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256 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
From which feed category do cats and dogs not typically eat from?
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Forage
|
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What ultimately determines the amount of food an animal can eat?
|
Amount of dry material that must be processed in the GIT
|
|
How much dry matter should an adult animal eat per day?
|
2% of BW
|
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How much dry matter is in dog food on average?
|
90%
|
|
What is the most important nutrient?
|
Water
|
|
What four things does water intake depend on?
|
- Age
- Temperature - Diet - Health |
|
How much water should an animal receive in terms of kg/day and per kcal?
|
50 ml/kg/day
1 ml/kcal |
|
|
|
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Amount of nutrients (formula)
|
Amount of Nutrients = Amount of Feed * Concentration of Nutrients
|
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Criteria used to assess water quality (2)
|
- Coliform counts
- Content of dissolved solids |
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Concentration of TDS / L that's acceptable
|
< 2,500 mg TDS / L
|
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What are the 5 general classes of feeds?
|
- Forages
- Concentrates (grains) - Supplements - By-products - Additives |
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What is the most critical of essential AA for mammalian herbivores?
|
Lysine
|
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What is the primary AA in plasma and muscle?
|
Glutamine
|
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What species can Glutamine be toxic to, and why?
|
Cats
- They don't metabolize it well |
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What AA can be toxic to cats?
|
Glutamine
|
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Metabolizable Energy (define)
|
Remaining biologically utilizable energy after some is lost in feces and urine
|
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What AA is essential in dogs and cats both?
|
Arginine
|
|
|
|
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Total Digestable Nutrients (define)
|
Term used to express energy content of large animal feedstuffs
|
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What component of protein is actually measure to estimate protein content of a feed?
|
Crude Protein (CP) is most frequently used estimate for CNH content of food
- CP is determined by Kjeldahl procedure, measuring ammonia |
|
What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'beef' on the food label?
|
> 70%
|
|
What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'beef dinner' or 'with beef' on the food label?
|
> 10%
|
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What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'beef flavor' on the food label?
|
No particular percentage
- Just has to be 'recognizable to pet' |
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What fiber type is fermentable in bowels to SCFAs (short chain fatty acids)?
|
Soluble
|
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What fiber type helps maintain colonic health?
|
Soluble
|
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What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'dog food' on the food label?
|
Any level
|
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What two statements of adequacy can potentially be listed on every food label according to AAFCO?
|
- Meets or exceeds minimum nutritional levels established by AAFCO
- Complete and Balanced nutrition for (species) substantiated by testing performed in accordance with the procedures established by AAFCO |
|
What are the four plasma lipoprotein classes?
|
- Chylomicrons
- LDL - VLDL - IDL |
|
Which AAFCO statement is established by feeding trials?
Which AAFCO statement is only established by chemistry analysis? |
- Complete and Balanced nutrition for (species) substantiated by testing performed in accordance with the procedures established by AAFCO
- Meets or exceeds minimum nutritional levels established by AAFCO |
|
What is the general function of bad fats?
|
Facilitative
|
|
What is the general function of good fats?
|
Functional
|
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What do facilitative fats do? (4)
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- Adds palatablity and texture
- Provides a dense calorie source - Stored as energy - Promotes fat soluble vitamin absorption |
|
What do functional fats do? (2)
|
- Involved in cell regulation
- Involved in cell metabolism |
|
6 essential fatty acids
|
- Linoleic acid
- a-Linolenic - Arachidonic acid - g-linolenic acid - Eicosapentanoic acid - Docosahexanoic acid |
|
Which fatty acid is conditionally essential in cats?
|
Arachidonic acid
|
|
Which fatty acid is conditionally essential in neonates?
|
Docosahexaenoic acid
|
|
Vitamins (define)
|
Organic compounds essential for normal metabolism
|
|
Vitamers (define)
|
Structurally similar to vitamins
- Produce similar results as 'parent' vitamins |
|
|
|
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What nutrient supplies most of the calories in dry-type foods?
|
COH
|
|
5 functions of minerals
|
- Structural components in bone
- Electrolytes - pH - Enzymes - Messaging systems |
|
7 Macrominerals
|
- Ca
- P - Na - K - Cl - Mg - S |
|
What is the most important general nutrient for carnivores?
