|
|
SN of Lancet fluke
|
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
|
|
Where does Dicrocoelium dendriticum localize?
|
Bile ducts
|
|
|
DH of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (3)
|
- Sheep
- Cattle - Goats |
|
|
What is Dicrocoelium dendriticum found most in?
|
Sheep
|
|
|
1st IH of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
Land snail
- Cionella |
|
|
2nd IH of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
Ant
- Formica |
|
|
Distribution of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (3)
|
- NE US (NY, NJ, PA)
- Europe - Asia |
|
|
Which trematode has eggs that contain miracidiums when they're passed?
|
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
|
|
Transmission of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
Ingestion of ant
|
|
|
Significance of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
Economic loss due to condemnation of livers
|
|
|
Control of Dicrocoelium dendriticum
|
Biological control
- Rotate pastures with chickens - Not really practical |
|
|
Primary DH of Thysanosoma actinoides
|
Sheep
|
|
|
What's the only ruminant not affected by Thysanosoma actinoides?
|
Cattle
|
|
|
IH of Thysanosoma actinoides
|
Psocids (book lice)
|
|
|
What is psocids an IH of?
|
Thysanosoma actinoides
|
|
|
Significance of Thysanosoma actinoides
|
Condemnation of livers
|
|
|
What species is known as the fringed tapeworm?
|
Thysanosoma actinoides
|
|
|
What species is a filarid in cattle?
|
Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
|
|
DH of Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
Ruminants
|
|
|
Male morphology of Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
Corkscrew tail
|
|
|
Female morphology of Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
Female tail ends in button
|
|
|
Location of Setaria labiatopaillosa in host
|
Peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
IH of Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
Mosquitoes
|
|
|
Geographical distribution of Setaria labiatopaillosa in cattle
|
Worldwide
|
|
|
Geographical distribution of Setaria labiatopaillosa in sheep and goats
|
Middle east
|
|
|
Which ruminant parasite should be left to resolve on its own because treatment causes adverse effects?
|
Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
|
|
What indicates that treatment of Setaria labiatopaillosa can be CI in ruminants?
|
Number of adult dead worms in inguinal canal is related to bull infertility
|
|
|
Major significance of Setaria labiatopaillosa
|
Infertility in bulls
|
|
|
SN of Long Necked Bladderworm
|
Taenia hydatigena
|
|
|
What is the SN of the larval form of Taenia hydatigena?
|
Cysticercus tenuicollis
|
|
|
DH of Taenia hydatigena
|
Canids
|
|
|
IH of Taenia hydatigena
|
Ruminants
|
|
|
Pathogenesis of Taenia hydatigena
|
Liver damage with hemorrhagic tracts
|
|
|
Px of Taenia hydatigena
|
Don't feed raw offal to dogs
|
|
|
Which disease cycle of Echinococcus granulosas is most commonly associated with zoonosis?
|
Sheep-dog cycle
|
|
|
How does IH become infected with Echinococcus granulosas?
|
Ingesting embryophore
|
|
|
Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosas for IH
|
Embryophore
|
|
|
How do you treat Echinococcus granulosas in ruminants?
|
No treatment available
|
|
|
SF of Dictyocaulus
|
Trichostrongyloidea
|
|
|
CN of Dictyocaulus
|
Lungworms
|
|
|
What genus of parasites in ruminants has L1 stage passed in feces? (2)
|
- Dictyocaulus spp.
- Protostrongylus |
|
|
Two hosts of Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
- Cattle
- Deer |
|
|
Infective stage of Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
L3
|
|
|
What parasite is unable to actively wriggle away from fecal material?
|
Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
|
|
How do Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae move around?
|
On sporangiophores of Pilobolus fungus
|
|
|
PPP of Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
3 weeks
|
|
|
2 general symptoms of Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
- Edema
- Emphysema |
|
|
What does Dictyocaulus viviparus cause during PPP?
