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256 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
From which feed category do cats and dogs not typically eat from?
Forage
What ultimately determines the amount of food an animal can eat?
Amount of dry material that must be processed in the GIT
How much dry matter should an adult animal eat per day?
2% of BW
How much dry matter is in dog food on average?
90%
What is the most important nutrient?
Water
What four things does water intake depend on?
- Age
- Temperature
- Diet
- Health
How much water should an animal receive in terms of kg/day and per kcal?
50 ml/kg/day

1 ml/kcal
Amount of nutrients (formula)
Amount of Nutrients = Amount of Feed * Concentration of Nutrients
Criteria used to assess water quality (2)
- Coliform counts
- Content of dissolved solids
Concentration of TDS / L that's acceptable
< 2,500 mg TDS / L
What are the 5 general classes of feeds?
- Forages
- Concentrates (grains)
- Supplements
- By-products
- Additives
What is the most critical of essential AA for mammalian herbivores?
Lysine
What is the primary AA in plasma and muscle?
Glutamine
What species can Glutamine be toxic to, and why?
Cats
- They don't metabolize it well
What AA can be toxic to cats?
Glutamine
Metabolizable Energy (define)
Remaining biologically utilizable energy after some is lost in feces and urine
What AA is essential in dogs and cats both?
Arginine
Total Digestable Nutrients (define)
Term used to express energy content of large animal feedstuffs
What component of protein is actually measure to estimate protein content of a feed?
Crude Protein (CP) is most frequently used estimate for CNH content of food
- CP is determined by Kjeldahl procedure, measuring ammonia
What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'beef' on the food label?
> 70%
What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'beef dinner' or 'with beef' on the food label?
> 10%
What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'beef flavor' on the food label?
No particular percentage
- Just has to be 'recognizable to pet'
What fiber type is fermentable in bowels to SCFAs (short chain fatty acids)?
Soluble
What fiber type helps maintain colonic health?
Soluble
What percentage of the product is composed of beef to be able to use 'dog food' on the food label?
Any level
What two statements of adequacy can potentially be listed on every food label according to AAFCO?
- Meets or exceeds minimum nutritional levels established by AAFCO
- Complete and Balanced nutrition for (species) substantiated by testing performed in accordance with the procedures established by AAFCO
What are the four plasma lipoprotein classes?
- Chylomicrons
- LDL
- VLDL
- IDL
Which AAFCO statement is established by feeding trials?

Which AAFCO statement is only established by chemistry analysis?
- Complete and Balanced nutrition for (species) substantiated by testing performed in accordance with the procedures established by AAFCO

- Meets or exceeds minimum nutritional levels established by AAFCO
What is the general function of bad fats?
Facilitative
What is the general function of good fats?
Functional
What do facilitative fats do? (4)
- Adds palatablity and texture
- Provides a dense calorie source
- Stored as energy
- Promotes fat soluble vitamin absorption
What do functional fats do? (2)
- Involved in cell regulation
- Involved in cell metabolism
6 essential fatty acids
- Linoleic acid
- a-Linolenic
- Arachidonic acid
- g-linolenic acid
- Eicosapentanoic acid
- Docosahexanoic acid
Which fatty acid is conditionally essential in cats?
Arachidonic acid
Which fatty acid is conditionally essential in neonates?
Docosahexaenoic acid
Vitamins (define)
Organic compounds essential for normal metabolism
Vitamers (define)
Structurally similar to vitamins
- Produce similar results as 'parent' vitamins
What nutrient supplies most of the calories in dry-type foods?
COH
5 functions of minerals
- Structural components in bone
- Electrolytes
- pH
- Enzymes
- Messaging systems
7 Macrominerals
- Ca
- P
- Na
- K
- Cl
- Mg
- S
What is the most important general nutrient for carnivores?
Fat
7 microminerals
- Fe
- Cu
- Zn
- Mn
- I
- Se
- Co
What does ARMS stand for and what is it used for?
Used to make a nutritional recommendation
- Assessment
- Route of Delivery
- Monitor
- Start Slowly
What does BEE stand for?
Basal Energy Expenditure
What does RER stand for?
Resting Energy Requirement
What are the three conditions of BEE?
- Thermoneutral environment
- Post-absorptive state
- Resting, intact adult
Define REE
Resting Energy Expenditure
- Amount of energy needed to get up in the morning
Equation for REE
REE ~ 1.2*BEE
Define MEE
Metabolic Energy Expenditure
- Total amount of energy needed to get up in the morning and get going throughout the day
Formula for MEE in dogs and cats
Dog: MEE = 2*BEE