|
Fat
|
|
7 microminerals
|
- Fe
- Cu - Zn - Mn - I - Se - Co |
|
What does ARMS stand for and what is it used for?
|
Used to make a nutritional recommendation
- Assessment - Route of Delivery - Monitor - Start Slowly |
|
What does BEE stand for?
|
Basal Energy Expenditure
|
|
What does RER stand for?
|
Resting Energy Requirement
|
|
What are the three conditions of BEE?
|
- Thermoneutral environment
- Post-absorptive state - Resting, intact adult |
|
Define REE
|
Resting Energy Expenditure
- Amount of energy needed to get up in the morning |
|
Equation for REE
|
REE ~ 1.2*BEE
|
|
Define MEE
|
Metabolic Energy Expenditure
- Total amount of energy needed to get up in the morning and get going throughout the day |
|
Formula for MEE in dogs and cats
|
Dog: MEE = 2*BEE
Cat: MEE = 1.4*BEE |
|
3 processes that metabolizable energy includes
|
- Digestion/absorption of food
- Temperature regulation - Activity |
|
Generic equation for dog metabolizable energy
|
ME = 125 * W^0.75
|
|
Generic equation for metabolizable energy in cats
Equation for ME in Lean cats (BCS < 5) Equation for ME in Obese cats (BCS > 5) |
ME = 75 * Ideal BW^0.67
ME = 100 X Ideal BW^0.67 ME = 100 X Ideal BW^0.4 |
|
3 objective ways to assess nutrition
|
- BW
- Albumin - Lymphocyte count |
|
2 metabolic reasons that cats are nutritionally different
|
- Constant gluconeogenic state
- Sensitive to arginine deficiency |
|
Why do cats require a high protein diet?
|
Cats have a high activity of catabolic AA enzymes
- Cats waste a lot of protein |
|
Percentage of moisture found in canned (moist) diets
Percentage of moisture found in semi-moist diets |
75%
15 - 30% |
|
What is a unique AA requirement in cats?
|
Arginine
|
|
Why is arginine critical for cats?
|
Used to dispose of ammonia
|
|
5 symptoms of arginine deficiency
|
- Hyperammonia
- Hyperglycemia - Rapid weight loss - Vomiting - Tetany/coma/death |
|
Calculation of dry matter content in pet foods
|
% Dry matter = 100% - % moisture
% dry weight of named ingredient = % of ingredient % ingredient on a dry matter basis = % of ingredient / % dry matter |
|
Importance of Ornithine
|
Arginine broken down to generate urea and ornithine
- Ornithine is built upon by urea to re-form arginine - Cats can't naturally make enough ornithine, so they require plenty of arginine to perpetuate the cycle |
|
6 symptoms of Taurine deficiency
|
- Retinal degeneration
- Dilated cardiomyopathy - Poor reproductive performance - Poor postnatal growth - Immune dysfunction - Increased platelet aggregation |
|
Which result of taurine deficiency is irreversible?
|
Feline central retinal degeneration
|
|
Which result of taurine deficiency is reversible?
|
Dilate cardiomyopathy
|
|
What is alpha linolenic acid required for?
|
Precursor of DHA for neural development
|
|
What is linoleic acid required for? (4)
|
- Precursor of arachidonic acid
- Skin barrier - GI functions - Renal functions |
|
What is docosahexaenoic acid used in?
|
- Brain/nervous system growth
|
|
Which FA is not essential in dogs or cats?
|
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
|
|
What is the shorthand nomenclature for Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)?
|
20:5n-3
|
|
What is the shorthand nomenclature for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
|
22:6n-3
|
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What is the shorthand nomenclature for a-linolenic acid (ALA)?
|
18:3n-3
|
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What is the shorthand nomenclature for arachidonic acid (AA)?
|
20:4n-6
|
|
What is the shorthand nomenclature for linoleic acid (LA)?
|
18:2n-6
|
|
What acid is 22:6n-3?
|
Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
|
|
What acid is 20:4n-6?
|
Arachidonic acid (AA)
|
|
What acid is 20:5n-3?
|
Eicosanopentoic acid (EPA)
|
|
What acid is 18:3n-3?
|
a-linolenic acid (ALA)
|
|
What acid is 18:2n-6?
