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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Differences between US and Soviet Union: Soviet Union
totalitarianism |
Differences between US and Soviet Union: US
democracy |
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Differences between US and Soviet Union: Soviet Union
atheism |
Differences between US and Soviet Union: US
free religion |
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Differences between US and Soviet Union: Soviet Union
command economy |
Differences between US and Soviet Union: US
capitalism |
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What did Truman press Stalin to permit at the Potsdam Meeting? What was his response?
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Free election is Eastern Europe. Stalin refused.
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Containment
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Policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and preventing the expansion of Communism. Containment policies included creating alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances.
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Which US president adopted the policy of containment?
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Truman
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Truman Doctrine
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Truman's support for countries that rejected communism. It caused great controversy because some opponents objected to American interference in other nations' affairs. Others argued that the US lacked the resources carry on a global crusade against Communism. Others pointed out that some US support would go to dictators.
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Truman Doctrine: How much was sent to which two countries?
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$400 million to Turkey and Greece
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Marshall Plan
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US Secretary of State George Marshall proposed that America give aid to any European country that needed it. The Marshall Plan would provide food, machines, and other materials. While Congress debated, the Communists seized Czechoslovakia. Congress immediately approved the plan.
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How many countries did the Marshall Plan help, and with how much money?
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16 countries, $12.5 billion
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Why did Germans blockade Berlin?
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In 1948, France, Britain, and the US decided to withdraw their forces from Germany and allow their 3 occupation zones to form one nation. The Soviet Union responded by holding West Berlin hostage. The Soviet Union cut off highways, water, and rail traffic into Berlin's western zones. The city faced starvation. Stalin gambled that the threat would frighten Western countries. He hoped it would force them to surrender West Berlin of give up their idea of reunifying Germany.
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How did the US break the blockade of Berlin?
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US and British officials flew food and supplies into West Berlin. For nearly 11 months, planes took off and landed every 3 min. In 227,000 flights pilots brought in 2.3 million tons of supplies, such as food, fuel, medicine, and presents. The blockade was lifted in May 1949.
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What does NATO stand for?
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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NATO
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In 1949, ten Western European nations joined with the US and Canada to form a defensive military alliance. These nations promised to meet an attack on any NATO member with an armed force.
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. . What was the significance of NATO for the US? |
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. . It was their first peacetime military commitment |
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What did the Soviets form in response to NATO?
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The Warsaw Pact. The pact included the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania.
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Which US president adopted the policy of brinkmanship?
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Eisenhower
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What is brinkmanship, and what did it require?
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Brinkmanship is the willingness to go to the brink of war (ex: if the Soviets attacked, US would retaliate instantly). It required a reliable source of nuclear weapons and airplanes to deliver them. The US strengthened its air force and began producing stockpiles of nuclear weapons. In response, the Soviet Union made its own collection of nuclear bombs.
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Significance of the Launching of Sputnik I
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On October 4, 1957,the Soviets used an ICBM to push the first unmanned satellite into the atmosphere. The launching made the US feel as if they had fallen behind in science and tech. They poured huge amounts of money into education. In Jan 1958, the US launched its own satellite.
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What was the objective of the United Nations?
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It was intended to protect the member against aggression.
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How was the UN set up?
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It was based in NY. 50 nations participated. A large body called the General Assembly was formed, where each member could cast its vote on a broad range of issues, including membership. There was an 11-member body called the Security Council that held the real power. There were 5 permanent members: the US, Britain, China, France, and the Soviet Union. The other 6 members rotated. Each could veto any Security Council action (this was intended to prevent any member from voting as a bloc to override the others)
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Who was Mao Zedong
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Leader of Chinese Communists
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Who was Jiang Jieshi?
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Leader of Nationalist forces in China
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Which side won the Chinese Civil War?
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The Communists
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When did the civil war in China pause?
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When the Japanese invaded
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When did the civil war in China resume?
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When the Japanese surrendered
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When did the civil war in China end?