Cat: MEE = 1.4*BEE
3 processes that metabolizable energy includes
- Digestion/absorption of food
- Temperature regulation
- Activity
Generic equation for dog metabolizable energy
ME = 125 * W^0.75
Generic equation for metabolizable energy in cats

Equation for ME in Lean cats (BCS < 5)

Equation for ME in Obese cats (BCS > 5)
ME = 75 * Ideal BW^0.67

ME = 100 X Ideal BW^0.67

ME = 100 X Ideal BW^0.4
3 objective ways to assess nutrition
- BW
- Albumin
- Lymphocyte count
2 metabolic reasons that cats are nutritionally different
- Constant gluconeogenic state
- Sensitive to arginine deficiency
Why do cats require a high protein diet?
Cats have a high activity of catabolic AA enzymes
- Cats waste a lot of protein
Percentage of moisture found in canned (moist) diets

Percentage of moisture found in semi-moist diets
75%

15 - 30%
What is a unique AA requirement in cats?
Arginine
Why is arginine critical for cats?
Used to dispose of ammonia
5 symptoms of arginine deficiency
- Hyperammonia
- Hyperglycemia
- Rapid weight loss
- Vomiting
- Tetany/coma/death
Calculation of dry matter content in pet foods
% Dry matter = 100% - % moisture

% dry weight of named ingredient = % of ingredient

% ingredient on a dry matter basis = % of ingredient / % dry matter
Importance of Ornithine
Arginine broken down to generate urea and ornithine
- Ornithine is built upon by urea to re-form arginine
- Cats can't naturally make enough ornithine, so they require plenty of arginine to perpetuate the cycle
6 symptoms of Taurine deficiency
- Retinal degeneration
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Poor reproductive performance
- Poor postnatal growth
- Immune dysfunction
- Increased platelet aggregation
Which result of taurine deficiency is irreversible?
Feline central retinal degeneration
Which result of taurine deficiency is reversible?
Dilate cardiomyopathy
What is alpha linolenic acid required for?
Precursor of DHA for neural development
What is linoleic acid required for? (4)
- Precursor of arachidonic acid
- Skin barrier
- GI functions
- Renal functions
What is docosahexaenoic acid used in?
- Brain/nervous system growth
Which FA is not essential in dogs or cats?
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
What is the shorthand nomenclature for Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)?
20:5n-3
What is the shorthand nomenclature for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)?
22:6n-3
What is the shorthand nomenclature for a-linolenic acid (ALA)?
18:3n-3
What is the shorthand nomenclature for arachidonic acid (AA)?
20:4n-6
What is the shorthand nomenclature for linoleic acid (LA)?
18:2n-6
What acid is 22:6n-3?
Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
What acid is 20:4n-6?
Arachidonic acid (AA)
What acid is 20:5n-3?
Eicosanopentoic acid (EPA)
What acid is 18:3n-3?
a-linolenic acid (ALA)
What acid is 18:2n-6?
Linoleic acid (LA)
What are the three omega 3 fatty acids we're concerned about in veterinary medicine?
- Eicosanopentoic acid (EPA)
- a-linolenic acid (ALA)
- Docosahexanoic acid (DHA)
What are the two omega 6 fatty acids we're concerned about in veterinary medicine?
- Arachidonic acid (AA)
- Linoleic acid (LA)
What is Linoleic acid needed for in dogs?
Essential for all stages
What is Linoleic acid needed for in cats?
Essential for all stages
What is arachidonic acid needed for in dogs?
Recommended for growth
What is arachidonic acid needed for in cats?
Conditionally essential for growth and gestation/lactation
What is a-linolenic acid needed for in dogs?
Essential for all stages
What is a-linolenic acid needed for in cats?
Recommended for growth and gestation/lactation
What is the primary fatty acid involved in skin and hair coat?
Linoleic acid (LA)
What fat type affects canine skin and hair coat?
No particular type, just *total* fat.
What is decosahexanoic acid needed for in dogs?
- Recommended for Adults
- Conditionally essential for growth and gestation/lactation
What is decosahexanoic acid needed for in cats?
- Recommended for Adults
- Conditionally essential for growth and gestation/lactation
Three ways to Dx obesity
- BCS
- Palpation
- BW
When should a DHA diet be used? (3)
- Gestation
- Lactation
- Perinatal
Two things that a DHA diet improves
- Visual function
- Retinal sensitivity in dim light
What is the most common nutritional disease?
Obesity
Extent of obesity epidemic in animals seen by vet?
25%
How much more weight than optimum will an obese pet have on average?
15 - 20%
4 contributing factors to obesity in pets
- Age
- Neutering
- Middle age owners
- Those that feed more/exercise less
What area is the primary location for palpating for fat?
Over ribs
What two things should fat be differentiated from?
- Edema
- Ascites
3 DDx for simple obesity
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Diabetes mellitus
Two types of obesity
- Hypertrophic
- Hyperplasia
Which type of obesity if worse?
Hyperplasia due to the minimum amount of TG that is stored in each fat cell
8 major complications of obesity (just flip and get general idea)
- Orthopedic
- Diabetes mellitus
- CV
- Compromised hepatic function (cat)
- Exercise/heat intolerance
- Anesthetic complications
- Infectious diseases
- Transitional cell carcinoma
How can high fiber promote weight loss?
Promotes satiety and thus caloric reduction
How can L-carnitine promote weight loss?
Improves fatty acid transport into mitochondria for better utilization of energy
How can a-linolenic acid promote weight loss?
Might stimulate UCP which increases heat production and increased burning of calories
How can diacylglycerol promote weight loss? (2)
- Increases beta oxidation
- Decreases adipose accumulation
Which drug can be used to promote weight loss?
Slentrol
Mode of action for Slentrol
Diroltapide-MTP inhibitor
Mechanism of action for Slentrol
Inhibits MTP, allowing lipids to remain in gut lumen, which stimulates release of PYY
- As PYY increases, so does satiety
Three things the contribution of diet to acid-load is determined by
- Minerals ingested/absorbed
- Sulfur AA oxidation
- Enzyme dephosphorylation
What are the three main dietary things that ultimately affect acid-base balance?
- Mineral load
- Amount of protein
- Type of protein
How do fixed cations contribute to whole body alkaline load?
Promoting HCO3- retention
What's the only fixed anion that is readily absorbed?