|
Linoleic acid (LA)
|
|
What are the three omega 3 fatty acids we're concerned about in veterinary medicine?
|
- Eicosanopentoic acid (EPA)
- a-linolenic acid (ALA) - Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) |
|
What are the two omega 6 fatty acids we're concerned about in veterinary medicine?
|
- Arachidonic acid (AA)
- Linoleic acid (LA) |
|
What is Linoleic acid needed for in dogs?
|
Essential for all stages
|
|
What is Linoleic acid needed for in cats?
|
Essential for all stages
|
|
What is arachidonic acid needed for in dogs?
|
Recommended for growth
|
|
What is arachidonic acid needed for in cats?
|
Conditionally essential for growth and gestation/lactation
|
|
What is a-linolenic acid needed for in dogs?
|
Essential for all stages
|
|
What is a-linolenic acid needed for in cats?
|
Recommended for growth and gestation/lactation
|
|
What is the primary fatty acid involved in skin and hair coat?
|
Linoleic acid (LA)
|
|
What fat type affects canine skin and hair coat?
|
No particular type, just *total* fat.
|
|
What is decosahexanoic acid needed for in dogs?
|
- Recommended for Adults
- Conditionally essential for growth and gestation/lactation |
|
What is decosahexanoic acid needed for in cats?
|
- Recommended for Adults
- Conditionally essential for growth and gestation/lactation |
|
Three ways to Dx obesity
|
- BCS
- Palpation - BW |
|
When should a DHA diet be used? (3)
|
- Gestation
- Lactation - Perinatal |
|
Two things that a DHA diet improves
|
- Visual function
- Retinal sensitivity in dim light |
|
What is the most common nutritional disease?
|
Obesity
|
|
Extent of obesity epidemic in animals seen by vet?
|
25%
|
|
How much more weight than optimum will an obese pet have on average?
|
15 - 20%
|
|
4 contributing factors to obesity in pets
|
- Age
- Neutering - Middle age owners - Those that feed more/exercise less |
|
What area is the primary location for palpating for fat?
|
Over ribs
|
|
What two things should fat be differentiated from?
|
- Edema
- Ascites |
|
3 DDx for simple obesity
|
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperadrenocorticism - Diabetes mellitus |
|
Two types of obesity
|
- Hypertrophic
- Hyperplasia |
|
Which type of obesity if worse?
|
Hyperplasia due to the minimum amount of TG that is stored in each fat cell
|
|
8 major complications of obesity (just flip and get general idea)
|
- Orthopedic
- Diabetes mellitus - CV - Compromised hepatic function (cat) - Exercise/heat intolerance - Anesthetic complications - Infectious diseases - Transitional cell carcinoma |
|
How can high fiber promote weight loss?
|
Promotes satiety and thus caloric reduction
|
|
How can L-carnitine promote weight loss?
|
Improves fatty acid transport into mitochondria for better utilization of energy
|
|
How can a-linolenic acid promote weight loss?
|
Might stimulate UCP which increases heat production and increased burning of calories
|
|
How can diacylglycerol promote weight loss? (2)
|
- Increases beta oxidation
- Decreases adipose accumulation |
|
Which drug can be used to promote weight loss?
|
Slentrol
|
|
Mode of action for Slentrol
|
Diroltapide-MTP inhibitor
|
|
Mechanism of action for Slentrol
|
Inhibits MTP, allowing lipids to remain in gut lumen, which stimulates release of PYY
- As PYY increases, so does satiety |
|
Three things the contribution of diet to acid-load is determined by
|
- Minerals ingested/absorbed
- Sulfur AA oxidation - Enzyme dephosphorylation |
|
What are the three main dietary things that ultimately affect acid-base balance?
|
- Mineral load
- Amount of protein - Type of protein |
|
How do fixed cations contribute to whole body alkaline load?
|
Promoting HCO3- retention
|
|
What's the only fixed anion that is readily absorbed?
