2Nd Term Nursing Lab

Front 1

GENERIC NAME

Back 1

Is the offical name given a drug. A drug has only ONE generic name in the United States.

Front 2

USP (UNITED STATES PHARMACOPEIA)

Back 2

Following a generic name indicate that the drug meets goverment standards for purity and assay.

Front 3

TRADE NAME (ALWAYS CAPILIZED) WITH THE SYMBOL, (R WITH A CIRCLE AROUND IT).

Back 3

Is the brand name under which a company manufactures a generic drug. A drug may have MANY trade names, but only ONE generic name.

Front 4

GENERIC NAME

Back 4

Is never capitalized.

Front 5

GENERIC VERSES BRAND NAME DRUGS.

Back 5

The generic brand is always cheaper. Generic drugs manufactured by different companies are not exactly the same. The active ingredient in the drug meets standards of uniformity and purity, but they use different filler and dyes.
These substances can cause advers effects (severe nausea caused by the dye and coloring.
The active ingredient is the smae but the size, shape, or color may vary.

Front 6

DOSAGE AND ROUTE

Back 6

information about the dosage and route of administration is crucial to protect against medication error. Most handbooks give a dosage range for adults, children, and elderly.

Front 7

ACTION

Back 7

Information explains how the drug isknow or believed to act to produce a therapeutic effect. This informaion aids in understanding whether the drug should be taken with food, or between meals. Patients with Kidney diseasemay not be able to metabolize or excrete certain drugs.

Front 8

INDICATIONS

Back 8

Information gives the reasons for using the drug. This informaion also indicates what side and adverse effects might occur.

Front 9

SIDE AND ADVERSE EFFECTS

Back 9

Adverse effects are nontherapeutic effects that may be harmful to the patient and that require lowering the dosage, or d/c the drug. An ex. of a side affect is drowsiness, and ex. of an adverse effect is a serious decrease in white blood cells that results in lowered resistance in to infection.

Front 10

CONTRAINDICATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS

Back 10

These refer to conditions whicha drug should be given with caution or not given at all. Ex. patients who have exhibited a previous reaction to penicillin should be cautioned against taking it again.

Front 11

INTERACTIONS AND INCOMPATIBILITIES

Back 11

When more than one drug is administered at a time, unexpected or nontherapeutic responses may occur. A good rule of thumb, when is dought DO NOT MIX. Interactions with certain foods and drugs, cigeratte smoke can increase liver metabolism of drugs and decrease drug effectiveness.

Front 12

NURSING IMPLICATIONS

Back 12

The nurse needs this informaiton to administer the drug safely and to assess, manage, and teach the patient: access pain before and one hour following the dose, assess B/P, pulse, respirations before and periodically after the dose, assess for dependency and tolerance.

Front 13

SIGNS AND EFFECTIVENESS

Back 13

The nurse is expected to evaluate the drug regimen and to record and report observations. Signs of effectiveness might include normal temp., no pain, decreased pus, wound healing, patient is more alert, and improved appetite.

Front 14

PATIENT TEACHING

Back 14

The patient has the right to know what drug they are taking, what is is for, what to expect and what to watch out for. In addition, the patient who is to take a drug home needs specific informaion. This is professional responsibility shared by the physican, the nurse, and the pharmacist.

Front 15

PHARMACOKINETICS

Back 15

When a drug is taken orally, it is absorbed through the villi of the small intestine, distrubuted to the cells by the bloodstream, metabolized to a greater or lesser extent, and then excreted from the body. Pharmacokinetics includes absorbtion, distribution, biotransformation, and excertion.

Front 16

DISTRIBUTION

Back 16

Is the movement of a drug through body fluids, chiefly the bloodstream, to cells. Drugs do not travel freely in the blood. Most travel attached to the plasma proteins, especially albumin. Drugs that are free can attach to cells on which they produce an effect. When more than one drug is present in the bloodstream, they may compete for the protien binding sites. One drug may displace another.

Front 17

BIOTRANSFORMATION

Back 17

This refers to the chemical of a drug to a form that can excreted. Most Biotransformation occurs in the liver.
Here too, one drug can interfere with the effects of another.

Front 18

EXCRETION

Back 18

Refers to the removal of a drug from the body. The major organ of excrection is the kidney.
Ex. (Lasix) a diruretic, blocks the excretion of aspirin and can lead to adverse effects by aspirin. A narcotic and a minor tranqulizer produce more pain relief than the narcodic alone.

Front 19

TOLERANCE

Back 19

When a pain or a sleeping med. is given frequently, the liver enzymes beome skilled in biotransforming more quickly. Less drug is available, thus the drug is less effective in relieving pain or aiding sleep.
Some nurses call this reaction "addiction" because the patients complains the drug is not working and asks for more.
In fact, it is a physiologic response.

Front 20

CUMULATION

Back 20

When biotransformation or excretion is inhibited, as can occur in liver and kidney disease, the drug accumulates in the body and an adverse effect can occur.
Cumulation can also result from taking too much drug or from taking to a drug to frequently.
Other factors that affect drug action include:
Weight-larger individuals need a higher dose.
AGE: The liver and kidneys of infants are not well developed, in elderly, systems are less efficient.
PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS: especially of the liver and kidney.
HYPERSENSITITY: to a drug, allergic reaction.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL STATE: depression or anxiety decrease or increase body metabolism and effect drug action.

Front 21

(SMITH - TEMPLE) CHPT. 1
GENERAL

Back 21

At all times secure as much additional assistance as is needed for safe moves. As a general rule, if equipement is there and available that will make lifting or turning, pulling, or positioning easier, than use it.
NEVER become so impatient that safety becomes jeopardized with any type of move.