|
Eosinophilic exudate to form
- Causes alveolar collapse |
|
|
6 symptoms of acute Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
- Verminous pneumonia
- Coughing - Dyspnea - Cyanosis - Tachycardia - Death (in 3 - 14 days) |
|
|
Pathognomonic symptom of chronic Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
'Hoose' cough
|
|
|
Type of immunity formed from Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
Strong resistance for 3 months, then wanes
|
|
|
Which ruminant parasite species has a vaccine available for it?
|
Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
|
|
Dx of Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
Baermann collection of L1 larvae
|
|
|
3 ways to control Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
- Rotate pasture usage between calves and cows
- Prevent groups of calves from running together - Vaccine |
|
|
What Dictyocaulus species affects sheep?
|
Dictyocaulus filaria
|
|
|
SF of Protostrongylus rufescens
|
Metastrongyloidea
|
|
|
CN of Protostrongylus rufescens
|
Lungworm
|
|
|
Morphologic characteristic of Protostrongylus rufescens larvae
|
Kinked tail
|
|
|
Which parasite passes an L1 larva with a kinked tail? (2)
|
- Protostrongylus rufescens
- Mullerius capillaris |
|
|
DH of Protostrongylus rufescens (2)
|
- Sheep
- Goat |
|
|
IH of Protostrongylus rufescens (2)
|
- Land snail
- Slug |
|
|
Which ruminant parasite gains a month long protective effect from macrolides?
|
Dictyocaulus viviparus
|
|
|
Which parasite is a large problem in Bighorn Sheep?
|
Protostrongylus stilesi
|
|
|
Dx of Protostrongylus rufescens
|
Baermann test
- Look for L1 larvae with kinked tail |
|
|
How is Protostrongylus stilesi transmitted?
|
Transmammary only
|
|
|
Significance of Protostrongylus stilesi
|
Lamb killer
|
|
|
SF of Mullerius capillaris
|
Metastrongyloidea
|
|
|
Morphology of Mullerius capillaris larvae (3)
|
- 0.23 - 0.3 mm long
- Kinked tail - Small dorsal spine |
|
|
What differentiates Mullerius capillaris larvae from Protostrongylus refuscens?
|
Small dorsal spine on Mullerius capillaris
|
|
|
DH of Mullerius capillaris
|
- Goats **
- Sheep |
|
|
Primary DH of Mullerius capillaris
|
Goats
|
|
|
IH of Mullerius capillaris
|
- Land snails
- Slugs |
|
|
Location of Mullerius capillaris in DH
|
- Terminal bronchioles
- Alveoli |
|
|
SN of Sheep Bot Fly
|
Oestrus ovis
|
|
|
Which parasyte is found in the larynx of cattle
|
Mammonogamus laryngeus
|
|
|
Which parasite is Y-shaped?
|
Mammogamus laryngeus
|
|
|
Control of Oestrus ovis
|
Ivermectin
|
|
|
Behavior of sheep affected by Oestrus ovis
|
Sheep don't feed, but sit in shade with noses on ground
|
|
|
How can Oestrus ovis kill the host?
|
Osteomyelitis caused by dead bots leads to meningoencephalitis
|
|
|
Symptom of Oestrus ovis
|
Mucopurulent discharge
|
|
|
Host of Cephenemyia spp.
|
Deer
|
|
|
Where does the Cephenemyia spp. female deposit eggs?
|
Nostrils
|
|
|
Where does the Cephenemyia spp. larvae develop?
|
Pharyngeal pouches
|
|
|
Why is Cephenemyia spp. important?
|
Hunters think it's in the meat
|
|
|
Which species of trypanosoma is found outside the tsetse belt of Africa?
|
Trypanosoma vivax
|
|
|
Biological vector of Trypanosoma vivax
|
Tsetse fly
|
|
|
Mechanical vector of Trypanosoma vivax
|
Horse fly
|
|
|
Where is Trypanosoma vivax found? (3)
|
- Tsetse belt of africa
- South America - Central America |
|
|
3 hosts of Trypanosoma vivax
|
- Cattle
- Sheep - Goats |
|
|
4 symptoms of Trypanosoma vivax
|
- Fever
- Anemia - Emaciation - Weakness |
|
|
Which salivarian Trypanosoma species has sub-species that infect man?