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1949. The nationalists then retreated to Taiwan
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What advantage did the Nationalist forces have in the Chinese civil war?
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Their army outnumbered the Communists 3:1 and they had $2 billion in support from the US
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What advantages did the Communist forces have in the Chinese civil war?
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The Nationalists had little popular support. Thousands of Nationalist soldiers deserted to the Communists. Mao's troops were skilled in guerilla warfare and they were enthusiastic about the promise of land to the peasants
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Where is Nationalist China located? How large is it?
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Taiwan, 13,000 square miles
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Where is the People's Republic of China located?
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Mainland China, 3.5 millions square miles
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How did the superpowers react to the existence of the two Chinas? (US)
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The US helped Jiang Jiaeshi set up a Nationalist govt. The US attempted to enlarge its own sphere of influence by limiting the Soviet Union's occupation of Japan, and dividing Korea into North and South.
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How did the superpowers react to the existence of the two Chinas? (Soviet Union)
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The Soviets gave financial, military, and technical aid to the Communists. They exchanged promises of coming to the other's defense in case of an attack.
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What did the Chinese Communists base China's economy on?
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Marxist Socialism
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What percent of the population lived in rural areas?
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80%
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What percent of the rural population owned 70% of the farmland? |
10%
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Agrarian Reform Law of 1950
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Mao seized the holdings of the landlords, killing over a million, and divided the land among the peasants.
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Collective farms in China
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1953-1957
200-300 families per farm |
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Women's rights in China
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Women were fully equal in the home and in the workplace. Childcare was state-sponsored.
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5-year plan
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Launched in 1953, the plan set high production targets. By 1957, China's output of coal, cement, and electricity doubled. Steel production quadrupled.
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Why did the Great Leap Forward fail?
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Poor planning and inefficient "backyard" industries hampered growth. Crop failures between 1958 and 1961 unleashed a famine that killed approximately 20 million people. The program was discontinued in 1961 because of underproduction.
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Why did Mao launch the Cultural Revolution?
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He was worried that the revolution had lost its momentum. Furthermore, he wanted to gain control.
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Why were communes formed?
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The Communist leaders wanted another success like the first five-year plan, but on a larger scale
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What was the Red Guard composed of?
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Students
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Why was the Red Guard formed?
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Mao was determined to revive the revolution.
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Why did the UN send an international force to Korea?
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South Korea asked the UN to intervene. 15 nations participated under Douglas MacArthur. The force was sent to to Korea to stop the invasion of South Korea by North Korea. (1950)
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Why were the Soviets absent when South Korea asked the UN to intervene?
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The Soviets boycotted the United Nations because Nationalist China (Taiwan) was seated instead of mainland China. Thus, they forfeited their ability to veto the plan.
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North Korea after Korean War
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Kim Il Sung established collective farms, developed heavy industry, and built up the country's military power. In 1994, Kim Jong Il ascended to power. Under his rule, North Korea developed nuclear weapons. Although well-armed, the country struggles with shortages of energy and food
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South Korea after Korean War
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Prospered because of aid from the US and other countries. In the 1960s, South Korea developed industry and foreign trade. In 1987, democratic constitution and free elections were established.
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Legacy of the North/South Korean War
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bitterness, demilitarized zone with US troops in it
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Who did Ho Chi Minh turn to?
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The Communists
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Vietminh
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North Vietnamese Communists, led by Ho Chi Minh
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Why did war break out between the Vietnamese Nationalists and the French?
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When the Japanese left, Ho Chi Minh believed independence would soon follow. However, the French intended to regain Indochina/Vietnam
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What was the outcome of the France/Vietnam War?
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The French were defeated. The Communists and Ho Chi Minh governed the North. An anti-communist govt was set up under Diem
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Where was Vietnam divided?
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17 degrees latitude
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Who led the Vietnamese anti-Communist govt in the south?
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Diem
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Vietcong
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Communists in South Vietnam
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Why did the US increase its involvement in Vietnam?