What does it substitute for? |
Cl-
HCO3- |
|
2 ways to increase Cl- excretion to acidify urine
|
- Increase dietary load of Cl-
- Manipulate the fixed cation absorbed or excreted by kidney Acid-base status of whole body will be maintained if done properly |
|
What are fixed cations?
|
Those that cannot be altered by body metabolism and contribute to whole body alkaline load by promoting HCO3 retention
|
|
4 fixed cations
|
- Na+
- K+ - Ca++ - Mg+ |
|
Which two fixed cations are completely absorbed from the diet?
|
- Na+
- K+ |
|
What regulates Mg+ and Ca++ absorption?
|
Intestinal mucosal cells
|
|
What does the alkaline tide cause?
|
Relative alkalosis of blood
|
|
2 nutritional strategies for feeding a feline protein diet for pH maintenance
|
- Extremely low Mg++ diet
- Formulate diet to maintain relatively low urine pH |
|
What is the alkaline tide concept?
|
Transient rise in blood pH due to efflux of acid into stomach
|
|
Two things that accentuate the alkaline tide
|
- Things that delay gastric emptying
- Things that increase gastric phase of digestion |
|
What does FLUTD stand for?
|
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
|
|
Cl readily substitutes for bicarbonate and can combine with ammonia (NH4+), which is a “urinary” form of hydrogen. Thus be increasing the dietary load of Cl while, at the same time, manipulating the fixed cation absorbed and/or excreted by the kidney, it is possible to enhance Cl excretion as NH4Cl. Since NH4+ is a weak acid, urinary acidification is induced.
|
Cl readily substitutes for bicarbonate and can combine with ammonia (NH4+), which is a “urinary” form of hydrogen. Thus be increasing the dietary load of Cl while, at the same time, manipulating the fixed cation absorbed and/or excreted by the kidney, it is possible to enhance Cl excretion as NH4Cl. Since NH4+ is a weak acid, urinary acidification is induced.
|
|
Signalment of FLUTD in cats (4)
|
- Urological dysfunction (resulting from struvite deposition)
- Male (less likely in females due to lack of narrow urethra) - > 2 years - Damage to bladder wall |
|
FLUTD occurs due to an imbalance in what three minerals?
|
- Mg
- NH4 - PO4 |
|
What is a secondary characteristic of FLUTD?
|
Struvite in bladder
- Esepcially when urine is alkaline |
|
Two main things in vivo that affect the ions responsible for predisposition to FLUTD
|
- Ion concentration
- pH of urine |
|
2 ways to manage FLUTD
|
- Acidify urine
- Dilute any struvite present via increase urine volume |
|
What occurs due to over-acidification of the urine?
|
Hypokalemia
- K+ is excreted with Cl- |
|
Two symptoms of hypokalemia
|
- Generalized muscle weakness
- Ventroflexion of neck |
|
How do high meat diets favor acidic urine?
|
Rich in sulfur containing AAs and PO4s
- AAs and PO4s favor acidic urine |
|
Range of protein that a diet can contain and have no adverse effect on kidney function
|
10 - 40%
|
|
Which protein is most likely to stimulate an allergic response?
|
No protein especially
- Any protein is potentially allergenic |
|
5 things that slow digestion
|
- More food put into the GIT at any given time, the slower it's digested and absorbed
- More food that is consumed, the longer it takes for the stomach to empty - Diets with high nutrient density empty slowly - Less water - More protein |
|
Gastric volume of a normal dog or cat
|
40 - 60 ml/kg
|
|
General rule of frequency
|
More often is better as long as overall volume is same
|
|
Two basic forms of liquid diets
|
- Polymeric
- Elemental |
|
What are elemental liquid diets?
|
Powdered diets that are formulated for humans and must be mixed prior to use
|
|
What are polymeric liquid diets?
|
Completely balanced, complete nutrition in a liquid form that can be fed to dogs and cats
|
|
Which protein diet concentration has the least amount of adverse effects?
|
Moderate protein (20 - 31% ME)
|
|
5 proposed mechanisms for renal failure
|
- Immune responses
- Glomerular hypertension (hyperfiltration) - Intraglomerular coagulation - Hyperlipidemia - Nephrocalcinosis |
|
Protein range (as % ME) in old dogs
|
24 - 32%
|
|
3 goals of dietary therapy in chronic renal failure
|
- Maintain neutral or positive nitrogen balance
- Maintain GFR - Avoid azotemia |
|
How many dogs have a food allergy? (ratio)
|
1:400
|
|
What percentage of dogs suffer from an allergic disease?