|
Trypanosoma brucei
|
|
|
Which stercorarian Trypanosoma species infects cattle?
|
Trypanosoma theileri
|
|
|
Which Trypanosoma species is nonpathogenic
|
Trypanosoma theileri
|
|
|
Distribution of Trypanosoma theileri
|
Worldwide
|
|
|
How is Trypanosoma theileri transmitted?
|
Ingestion of horsefly
|
|
|
What is the large babesia of cattle?
|
Babesia bigemina
|
|
|
What is the small babesia of cattle?
|
Babesia bovis
|
|
|
Distribution of Babesia bigemina (5)
|
- South America
- Central America - Asia - Africa - Australia |
|
|
Transmission of Babesia bigemina
|
Rhipicephalus annulatus
|
|
|
What disease causes Texas Cattle Fever?
|
Babesia bigemina
|
|
|
2 symptoms of Babesia bigemina
|
- Anemia
- Hemoglobinuria |
|
|
What stage of tick transmits Babesia bigemina?
|
Nymphal
|
|
|
What stage of tick transmits Babesia bovis?
|
Larval
|
|
|
3 symptoms of Babesia bigemina
|
- Anemia
- Hemoglobinuria - CNS disease |
|
|
How does Babesia bigemina cause CNS disease?
|
Infected RBCs clog capillary beds in the brain
|
|
|
Vector of Babesia bigemina
|
Rhipicephalus microplus
|
|
|
Can premunize against Babesia
|
Can premunize against Babesia
|
|
|
DH of Theileria spp.
|
Ticks
|
|
|
Where is the merogony stage of Theileria spp. located in the VH?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
Where are the piroplasms of Theileria spp. located in the VH?
|
RBCs
|
|
|
What is disease by Theleria parva characterized by?
|
Lymphoid hyperplasia
|
|
|
Which Theleria species has ~100% mortality in cattle?
|
Theleria parva
- Asymptommatic in water buffalo |
|
|
Host of Theleria parva (2)
|
Cattle
Water buffalo |
|
|
Distribution of Theleria parva
|
Africa
|
|
|
Disease caused by Theleria parva
|
East Coast fever
|
|
|
What causes Tropical theileriosis?
|
Theleria annulata
|
|
|
Distribution of Theleria annulata (3)
|
- North Africa
- Middle East - India |
|
|
What transmits Theleria cervi?
|
Ambylomma americana
|
|
|
What are the two most pathogenic species of Theleria?
|
Theleria annulata
Theleria parva |
|
|
What is the DH of Theleria cervi?
|
WTD
|
|
|
Which genus of ruminant parasites is located in the eye?
|
Thelazia
|
|
|
IH of Thelazia spp. (2)
|
Diptera generas
- Fannia spp. - Musca spp. |
|
|
Which Thelazia species is found in sheep?
|
Thelazia californensis
|
|
|
Which Thelazia species is found in deer?
|
Thelazia californensis
|
|
|
Which Thelazia species is found in cattle? (2)
|
Thelazia gulosa
Thelazia skrjabini |
|
|
What is the stage of Thelazia that is shed?
|
L1
|
|
|
How are Thelazia L1s shed? (2)
|
- Lacrimation
- Migrate down nasal-lacrymal duct |
|
|
What stage of Thelazia is infective?
|
L3
|
|
|
What is the meningeal worm of deer?
|
Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis
|
|
|
DH of Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis
|
Deer
|
|
|
IH off Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis (2)
|
- Land snails
- Slugs |
|
|
DH of Taenia multiceps
|
Canids
|
|
|
IH of Taenia multiceps
|
Sheep
|
|
|
Which parasite has coenurus cysts in the CNS?
|
Taenia multiceps
|
|
|
Symptoms of Taenia multiceps
|
- Locomotor disturbances (circling, star gazing)
|
|
|
Disease caused by Taenia multiceps
|
"Sturdy" or "gid"
|
|
|
What causes beef measles?
|
Taenia saginata
|
|
|
What are the larvae of Taenia saginata called?
