2Nd Term, Nursing Chapters 43,44,12,13,14,15

Front 1

Phychobiology

Back 1

Is the study of the biochemical basis of thought, behavior, affect, and mood.

Front 2

Psychobiologic Disorders

Back 2

Are conditions of the biologic abnormalities in the brain and altered cognition, perception, emotion, behavior, and socialization.

Front 3

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Back 3

is the study of how fluctions in the pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and repoductive hormones alter cognintion, perception, behavior, and mood.

Front 4

Psychoneuroimmunology

Back 4

Studies the connections among the emotions, CNS, neuro-endocrine system and immunologic system. Research in this field studies how stress predisposes a persons to health problems. All these overlapping fields study the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the brain.

Front 5

The Brain is made up of?

Back 5

The Cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum.

Front 6

Cerebellum (a part of the brain)

Back 6

Is the brains Largest component, it controls sensory perception, voluntary movement, personality, intelligence, language, thought, judgement, emotions, memory, creativity, and motivation.

Front 7

Cerebral Cortex

Back 7

Is the part of the brain that is the major pathway of physiologic intercommuntication.

Front 8

Limbic System

Back 8

is a network within the brain that contains structures involved in emotions and related physiolgic functions, it includes the thalamus, which connects many brain centers and modulates movement, sensation, behavior, and emotions. The limbic system also includes the hypothalamus, which controls the autonomic nervous system and coordinates the endrocrine and immune systems via pituitary-adrenocortical connections. Because of its neuoendocrine and neuroimmunologic roles, the limbic system affects and determines many physobiologic activities.

Front 9

In psychology, biological psychology or psychobiology

Back 9

is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior.

Front 10

Receptors:

Back 10

Are structures found on the surface of cells thoughtout the body and brain. These receptors sense and pick up chemical messengers that arrive in the extracelluar fluid.

Front 11

A chemical messenger

Back 11

Is like a specific key that fits into and binds with the specific receptor. ONLY those messengers that have molecules in exactly the right shape can bind with specific receptors. for example (opiate receptors can bind only with chemicals in the opiate group such as herion, morphine, or endorphins), once binding occurs, the message is received and the cell begins to respond.

Front 12

Neurotransmitters or Chemical messageners:

Back 12

May be man made or natural, and the message may cause the cell to perform any number of activities. Neurotransmitters comminucate information that affects thinking, behavior, and bodily functions.

Front 13

Reuptake

Back 13

Happens when neurotransmitters, they are released and attach themselves momentarily to receptors on postsynaptic neurons. After the chemicals transmit their information, they either become inactive or weakened, or are recaptured by releasing neuron for future use, a process called reuptake.

Front 14

Neurons

Back 14

Are classified by the type of neurotransmitter they release; (ex. dopaminergic neurons release dopamine).

Front 15

Neuropeptides:

Back 15

Are a separate type of neurotransmitter. They include chemicals such as: Substance P, which transmits the sensation of pain), Endorphins and Enkephalins,(Morphine like neuropeptides that interrupt transmission of substance P and promote a feeling of well being), Neurohormones, (released by interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, and endrocrine glands they stimulate).

Front 16

Malingering

Back 16

Malingering is a medical and psychological term that refers to an individual fabricating or exaggerating the symptoms of mental or physical disorders for a variety of motives, including getting financial compensation (often tied to fraud), avoiding work, obtaining drugs, getting lighter criminal sentences, or simply to attract attention or sympathy. Because malingerers are usually seeking some sort of primary or secondary gain, this disorder remains separate from Somatization disorders and factitious disorders in which the gain is not obvious. Legally, malingering is often referred to as Fabricated mental illness or Feigned mental illness.

Front 17

Somatization disorder

Back 17

Somatoform disorders are physical ailments (such as pain, nausea, depression, dizziness) or concerns for which no adequate medical explanation has been found. Somatoform disorders are physical symptoms that seem as if they are part of a general medical condition. However, no general medical condition, other mental disorder, or substance is present. The complaints are serious enough to cause significant emotional distress and impairment of social and/or occupational functioning.

A diagnosis of a somatoform disorder implies that psychological factors are a large contributor to the symptoms' onset, severity and duration. It is important to note that somatoform disorders are not the result of conscious malingering or factitious disorders.

Front 18

Psychobiologic Illness

Back 18

Brain pathology is seen as the major factor contributing to mental illnesses, or psycholbiolgic disorders. 3 major types of psychobiologic disorders are: Somatoform and anxiety disorders (mood disorders) and thought disorders. Other conditions with a biologic basis include eating disorders and chemical dependency.

Front 19

Psychopharmacology

Back 19

Observing the effects on medications on behavior and symptoms.