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A takeover of South Vietnam by the Vietcong seemed inevitable
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What did Pres. Johnson lie increase US involvement in Vietnam?
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Gulf of Tonkin. He said that North Vietnamese patrol boats had fired on 2 American destroyers
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What was the nickname of the US war in Vietnam?
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The Undeclared War
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What did Nixon do in response to public pressure to withdraw from Vietnam?
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Vietnamization
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What is Vietnamization?
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Plan that allowed for US troops to gradually pull out while the South Vietnamese increased their combat role.
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What did Nixon do so that he could pursue Vietnamization and also preserve the South Vietnamese govt?
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He began a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnamese bases and supply routes.
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What other countries besides N Vietnam were bombed to wipe out North Vietnamese hiding places?
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Laos and Cambodia
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When did the last of the US troops leave Vietnam?
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1973
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What happened 2 years after the US left Vietnam?
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The North overran the South because they could not fend off the North Viets on their own.
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What was Saigon renamed?
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Ho Chi Minh
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Where did the French suffer a major defeat against the Vietnamese?
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Dien Bien Phu
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Where was Korea divided?
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38 parallel
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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Anti-Communist, led South Vietnam. He was an unpopular dictator. He was overthrown and assassinated by South Vietnamese generals
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Why was MacArthur fired?
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He wanted a roll-back but was refused by Truman. He tried to bypass the president but he was fired for criticism and insubordination
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domino theory
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If one country falls to Communism, its neighbors will as well
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Khmer Rouge
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Communist rebels in Cambodia who set up govt under Pol Pot
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How many did Pol Pot kill?
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2 million, 1/4 of Cambodia's population
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Who did Castro overthrow?
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Batista
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How did Castro improve Cuba?
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He improved the economy, literacy, health care, and conditions for women.
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In what ways was Castro a harsh dictator?
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He suspended elections, jailed/executed his opponents, and strangled the press w/ tight govt controls
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Why did the US support the invasion of the Bay of Pigs?
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Castro was allied with the Soviet Union. The US didn't want the Soviets to have allies in close proximity to them.
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How many missile sites were built on Cuba?
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42
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How was the Cuban missile crisis resolved?
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Kennedy demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles and he also set a quarantine around Cuba. Krushchev agreed\ in return for a US promise that Cuba would never be invaded. The US had to remove its missiles from Turkey.
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How many died in the Korean War?
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5 million
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How many died in the Vietnam War?
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1.5 mil Vietnamese
58,000 Americans |
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How many boat people (Viet refugees, escaped on boats) died?
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200,000
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How many Viet refugees settled in the US/Canada
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70,000
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Why did the Ayatollah Khomeini hate the US?
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They supported the shah's brutal dictatorship for 25 years.
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What part did the US play in the Muslim war? (Iran and Iraq)
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The US secretly sold weapons to Iran to get their hostages released
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When did Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?
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1979
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Third World
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Developing, newly independent, nonaligned countries (Latin America, Asia, Africa)
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Nonaligned Countries
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neutral countries in the Cold War (India, Indonesia)
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Who was the Hungarian liberal Communist leader?
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Imre Nagy
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What happened to Nagy?
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He was executed
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Who was the Czechoslovakian Communist leader who offered his country socialism with a "human face"?
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Alexander Dubcek
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What was Dubcek's period of reform called?
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Prague Spring
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What happened in response to Prague Spring?
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Armed Forces from the Warsaw Pact invaded Czechoslovakia
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How did Khrushchev punish the Chinese for their independence?
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He refused to share nuclear secrets with them
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Who used the foreign policy of brinkmanship?
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John F. Kennedy (Cuban Missile Crisis, Bay of Pigs invasion)
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Who used the policy of containment and escalated US involvement in Vietnam?
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Lyndon Johnson
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Who used the policy of detente?
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Nixon
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What did the policy of detente grow out of?
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Realpolitik (dealing with other nations in a realistic and flexible manner). The US continued to contain Communism, but both countries agreed to pursue detente.