What does it substitute for?
Cl-

HCO3-
2 ways to increase Cl- excretion to acidify urine
- Increase dietary load of Cl-
- Manipulate the fixed cation absorbed or excreted by kidney

Acid-base status of whole body will be maintained if done properly
What are fixed cations?
Those that cannot be altered by body metabolism and contribute to whole body alkaline load by promoting HCO3 retention
4 fixed cations
- Na+
- K+
- Ca++
- Mg+
Which two fixed cations are completely absorbed from the diet?
- Na+
- K+
What regulates Mg+ and Ca++ absorption?
Intestinal mucosal cells
What does the alkaline tide cause?
Relative alkalosis of blood
2 nutritional strategies for feeding a feline protein diet for pH maintenance
- Extremely low Mg++ diet
- Formulate diet to maintain relatively low urine pH
What is the alkaline tide concept?
Transient rise in blood pH due to efflux of acid into stomach
Two things that accentuate the alkaline tide
- Things that delay gastric emptying
- Things that increase gastric phase of digestion
What does FLUTD stand for?
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Cl readily substitutes for bicarbonate and can combine with ammonia (NH4+), which is a “urinary” form of hydrogen. Thus be increasing the dietary load of Cl while, at the same time, manipulating the fixed cation absorbed and/or excreted by the kidney, it is possible to enhance Cl excretion as NH4Cl. Since NH4+ is a weak acid, urinary acidification is induced.
Cl readily substitutes for bicarbonate and can combine with ammonia (NH4+), which is a “urinary” form of hydrogen. Thus be increasing the dietary load of Cl while, at the same time, manipulating the fixed cation absorbed and/or excreted by the kidney, it is possible to enhance Cl excretion as NH4Cl. Since NH4+ is a weak acid, urinary acidification is induced.
Signalment of FLUTD in cats (4)
- Urological dysfunction (resulting from struvite deposition)
- Male (less likely in females due to lack of narrow urethra)
- > 2 years
- Damage to bladder wall
FLUTD occurs due to an imbalance in what three minerals?
- Mg
- NH4
- PO4
What is a secondary characteristic of FLUTD?
Struvite in bladder
- Esepcially when urine is alkaline
Two main things in vivo that affect the ions responsible for predisposition to FLUTD
- Ion concentration
- pH of urine
2 ways to manage FLUTD
- Acidify urine
- Dilute any struvite present via increase urine volume
What occurs due to over-acidification of the urine?
Hypokalemia
- K+ is excreted with Cl-
Two symptoms of hypokalemia
- Generalized muscle weakness
- Ventroflexion of neck
How do high meat diets favor acidic urine?
Rich in sulfur containing AAs and PO4s
- AAs and PO4s favor acidic urine
Range of protein that a diet can contain and have no adverse effect on kidney function
10 - 40%
Which protein is most likely to stimulate an allergic response?
No protein especially
- Any protein is potentially allergenic
5 things that slow digestion
- More food put into the GIT at any given time, the slower it's digested and absorbed
- More food that is consumed, the longer it takes for the stomach to empty
- Diets with high nutrient density empty slowly
- Less water
- More protein
Gastric volume of a normal dog or cat
40 - 60 ml/kg
General rule of frequency
More often is better as long as overall volume is same
Two basic forms of liquid diets
- Polymeric
- Elemental
What are elemental liquid diets?
Powdered diets that are formulated for humans and must be mixed prior to use
What are polymeric liquid diets?
Completely balanced, complete nutrition in a liquid form that can be fed to dogs and cats
Which protein diet concentration has the least amount of adverse effects?
Moderate protein (20 - 31% ME)
5 proposed mechanisms for renal failure
- Immune responses
- Glomerular hypertension (hyperfiltration)
- Intraglomerular coagulation
- Hyperlipidemia
- Nephrocalcinosis
Protein range (as % ME) in old dogs
24 - 32%
3 goals of dietary therapy in chronic renal failure