|
15%
|
|
Phosphorus range (as % DM) in old dogs
|
0.5 - 0.8%
|
|
Beef, dairy products, and wheat account for what percentage of all reported cases of food allergies?
|
65%
|
|
Chicken, eggs, lamb, and soy account for what percentage of all reported cases of food allergies?
|
25%
|
|
80+% of all food allergies in cats is associated with what three things?
|
- Beef
- Dairy products - Fish |
|
Fat range (as % DM) in old dogs
|
4 - 6%
|
|
Fiber range (as % DM) in old dogs
|
6 - 12%
|
|
Protein range (as % ME) in CRF dogs
|
20 - 24%
|
|
Fiber range (as % DM) in CRF dogs
|
2 - 4%
|
|
Fat range (as % DM) in CRF dogs
|
12 - 24%
|
|
Phosphorus range (as % DM) in CRF dogs
|
0.3 - 0.4%
|
|
Clinical signs of CRF (8)
|
- PU/PD
- Anorexia - Weight loss - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Dehydration - Anemia - Depression |
|
Biochemical indices to monitor and diagnose renal failure (5)
|
- Increased BUN
- Increased creatinine - Increases Phosphorus - Acidosis - Urinalysis |
|
Range of size of common food allergens
|
18,000 - 35,000 daltons
|
|
5 non-metabolic differences of a cat
|
High protein requirement
Special amino acid requirement Special vitamin A requirement Special vitamin D requirement Cannot make Niacin (vit B3) |
|
What modifier do you use to find protein energy content in a food?
|
3.5
|
|
What modifier do you use to find fat energy content in a food?
|
8.5
|
|
How do you calculate soluble COH?
|
100 - (Crude fiber + moisture + CNH + Fat + Ash)
|
|
How do you calculate Caloric density of food?
|
(% CNH * 3.5) + (% fat * 8.5) + (Soluble COH * 3.5) = caloric density of food in kcal / 100 g
|
|
Nutrient composition (define)
|
If one component of a diet decreases, another has to increase to provide necessary calories
|
|
Bioavailability (define)
|
Extent to which nutrients in food can be utilized by the body
|
|
6 physiologic states that alter nutritional needs of dogs and cats
|
- Maintenance
- Gestation - Growth - Lactation - Geriatric - Working |
|
Why do cats have a high protein requirement? (2)
|
- Constitutively high hepatic enzyme activity
- Waste a lot of protein, so may catabolize body muscle if it runs out |
|
Why do cats have a special AA requirement?
|
High activity of catabolic AA enzymes
|
|
How quickly do cats become arginine deficient?
|
After single arginine free meal
|
|
6 symptoms of arachidonic acid deficiency in cats
|
Poor growth
Scruffy hair coat Dermal lesions Slow wound healing Fatty liver Cleft palate deformaties (kittens) |
|
Cats need dietary niacin
|
Cats need dietary niacin
|
|
3 FAs that are conditionally required in cats
|
- Arachidonic acid
- a-linolenic acid - DHA |
|
Which FA is essential in cats?
|
Linoleic acid
|
|
Which fatty acid may be contraindicated in feline reproduction?
|
a-linolenic acid relative to linoleic acid
|
|
Which sex of cat requires arachidonic acid for reproduction?
|
Queens
- Toms can utilize AAs for spermatogenesis |
|
Which lipid metabolic enzyme has extremely low activity in cats?
|
delta-desaturase
|
|
What does delta-desaturase do?
|
Converts linoleic acid to arachidonate
|
|
When can adult dogs convert a-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid?
|
After feeding alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
|
|
How does ALA improve skin and hair coat of dogs?
|
Spares linoleic acid, resulting in skin and hair coat improvement
|
|
What lipid fraction on the skin appears to be associated with improvements in hair coats?
|
Cholesterol ester fraction
|
|
Can adult dogs synthesize enough EPA from ALA to affect inflammatory response?
|
No, does not synthesize efficiently enough
|
|
When fed ALA, it's incorporated into canine milk
|
ALA conversion to DHA isn't efficient enough to impact milk volumes too much
|
|
What fatty acid is most efficient in improving puppy electroretinographic (ERG) response?
|
DHA from fish oil
|
|
Why is DHA conditionally essential in puppies?