Front 20

Mental Status Examination

Back 20

Is one compontent of a thorough neurologic examination. The examiner observes the client and asks questions about cognition and mental state. The areas that are covered are physical appearance, orientation, attention and concentration, short and long term memory, movement and coordination, speech patterns, mood, intellectual performance, perception, insight, judgement, and thought content.

Front 21

Psychological Tests

Back 21

Are used to detect personality characterics, interpersonal conflicts, and self concept.

Front 22

Diagnostic Findings

Back 22

Measuring levels of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides is difficult, expensive and sometimes impossible. A defintive diagnosis for many psychobiologic disorders are usually acheived by ruling out other diseases with simular symtoms.

Front 23

Brain Mapping

Back 23

A new diagnostic tolld, comapares a clients brain activity patterns from EEG or other electronic images, with a computerized database of electrophysiologic adnormalties. A growing database of distinctive patterns for seizures, anxiety, depresssion, etc. disorders exists and is growing for comparison.

Front 24

Stess

Back 24

Is a physicologic response to biologic stressors like surgical trauma, psychololgical stressors such as fear, or sociolgic strassors like increases family responsibilities, according to Selye's theory (1956).

Front 25

Stress is implicated in the development or exacerbation of autoimmune diseases:

Back 25

anorexia, panic attacks, thyroid conditions, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, etc, etc....

Front 26

Eustress

Back 26

Not all stress is bad, in fact we all need just the right amount of stress, which is Eustress to help manage our lifes. Helps to pursue goals, solve problems, and manage predicable and unpredicable problems.

Front 27

Distress

Back 27

Excessive, ill timed, or unrelieved stress.

Front 28

General Adaptation Sydrome

Back 28

A nonspecific physiologic response. This response which can cycle many times through the alarm and resistance stages before reaching the exhaustion stage, occurs through the neuroendocrine and autonomic nervous system.

Front 29

Coping Mechanisms

Back 29

Are unconscious tactics humans use for protection from feeling inadequate or threatened. These mechanisms function like "first aid" by helping temporarily to avoid the emotional effects of a stressful situation.

Front 30

Maladaptive coping mechanisms

Back 30

This is when a person overuses coping mechanisms, he or she becomes dysfunctional, and some develop maladaptive mechanisms such as alcohol or other substances.

Front 31

Hardiness, (a particular effective coping style)

Back 31

A commitment to something meaningful versus a sense of alienation, a sense of having control over sources of stress versus feeling helplessness, and the perception of life events as a challenge rather than a threat.

Front 32

Psychosomatatic Illnesses

Back 32

Psyche refers to the mind, and Soma refers to the body. the term psyosomatic illness refers to illnesses influenced by the mind. The term psyosomatic means pertaining to the mind-body relationship. The term psychosomatic illness is often used interchangeably wit stress related disorder.

Front 33

Psychosomatic disease

Back 33

are legitimate medical conditions associated with or aggravated by stress. Many healthcare providers now believe that all illnesses, if not psychosomatic in origin, have psychosomatic components.

Front 34

Immunopeptides or immunotransmitters

Back 34

are called cyokines and function in the same way as neurotransmitters, they relay messages throughout the immune system and the brain.

Front 35

Stress Management

Back 35

Programs offer instruction in relaxation techiques, and effective coping stategies including assertiveness training and developing a network of social support.

Front 36

Mind-body Interventions

Back 36

Are techniques that rely on the power of the mind to alter body functions or symptoms. (examples are: Biofeedback, enables clients to volutarily control body temp., heart rate, blood pressure, and brain waves, Imagery, uses the mid to visualize a positive physiologic effect, Humor, laughter stimulates the immune system, Hypnosis can make a person remember something they have forgotten, spiritual healing Believing in a higher spirit, or God. etc, etc,

Front 37

Biological-based Therapies

Back 37

uses natural products such as herbs, aromas, and even bee venom. Herbal therapy is referred to as the "folk medicine", Aromatherapy - most people have a positive or negative association of odors of certain substances with various people, places or feelings, and Apitherapy - uses bee venom for various inflammatory joint conditions.

Front 38

Body-bases Therapy

Back 38

are healing methods that use manipulation and movement to improve health and restore biologic functions., message therapy, relexology and shiatsu, Shiatsu is a Japenese word that means "finger pressure", as in acuputure and acupressure. Chiropractic theory proposes that sublaxtion (malalignment) of spinal verbrae alters nerve activities that regulate the body functions in distant organs, Yoga and Tai Chi - Yoga from India, and Tai Chi from China, both incorporate techiniques that combine mental and physical exercise for the purpose of integrating body and mind.

Front 39

Energy Therapies

Back 39

are techniques that claim to manipulate electromagnetic fields within the body, Reiki shares many features that Westerns would call "therapeutic touch", this healing comes from Japan, they believe that the Nurse dont even have to be there to be healed, they can be on the phone and use an object to send the energy that comes from outer spaces. There is also Acupucture that takes it one step farther and uses electronic needles, etc.