- Maintain neutral or positive nitrogen balance
- Maintain GFR
- Avoid azotemia
How many dogs have a food allergy? (ratio)
1:400
What percentage of dogs suffer from an allergic disease?
15%
Phosphorus range (as % DM) in old dogs
0.5 - 0.8%
Beef, dairy products, and wheat account for what percentage of all reported cases of food allergies?
65%
Chicken, eggs, lamb, and soy account for what percentage of all reported cases of food allergies?
25%
80+% of all food allergies in cats is associated with what three things?
- Beef
- Dairy products
- Fish
Fat range (as % DM) in old dogs
4 - 6%
Fiber range (as % DM) in old dogs
6 - 12%
Protein range (as % ME) in CRF dogs
20 - 24%
Fiber range (as % DM) in CRF dogs
2 - 4%
Fat range (as % DM) in CRF dogs
12 - 24%
Phosphorus range (as % DM) in CRF dogs
0.3 - 0.4%
Clinical signs of CRF (8)
- PU/PD
- Anorexia
- Weight loss
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Anemia
- Depression
Biochemical indices to monitor and diagnose renal failure (5)
- Increased BUN
- Increased creatinine
- Increases Phosphorus
- Acidosis
- Urinalysis
Range of size of common food allergens
18,000 - 35,000 daltons
5 non-metabolic differences of a cat
High protein requirement
Special amino acid requirement
Special vitamin A requirement
Special vitamin D requirement
Cannot make Niacin (vit B3)
What modifier do you use to find protein energy content in a food?
3.5
What modifier do you use to find fat energy content in a food?
8.5
How do you calculate soluble COH?
100 - (Crude fiber + moisture + CNH + Fat + Ash)
How do you calculate Caloric density of food?
(% CNH * 3.5) + (% fat * 8.5) + (Soluble COH * 3.5) = caloric density of food in kcal / 100 g
Nutrient composition (define)
If one component of a diet decreases, another has to increase to provide necessary calories
Bioavailability (define)
Extent to which nutrients in food can be utilized by the body
6 physiologic states that alter nutritional needs of dogs and cats
- Maintenance
- Gestation
- Growth
- Lactation
- Geriatric
- Working
Why do cats have a high protein requirement? (2)
- Constitutively high hepatic enzyme activity
- Waste a lot of protein, so may catabolize body muscle if it runs out
Why do cats have a special AA requirement?
High activity of catabolic AA enzymes
How quickly do cats become arginine deficient?
After single arginine free meal
6 symptoms of arachidonic acid deficiency in cats
Poor growth
Scruffy hair coat
Dermal lesions
Slow wound healing
Fatty liver
Cleft palate deformaties (kittens)
Cats need dietary niacin
Cats need dietary niacin
3 FAs that are conditionally required in cats
- Arachidonic acid
- a-linolenic acid
- DHA
Which FA is essential in cats?
Linoleic acid
Which fatty acid may be contraindicated in feline reproduction?
a-linolenic acid relative to linoleic acid
Which sex of cat requires arachidonic acid for reproduction?
Queens
- Toms can utilize AAs for spermatogenesis
Which lipid metabolic enzyme has extremely low activity in cats?
delta-desaturase
What does delta-desaturase do?
Converts linoleic acid to arachidonate
When can adult dogs convert a-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid?
After feeding alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
How does ALA improve skin and hair coat of dogs?
Spares linoleic acid, resulting in skin and hair coat improvement
What lipid fraction on the skin appears to be associated with improvements in hair coats?
Cholesterol ester fraction
Can adult dogs synthesize enough EPA from ALA to affect inflammatory response?
No, does not synthesize efficiently enough
When fed ALA, it's incorporated into canine milk
ALA conversion to DHA isn't efficient enough to impact milk volumes too much
What fatty acid is most efficient in improving puppy electroretinographic (ERG) response?
DHA from fish oil
Why is DHA conditionally essential in puppies?
Including DHA from fish oil is preferred in puppies because they may not convert enough DHA from ALA