|
Cysticercus bovis
|
|
|
Morphology of Taenia saginata
|
4 suckers
- Unarmed |
|
|
DH of Taenia saginata
|
Human
|
|
|
IH of Taenia saginata
|
Cattle
|
|
|
Primary importance of Taenia saginata
|
Condemnation of carcasses
|
|
|
What causes sheep measles?
|
Taenia ovis
|
|
|
DH of Taenia ovis
|
Canids
|
|
|
IH of Taenia ovis
|
Sheep
|
|
|
Cyst of Taenia in the musculature
|
Cysticercus
- Single protoscolex |
|
|
Control of Taenia ovis
|
Prevent dogs from defecating near sheep
- No treatment |
|
|
DH of Sarcocystis spp.
|
Carnivore
|
|
|
IH of Sarcocystis spp. (3)
|
- Cattle
- Sheep - Goats |
|
|
Relationship of Sarcocystis spp. DH and IH
|
Predator/prey relationship
|
|
|
Importance of Sarcocystis spp.
|
Condemnation of carcasses
|
|
|
What genera causes an eosinophilic granuloma surrounding a cyst?
|
Sarcocystis spp.
|
|
|
What genera causes greenish foci on musculature?
|
Sarcocystis spp.
|
|
|
5 symptoms of Sarcocystis spp.
|
- Abortion
- Lymphadenopathy - Damage to cardiac muscle - Weight loss - Hair loss |
|
|
Tx of Sarcocystis spp.
|
None available
|
|
|
Control of Sarcocystis spp. (2)
|
- Cook meat
- Keep dogs, cats, and humans away from livestock |
|
|
What does Tritrichomonas foetus cause?
|
Bovine Venereal Trichomoniasis
|
|
|
What does Tritrichomonas foetus cause in cows?
|
Abortion
|
|
|
What does Tritrichomonas foetus cause in bulls?
|
Infertility
|
|
|
What ruminant parasite is transmitted venereally?
|
Tritrichomonas foetus
|
|
|
Host of Tritrichomonas foetus
|
Cattle
|
|
|
How soon does embryonic death occur due to Tritrichomonas foetus?
|
15 - 80 days
|
|
|
Treatment of Tritrichomonas foetus
|
None available
- Cows will spontaneously clear infection - Bulls don't though |
|
|
What parasite is tested for prior to sale of cattle?
|
Tritrichomonas foetus
|
|
|
DH of Toxoplasma gondii
|
Cats
|
|
|
IH of Toxoplasma gondii (2)
|
- Mammals
- Birds |
|
|
What parasite are cattle resistant to?
|
Toxoplasma gondii
- Can still be infected though |
|
|
What does Toxoplasma gondii cause in sheep and goats? (2)
|
- Abortion
- Neonatal death |
|
|
Major cause of abortion in goats and sheep?
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
|
|
What two species does Toxoplasma gondii produce a biphasic disease in?
|
- Sheep
- Goats |
|
|
4 methods of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii
|
- Ingestion of sporulated oocyst
- Ingestion of tissue forms - Ingestion of contaminated milk - Vertical transmission (transplacental/transmammary) |
|
|
Infective stage of Toxoplasma gondii
|
Sporulated oocyst
|
|
|
Infective stage of Toxoplasma gondii when tissue is ingested
|
Tachyzoites
- Includes milk |
|
|
What does Neospora caninum cause in cattle?
|
Abortion during mid-gestation
|
|
|
What parasite causes abortion in mid-gestation?
|
Neospora caninum
|
|
|
Transmission of Neospora caninum
|
Ingestion of sporulated oocyst
|
|
|
Two stages of Neospora caninum found in brain of fetus
|
- Bradyzoite cysts
- Tachyzoites |
|
|
DH of Neospora caninum
|
Dogs
|
|
|
Infective stage of Neospora caninum to IH
|
Sporulated oocyst
|
|
|
What does the pattern of disease in Neospora caninum indicate?
|
Point source of infection from contaminated feed sources
|
|
|
SF of Elaeophora schneideri
|
Filaroidea
|
|
|
Where are adult Elaeophora schneideri found?
|
Carotid artery
|
|
|
Where are Elaeophora schneideri microfilaria found?