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Who abandoned detente and set up SDI aka Star Wars?
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Ronald Reagan
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What was SALT I?
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A 5-year pact made in 1972, signed by Nixon and Brezhnev, that limited the number of intercontinental ballistic and submarine launched missiles each country could have
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SDI , Star Wars
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Program to protect America against enemy missiles
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Stalinization
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Purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory
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Who had the US funded in Nicaragua?
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Somoza
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Who toppled the dictatorship of the Somozas?
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The Sandinistas
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Who was the leader of the Sandinistas?
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Daniel Ortega
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Why did the US change to support the contras? (contrarevolucionarias)
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The Sandinistas had aided other Socialist rebels in El Salvador. To help the El Salvadoran govt fight those rebels, the US supported Nicaraguan anti-Communist rebel forces
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Civil War in Nicaragua
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It seriously weakened the economy
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What was the result of the civil war?
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In 1990, Ortega agreed to hold free elections, in which he was defeated by Violeta Chamorro
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Glasnost
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Openness
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How did Gorbachev encourage glasnost?
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He encouraged Soviet citizens to discuss ways to improve their society. The govt allowed churches to open. It released dissidents from prison and allowed the publication of books by previously banned authors. Reporters investigated social problems and openly criticized government officials
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What was Gorbachev's "new thinking" in foreign affairs?
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It stressed diplomacy over force
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INF: Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
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Gorbachev and Reagan. Banned missiles w/ ranges of 300-3400 miles
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Perestroika
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economic restructuring
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How was perestroika initiated?
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In 1986, he made changes to revise the Soviet economy. Local managers gained greater authority over their farms and factories, and people were allowed o open small private businesses. Gorbachev's goal was the make the Communist system more efficient and productive
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Who led Solidarity in Poland?
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Walesa
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What happened when Polish workers went on strike, demanding the legalization of Solidarity?
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The govt gave in. However, the next year, the govt banned Solidarity again and declared martial law. Public discontent deepened as the economic crisis worsened. Jaruzelski agreed to hold talks with Solidarity leaders. In Apr 1989, Jaruzelski legalized Solidarity and agreed to hold Poland's first free election since the Communists took power. Lech Walesa won overwhelmingly.
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Who was the military leader of Poland?
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Jaruzelski
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What changes did Hungarian leaders make to stimulate economic growth?
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Reformers encouraged private enterprise and allowed a small stock market to operate. A new constitution allowed for a multiparty system with free elections. Radical reformers took over a Communist Party congress in Oct 1989
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How did Honecker lose power?
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The police refused to break up a demonstration in E Germany.
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What did Krenz gamble?
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That he could restore stability by allowing people to leave East Germany. On Nov 9, 1989, he opened the Berlin wall. Thousands of East Germans left. Krenz and other officials were forced to resign when his gamble did not work and the public discovered evidence of corruption among party leaders
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When did the Czechs protest, demanding an end to Communist rule?
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On October 28
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How did the Czechs protest, demanding an end to Communist rule?
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10,000 gathered in Wenceslas Square. Hundreds were arrested. Three weeks later, 25,000 students gathered to demand reform. Following orders from the govt, the police attacked and injured hundreds. On each of the next 8 days, huge crowds gathered in Wenceslas Square to demand an end to Communist rule. On Nov 24, 500,000 protesters crowded into downtown Prague. The entire Politburo resigned.
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Who was the leader of the Czechs?
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Jakes
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Who was elected after Jakes?
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Havel
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Why did the Romanians rise up?
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Massacre in Timisoara
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Who was the leader of the Romanians?
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Ceausescu
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What happened to Ceausescu?
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He was captured, tried, and executed on Dec 25, 1989
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What damaged Gorbachev's popularity?
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When Lithuania declared its independence in March 1990, Gorbachev ordered a blockade of the Republic, fearing that Lithuania's example might encourage other republics to secede. Soviet troops attacked unarmed citizens in Lithuania's capital.