|
Including DHA from fish oil is preferred in puppies because they may not convert enough DHA from ALA
|
|
What effect might human snack foods have on pet's net food intake?
|
Human snack foods appear to stimulate appetite and increase the net calorie consumption of the total ration.
|
|
Why is feeding multiple small meals better than feeding one large meal better when animals are on a weight reduction diet?
|
More energy is required to digest and absorb multiple small meals than one large meal because of energy used to produce digestive enzymes and transport nutrients each time food is eaten (thermic effect of food is 10% of energy expenditure).
|
|
What is the physiological basis for setting calories in a reduction diet at 60-70% of the animal’s MER for optimal body weight?
|
Pets at ideal body weight in a thermoneutral environment will typically expend about 70% of their DER for maintenance of lean body tissue. Maintaining adipose tissue in obese pets requires relatively little energy; therefore, most calories consumed by an overweight patient, regardless of the degree of obesity, are used to support lean body tissue. Although the lean body mass of an overweight patient is greater than the lean body mass of the same patient at it optimal weight, the relationship is not linear. If lean body mass is similar at ideal and obese body conditions, the energy required to maintain each body condition should also be similar; this assumption is the basis for this approach to calculating the initial food dosage for controlled weight loss.
|
|
What is meant by metabolic “down regulation” of energy needs during dieting?
|
When dieting, food/caloric intake is restricted so the metabolism does not have to work as hard to break the nutrients down. This is why after dieting, if caloric intake increases, fat can be regained much more quickly. The metabolism is still in a “down-regulated” state and is not firing on all cylinders.
|
|
Four dietary parameters that can be altered in management of GIT disease
|
- Amount
- Frequency - Form - Composition |
|
4 things that affect rate of gastric emptying
|
- Liquid (increases)
- Amount of food (slows) - Nutrient density (slows) - Frequency (increases) |
|
Where does the SI mucosa receive most of its nutrients?
|
Chyme
- Not blood supply |
|
Preferred source of energy for SI mucosa
|
Glutamine present in protein
|
|
What two nutrients slow gastric emptying?
|
- Fat
- CNH |
|
What nutrient can lead to acid reflux?
|
Fat
- Relaxes lower esophageal sphincter |
|
What nutrient is the strongest secratogue to exocrine secretions?
|
Fat
|
|
What does fiber do to digestion?
|
Prolongs digestion and absorption of other nutrients
|
|
Which fiber type adds fecal bulk?
|
Insoluble
|
|
Which fiber type increases fecal water?
|
Soluble
|
|
Which fiber type normalizes transit time?
|
Insoluble
|
|
What do colonocytes use for food?
|
Butyrate
|
|
Origin of butyrate
|
Byproduct of fermentation of fiber
- Most comes from soluble fiber |
|
Qualities of a polymeric diet
|
Complete nutrition in liquid form
|
|
Qualities of an elemental diet (3)
|
- High in COH
- Low in CNH - Low to moderate in fat |
|
4 problems that indicate feeding a liquid diet
|
- Anorexia
- When chewing is difficult - Esophageal stricture - Need to introduce food directly into SI |
|
3 types of diets used in management of GI disease
|
- Highly digestible
- Novel Antigen/Reduced AG/Hydrolyzed/Elimination - Increased dietary fiber |
|
When should highly digestible diets be used?
|
If pet is having problems with absorption of a particular food
|
|
When should Novel Antigen/Reduced AG/Hydrolyzed/Elimination diets be used?
|
Dietary sensitivity and food allergies
|
|
When should high fiber diets be used? (2)
|
- Weight loss situations
- Colitis |
|
Examples of highly digestible diets (3)
|
- i/d
- Euk Low Residue - EN |
|
Examples of Novel/Reduced AG, Hydrolyzed, Elimination diets (6)
|
- d/d
- z/d - Purina HA - Purina LA - Euk Response KO - Euk Response FP |
|
Examples of high COH diets (3)
|
- r/d
- SD Light - Euk Reduced Fat |
|
Difference between a dietary allergy and a dietary intolerance
|
Allergy: produces hypersensitivity reactions, GI and dermatological problems
Intolerance: produces GI upset and dermatological problems, but no HS rxns |
|
What three vitamins can be important supplementation in cats with fat malassimilation?