What effect might human snack foods have on pet's net food intake?
Human snack foods appear to stimulate appetite and increase the net calorie consumption of the total ration.
Why is feeding multiple small meals better than feeding one large meal better when animals are on a weight reduction diet?
More energy is required to digest and absorb multiple small meals than one large meal because of energy used to produce digestive enzymes and transport nutrients each time food is eaten (thermic effect of food is 10% of energy expenditure).
What is the physiological basis for setting calories in a reduction diet at 60-70% of the animal’s MER for optimal body weight?
Pets at ideal body weight in a thermoneutral environment will typically expend about 70% of their DER for maintenance of lean body tissue. Maintaining adipose tissue in obese pets requires relatively little energy; therefore, most calories consumed by an overweight patient, regardless of the degree of obesity, are used to support lean body tissue. Although the lean body mass of an overweight patient is greater than the lean body mass of the same patient at it optimal weight, the relationship is not linear. If lean body mass is similar at ideal and obese body conditions, the energy required to maintain each body condition should also be similar; this assumption is the basis for this approach to calculating the initial food dosage for controlled weight loss.
What is meant by metabolic “down regulation” of energy needs during dieting?
When dieting, food/caloric intake is restricted so the metabolism does not have to work as hard to break the nutrients down. This is why after dieting, if caloric intake increases, fat can be regained much more quickly. The metabolism is still in a “down-regulated” state and is not firing on all cylinders.
Four dietary parameters that can be altered in management of GIT disease
- Amount
- Frequency
- Form
- Composition
4 things that affect rate of gastric emptying
- Liquid (increases)
- Amount of food (slows)
- Nutrient density (slows)
- Frequency (increases)
Where does the SI mucosa receive most of its nutrients?
Chyme
- Not blood supply
Preferred source of energy for SI mucosa
Glutamine present in protein
What two nutrients slow gastric emptying?
- Fat
- CNH
What nutrient can lead to acid reflux?
Fat
- Relaxes lower esophageal sphincter
What nutrient is the strongest secratogue to exocrine secretions?
Fat
What does fiber do to digestion?
Prolongs digestion and absorption of other nutrients
Which fiber type adds fecal bulk?
Insoluble
Which fiber type increases fecal water?
Soluble
Which fiber type normalizes transit time?
Insoluble
What do colonocytes use for food?
Butyrate
Origin of butyrate
Byproduct of fermentation of fiber
- Most comes from soluble fiber
Qualities of a polymeric diet
Complete nutrition in liquid form
Qualities of an elemental diet (3)
- High in COH
- Low in CNH
- Low to moderate in fat
4 problems that indicate feeding a liquid diet
- Anorexia
- When chewing is difficult
- Esophageal stricture
- Need to introduce food directly into SI
3 types of diets used in management of GI disease
- Highly digestible
- Novel Antigen/Reduced AG/Hydrolyzed/Elimination
- Increased dietary fiber
When should highly digestible diets be used?
If pet is having problems with absorption of a particular food
When should Novel Antigen/Reduced AG/Hydrolyzed/Elimination diets be used?
Dietary sensitivity and food allergies
When should high fiber diets be used? (2)
- Weight loss situations
- Colitis
Examples of highly digestible diets (3)
- i/d
- Euk Low Residue
- EN
Examples of Novel/Reduced AG, Hydrolyzed, Elimination diets (6)
- d/d
- z/d
- Purina HA
- Purina LA
- Euk Response KO
- Euk Response FP
Examples of high COH diets (3)
- r/d
- SD Light
- Euk Reduced Fat
Difference between a dietary allergy and a dietary intolerance
Allergy: produces hypersensitivity reactions, GI and dermatological problems