|
In the skin
|
|
|
DH of Elaeophora schneideri
|
Mule deer
|
|
|
IH of Elaeophora schneideri
|
Horse fly (hybomitra)
|
|
|
Geographical distribution of Elaeophora schneideri
|
- Southern Rocky Mountains
- Texas |
|
|
Infective stage of Elaeophora schneideri
|
L3
|
|
|
Pathogenecity of Elaeophora schneideri in mule deer
|
Nothing
|
|
|
Pathogenecity of Elaeophora schneideri in sheep
|
Dermatitis of the head
|
|
|
Pathogenecity of Elaeophora schneideri in wapiti and sika deer (4)
|
- Clear eyed blindness
- Unusual antler formation - Dry gangrene - CNS disturbances |
|
|
SF of Stephanofilaria stilesi
|
Filaroidea
|
|
|
Location of Stephanofilaria stilesi in host
|
Cutaneous lymphatics on ventral abdomen near umbilicus
|
|
|
DH of Stephanofilaria stilesi
|
Cattle
|
|
|
IH of Stephanofilaria stilesi
|
Haemotobia irritans (horn fly)
|
|
|
Geographical distribution of Stephanofilaria stilesi
|
- Southern USA
- Latin America |
|
|
SF of Onchocerca spp.
|
Filaroidea
|
|
|
DH of Onchocerca spp.
|
Cattle
|
|
|
IH of Onchocerca spp.
|
Simulium (black fly)
|
|
|
Where are the Onchocerca spp. larvae located?
|
Skin
|
|
|
What species of Onchocerca has adults located in the ligamentum nuchae, stifle joints, and splenic ligament?
|
Onchocerca lienalis
|
|
|
What species of Onchocerca has adults located in the subcutaneous brisket?
|
Onchocerca gibsoni
|
|
|
What species of Onchocerca has adults located in the aorta?
|
Onchocerca armillata
|
|
|
Which species of Onchocerca is important, and why?
|
Onchocerca gibsoni
- Economic loss due to adults in brisket |
|
|
SN of the Common Cattle Grub
|
Hypoderma lineatum
|
|
|
SN of the Northern Cattle Grub
|
Hypoderma bovis
|
|
|
Which species of Hypoderma is found in Texas?
|
Hypoderma lineatum
|
|
|
Which species of Hypoderma is found in the northern US?
|
Hypoderma bovis
|
|
|
What are the larva of Hypoderma spp. called?
|
Warbles
|
|
|
Main problem of Hypoderma spp.
|
Major economic loss due to holes in hide down dorsal midline
|
|
|
Two reasons for economic loss associated with Hypoderma spp.
|
- Economic loss of leather
- Chances for weight gain lost due to hosts standing in water or moving around trying to avoid adult flies |
|
|
What genus may present an immune response when the larval stages are killed in the esophagus or spinal canal?
|
Hypoderma spp.
|
|
|
What drug class causes Hypoderma larvae to initiate an immune response in the host when larvae are present in spinal canal or esophagus?
|
Organophosphates
|
|
|
Two symptoms caused by Organophosphate treatment of Hypoderma spp.
|
- Bloat
- Ataxia |
|
|
Reason for Hypoderma being an endangered species
|
Effectiveness of macrocyclic lactone treatment
|
|
|
Two classes of drugs used to treat Hypoderma spp.
|
- Systemic organophosphates
- Avermectins/Milbemycins (macrocyclic lactones) |
|
|
When should treatment for Hypoderma spp. be done?
|
Soon after fly activity ceases to kill before larvae reach esophagus or spinal canal
|
|
|
Which bot has painful lesions?
|
Dermatobia hominis
|
|
|
Geographical distribution of Dermatobia hominis
|
Mexico to Argentina
|
|
|
What bot attracts screwworms and other myiasis producing flies?
|
Dermatobia hominis
|
|
|
DH of Dermatobia hominis (4)
|
- Sheep
- Man - Dogs - Cats |
|
|
Pathology of Dermatobia hominis (2)
|
- Painful lesions
- Secondary myiasis or bacterial infections |