Lack of real economic progress |
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How many were killed/wounded when Soviets troops attacked Lithuanians?
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14 killed, 150+ wounded
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. . What role did the August Coup have in the breakup of the Soviet Union? |
The attempted and failed coup sparked anger against the communist party
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Which countries first declared their independence from the Soviet Union?
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Estonia and Latvia
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When did the Soviet Union completely break up?
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December 1991
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Which Russian leader used "shock therapy"?
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Yeltsin
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Shock therapy
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An abrupt shift to a free market economy. Trade barriers are lowered, price controls removed, and subsidies to state-owned industries ended
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What was the outcome of "shock therapy" in Russia?
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Prices soared; inflation rate averaged 800%. Factories dependent of govt money had to cut production. Thousands were jobless
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How did the war in Chechnya affect Yeltsin?
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Yeltsin avoided decimation. In August 1996, the two sides signed a peace treaty in Aug 1996, but war broke out again.
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Who took over Russia after Yeltsin?
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Putin
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What strategy did Lech Walesa adopt?
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Shock thrapy
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What were the effects of shock therapy in Poland?
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Unemployment shot up. By the mid-1800s, however, the economy was improving. However, many were unhappy with the pace of economic progress.
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Who was elected after Wales?
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Kwasniewski
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What were the reasons for the breakup of Czechoslovakia?
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-Shock therapy caused a sharp rise in unemployment, especially hurting Slovakia, the republic occupying the eastern third of Czechoslovakia
-Slovakia and the Czech Republic could not agree on an economic policy |
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Who was the last leader of Czechoslovakia?
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Havel
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Who was the first leader of the Czech Republic?
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Havel
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Why did Yugoslavia break up?
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It was a nation with six major ethnic and cultural groups: Serbs, Croats, Muslims, Slovenes, Macedonians, and Montenegrins. Each views the others with suspicon
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Who was the leader of Serbia?
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Milosevic
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Who was the leader of Yugoslavia?
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Tito
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ethnic cleansing
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Serbs used murder and other forms of brutality against Bosnian Muslims living in Serb held lands. The policy was intended to rid Bosnia of its Muslim population (genocide)
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Who was the chancellor of West Germany?
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Kohl
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When was Germany reunified?
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1990
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Who succeeded Kohl?
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Schroeder
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When was the Yalta Conference?
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1945
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When was the Potsdam Conference?
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1945
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Who came up with the nickname "iron curtain"?
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Churchill
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Operation Vittles
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Food -> West Berlin
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Operation Little Vittles
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Pilots would drop candy to children
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Why was NATO formed?
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The UN could not send troops because China and the Soviet Union could veto the plan
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Who was shot down in the U-2 incident?
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Francis Gary Powers
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How much was given to the Nationalists in China from the US?
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1.5 billion, then 2 billion
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How many died in the Great Leap Forward?
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20 million
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When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
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1962
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President Carter boycotted which Olympics?
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1980 Moscow Olympics
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Which country was the first to leave the Soviet bloc?
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Poland
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What area wanted to secede from Serbia?
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Kosovo
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Ethnicities in Bosnia
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44% Muslim, 31% Serbs, 17% Croats
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Russian leaders
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Stalin>Khrushchev>Brezhnev>Gorbachev>Yeltsin>Putin
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Polish leaders
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Jaruzelski>LechWalesa>Kwasniewski
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Chilean leaders
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Allende>Pinochet
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Cuba
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Batista>Castro
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Nicaragua
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Somoza>Ortega>VioletaChamorro>Jose Lacayo
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Iran
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Pahlavi>Mossaddeq>Pahlavi>Ayatolla Khomeini
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Romania
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Ceausescu
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Czeoslovakia
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Jakes>Havel
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Czech Republic
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Havel
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Yugoslavia
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Tito>Milosevic asserted control over Yugoslavia
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East Germany
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Honecker>Krenz
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West Germany
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Kohl>Schroeder
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