Intolerance: produces GI upset and dermatological problems, but no HS rxns
What three vitamins can be important supplementation in cats with fat malassimilation?
- A
- D
- B12 (cobalamin)

Intrinsic factors for uptake of these three are produced in the pancreas
Two diet types that are contraindicated for EPI
- No fat with high fiber
- Low fat with high fiber

Probably high fat too since a lower than normal fat content is recommended.
Key therapeutic component in pets with pancreatitis
Fluid replacement
Initial treatment process for dogs with pancreatitis
NPO 2 - 3 days
- Then low fat diet when food reintroduced
Two treatments for hyperglycemia in patients with severe pancreatitis
- Insulin
- Decreased COH in diet
What clinicial sign is pancreatitis in dogs often associated with?
Vomiting
Cornerstone of acute pancreatitis treatment
NPO to reduce pancreatic secretions for a day or two
3 complications that can arise from pets with severe pancreatitis that requires more than 2 - 3 days NPO
- Bacterial translocation across mucosal barrier
- Cholangiohepatitis
- Immunosuppression
What is the 3-5-7 day rule in dogs?
Day 3 of anorexia: begin planning for enteral/parenteral feeding

Day 5 of anorexia: Implement feeding plan

Day 7 of anorexia: Immediate action
What rule is akin to the 3-5-7 day rule in cats?
3-5 day rule
Three feeding tubes to use to feed below the pancreas (lower duodenum)
- E
- G
- J
How much nutrition does a TPN provide?
Complete
How much nutrition does a PPN provide?
Half
What are most dogs in regards to diabetes type?
Type I
- Insulin dependent
What are most cats in regards to diabetes type?
Type II
3 clinical signs of Type I diabetes
- PU/PD
- Polyphagia
- Weight loss
Important feeding of Type I diabetes
Once insulin is restored, normal weight gain will occur, so don't overfeed
Potent secretagogue of insulin
COH
- Especially Glc
What nutrient class is contraindicated in insulin depletion?
COH
Moderate amounts of ______ has a positive effect on glycemic control
Dietary Fiber
What nutrient class should be avoided in the diet of all diabetic dogs?
Fats
In general, most diabetic dogs are hypo- for all _____minerals.
Macrominerals
4 most important aspects of choosing a food for diabetic dogs
- Acceptance
- Stool quality
- Coat/skin health
- Weight normalization
What common, general clinical signs cause confusion in diabetic cats?
Those of hypoglycemia
- Present due to residual beta cell function
Key point that's different in treating diabetic cats rather than diabetic dogs
No COH given to diabetic cats
What digestive enzyme do cats lack? (2)
- Salivary amylase
- Fructokinase
What digestive enzymes do cats have reduced amounts of? (2)
- Disaccharidases
- Intestinal amylases
Significance of cats having no Fructokinase
Can't utilize fructose containing foods
Cats have 5% of glucokinase activity vs other species
Cats have 5% of glucokinase activity vs other species
What do cats preferentially use for glycogenesis?
Proteins
- Use CNH even when high COH is present
5 foods used to manage canine diabetes mellitus
• Hill’s PD w/d
• Eukanuba Glucose Control
• Purina DCO
• Waltham Diabetic HF (dry)
• Waltham Calorie Control High
Which protein is synthesized exclusively in the liver?
Albumin
Two ways that ammonia is detoxified.
- Conversion to urea
- Conversion to glutamine
Which is the only coagulation factor that isn't synthesized in the liver?
Factor VIII
3 things in relation to clotting that the liver is responsible for
- Clearing coagulation factors
- Breakdown products of fibrinolysis
- Synthesis of coagulation proteins
Two AAs that cats need constantly supplied to prevent urea cycle dysfunction
- Arginine
- Citrulline
3 branched chain AAs
- Valine
- Isoleucine
- Leucine
2 Aromatic AAs
- Phenylalanine
- Tryptophan