|
- A
- D - B12 (cobalamin) Intrinsic factors for uptake of these three are produced in the pancreas |
|
Two diet types that are contraindicated for EPI
|
- No fat with high fiber
- Low fat with high fiber Probably high fat too since a lower than normal fat content is recommended. |
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Key therapeutic component in pets with pancreatitis
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Fluid replacement
|
|
Initial treatment process for dogs with pancreatitis
|
NPO 2 - 3 days
- Then low fat diet when food reintroduced |
|
Two treatments for hyperglycemia in patients with severe pancreatitis
|
- Insulin
- Decreased COH in diet |
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What clinicial sign is pancreatitis in dogs often associated with?
|
Vomiting
|
|
Cornerstone of acute pancreatitis treatment
|
NPO to reduce pancreatic secretions for a day or two
|
|
3 complications that can arise from pets with severe pancreatitis that requires more than 2 - 3 days NPO
|
- Bacterial translocation across mucosal barrier
- Cholangiohepatitis - Immunosuppression |
|
What is the 3-5-7 day rule in dogs?
|
Day 3 of anorexia: begin planning for enteral/parenteral feeding
Day 5 of anorexia: Implement feeding plan Day 7 of anorexia: Immediate action |
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What rule is akin to the 3-5-7 day rule in cats?
|
3-5 day rule
|
|
Three feeding tubes to use to feed below the pancreas (lower duodenum)
|
- E
- G - J |
|
How much nutrition does a TPN provide?
|
Complete
|
|
How much nutrition does a PPN provide?
|
Half
|
|
What are most dogs in regards to diabetes type?
|
Type I
- Insulin dependent |
|
What are most cats in regards to diabetes type?
|
Type II
|
|
3 clinical signs of Type I diabetes
|
- PU/PD
- Polyphagia - Weight loss |
|
Important feeding of Type I diabetes
|
Once insulin is restored, normal weight gain will occur, so don't overfeed
|
|
Potent secretagogue of insulin
|
COH
- Especially Glc |
|
What nutrient class is contraindicated in insulin depletion?
|
COH
|
|
Moderate amounts of ______ has a positive effect on glycemic control
|
Dietary Fiber
|
|
What nutrient class should be avoided in the diet of all diabetic dogs?
|
Fats
|
|
In general, most diabetic dogs are hypo- for all _____minerals.
|
Macrominerals
|
|
4 most important aspects of choosing a food for diabetic dogs
|
- Acceptance
- Stool quality - Coat/skin health - Weight normalization |
|
What common, general clinical signs cause confusion in diabetic cats?
|
Those of hypoglycemia
- Present due to residual beta cell function |
|
Key point that's different in treating diabetic cats rather than diabetic dogs
|
No COH given to diabetic cats
|
|
What digestive enzyme do cats lack? (2)
|
- Salivary amylase
- Fructokinase |
|
What digestive enzymes do cats have reduced amounts of? (2)
|
- Disaccharidases
- Intestinal amylases |
|
Significance of cats having no Fructokinase
|
Can't utilize fructose containing foods
|
|
Cats have 5% of glucokinase activity vs other species
|
Cats have 5% of glucokinase activity vs other species
|
|
What do cats preferentially use for glycogenesis?
|
Proteins
- Use CNH even when high COH is present |
|
5 foods used to manage canine diabetes mellitus
|
• Hill’s PD w/d
• Eukanuba Glucose Control • Purina DCO • Waltham Diabetic HF (dry) • Waltham Calorie Control High |
|
Which protein is synthesized exclusively in the liver?
|
Albumin
|
|
Two ways that ammonia is detoxified.
|
- Conversion to urea
- Conversion to glutamine |
|
Which is the only coagulation factor that isn't synthesized in the liver?
|
Factor VIII
|
|
3 things in relation to clotting that the liver is responsible for
|
- Clearing coagulation factors
- Breakdown products of fibrinolysis - Synthesis of coagulation proteins |
|
Two AAs that cats need constantly supplied to prevent urea cycle dysfunction
|
- Arginine
- Citrulline |
|
3 branched chain AAs
|
- Valine
- Isoleucine - Leucine |
|
2 Aromatic AAs
|
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan |