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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Einstein
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German physicist who offered new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter. Einstein theorized that space and time are not constant in the theory of relativity. He was considered as the greatest scientific genius since Isaac Newton. As a child, he was quiet, serious and solitary. He did not impress teachers and was thought to be slow.
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Freud
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Austrian physicist who treated patients with psychological problems. He believed that much of human behavior is irrational. He called the irrational part of the mind "the unconscious".
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Hemingway
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Expatriate who wrote "The Sun Also Rises".
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Dos Passos
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Expatriate writer
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Scott Fitzgerald
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Expatriate who wrote "The Great Gatsby"
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Stein
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American writer whose home expatriates gather at.
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Eliot
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American poet who resided in England. He wrote that Western society had lost its spiritual values.
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Yeats
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Irish poet who conveyed a sense of dark times in "The Second Coming"
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Sartre
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French philosopher who turned to existantialism
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Jaspers
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German philosopher who turned to existantialism
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Nietzche
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German philosopher who wrote that Western society put too much stress on reason, democracy, and progress, which stifled actions based on emotions and instinct. As a result, individuality and creativity suffered. He urged a return to pride, assertiveness, and strength to rise above and control the common herd.
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Valery
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French poet of 1920s who felt restless and uneasy
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Kafka
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Czech author who wrote "The Trial" and "The Castle". Both featured people in crushing, not understandable, inescapable situations.
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Joyce
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Irish author who wrote "Ulysses". Ulysses was a stream of consciousness novel that featured a single day in the lives of 3 Dubliners. It broke normal vocabulary and sentence structure.
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Klee
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Expressionist painter
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Kandinsky
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Expressionist painter
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Broque
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French painter, helped found Cubism. Worked with Picasso
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Picasso
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Spanish painter, helped found Cubism. Worked with Broque
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Dali
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Spanish surrealist. "The Persistence of Memory", which had clocks melting in the desert, and insects eating them.
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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American architect who single-handedly created created functionalism. He designed houses with clean, low lines.
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Gropius
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German who led the functionalist movement in Germany. He started an art school in Weimar named Bauhaus.
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Stravinsky
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Russian composer who wrote "The Rite of Spring", which included irregular rhythms. He was an unorthodox composer and was booed the first time.
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Schoenberg
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Austrian composer who created the twelve tone scale- the notes were only mathematically related
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Sanger and Goldman
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Two women who worked together who were in favor of birth control and risked arrest for doing so.
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Lindbergh
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American pilot who, in 1927, flew solo for 33 hours from NY to Paris
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Earhart
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First female American pilot to fly across the Atlantic by herself in 1932
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Ellington
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Jazz pianist and composer. His real name was Edward Kennedy and he played in the Cotton Club
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Babe Ruth
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Baseball player for NY Yankess who broke his 59-home run record(made in 1921). Some nicknames were the Great Bambino and the Sultan of Swat.
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Helen Wills
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Tennis player who won the Wimbledon trophy against Ella de Alvarez, a Spanish player. Her nickname was Little Miss Poker Face
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existantialism
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Philosophy that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person has their own meaning to life based on choices made and actions taken.
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expatriate
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people who leave their native country to live elsewhere (often in Paris)
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Marconi
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Conducted his first successful experiment with radio in 1895
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Eisenstein
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Russian film director that created films that explored psychological or political themes
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Lang
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German film director that created films that explored psychological or political themes
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Sennett
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Hollywood actor who starred in zany slapstick comedies, long with his Keystone Kops (1920s)
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Pickford
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Hollywood actress; starred in dramas (1920s)
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Valentino
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Hollywood actor; starred in dramas (1920s)
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Chaplin
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"King of the Silent Screen"; English comic genius. He was best known for his portrayal of the lonely little tramp bewildered by life
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Lost Generation
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expatriates such as Hemingway, Dos Passos, and Fitzgerald who had served in WWI. They were disillusioned by the war and did not know the meaning to life.
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Existantialim
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Philosophy that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person gives their own meaning to life through their choices and actions
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Stream of Consciousness
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a style of novel that broke with normal sentence structure and vocabulary, trying to mirror the workings of the human mind
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Expressionism
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a style of art that uses bold colors and distorted or exaggerated shapes and forms
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Cubism
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inspired by traditional African art, it transformed natural shapes into geometric forms with sharp angles and edges. Often, several views were depicted at the same time. The most famous painting was "Guernica", by Picasso
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Dadaism
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French for "hobbyhorse", which was picked at random. It sounded like nonsense, which fit the spirit of the movement. Works were meant to be absurd, nonsensical, and meaningless
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Surrealism
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Art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with real life. Surrealists tried to call on the unconscious part of their minds.Their paintings had a dream-like quality and depicted objects in unusal ways
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Functionalism
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a building style where the building reflects its functions or use.
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What were coalition governments? What were its weaknesses?
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Coalition governments were temporary alliances of several parties. The parties often disagreed on several policies, so coalitions seldom lasted long.
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What was the Weimar Repulic?
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Germany's new democratic government, set up in 1919.
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What weakness did the Weimar government face from the start?
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Germany lacked a strong democratic tradition. Postwar Germany had several major political parties and many minor ones. Millions of Germans blamed the Weimar government, not their wartime government, for their defeat and humiliation because it was they who signed the Treaty of Versailles
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Explain the Dawes Plan.
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Charles Dawes, an American banker, created the plan. It provided for a 200 million dollar loan from American banks to stablize German currency and strengthen its economy. It also set a realistic goal for Germany's reparation payments.
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What conditions in Germany made it necessary to introduce the Dawes Plan?
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German currency inflated because the govt printed for money to cover the cost of the war instead of taxing the citizens. The German currency, the mark, became virtually worthless.
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. . What were the main details of the Locarno act? |
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. . Germany's foreign minister, Gustav Stresemann, and France's foreign minister, Aristide Briand, tried to improve relations. In 1925, they met in Locarno, Switzerland, with officials from Belgium, Italy, and Britain,. They signed a treaty primising that France and Germany would never again make war agaist each other. Germany agreed to respect the existing borders of France and Belgium. It was then admitted to the League of Nations. |
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What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
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Almost every country in the world, including the Soviet Union, signed the pact, agreeing to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy".
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Who arranged the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
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Kellogg- US Secretary of State
Briand- French Foreign minister |
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Why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact almost useless?
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The League of Nations had no means to enforce its provisions. The US's refusal to join the League also weakened it.
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What flaws in the US economy helped cause the stock market crash and the Great Depression?
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-Uneven distribution of wealth: The richest 5% of the population received 33% of all personal income in 1929. 60% of all American families earned less than $2000 dollars a year
-Overproduction: American farmers produced mass amounts of food. Meanwhile, they faced new competition from farmers in Australia, Latin America, and Europe. A worldwide surplus drove prices down. -Lessening demand for consumer goods: Most families could not buy produced goods. Store owners cut back their orders leadeing the factories to reduce production and lay off workers. As more workers were laid off, families bought fewer goods |
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Why did the Great Depression spread from the US to the rest of world?
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-American bankers demanded their loans back and investors withdrew from Europe. In response to high US tariffs, other nations imposed their own tariffs. World trade dropped 65%
-The US was the world's banker and foreign nations were heavily dependent on exports and imports |
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How did Britain respnd to the Great Depression?
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British voters elected a multi-party coalition known as the National government. It passed high protective tarrifs, increased taxes, and regulated the currency. It also lowered interest rate to encourage industrial growth. These measures brought a slow but steady recovery. By 1937, unemployment had been cut in half and production had risen
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How did France respond to the Great Depression?
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Because it was still heavily agricultural and less dependent on foreign trade, France was somewhat cushioned against the Depression. In 1933, five coalition governments grew and fell. In 1936, moderates, socialists, and Communists formed a coalition called the Popular Front. It passed reforms including pay increases, holiday with pay, and a 40-hour work week. Although price increases offset wage gains and unemployment remained high, France preserved its democracy.
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How did the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) respond to the Great Depression?
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They built their programs on an existing tradition of cooperative community action. In Sweden, the government sponsored massive public works projects that kept people employed and producing. All the countries raised pensions for the elderly and increased unemployment benefits.To pay for those benefits, the govt taxed all citizens. Both private and cooperative businesses prospered.
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How did the US respond to the Great Depression?
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In 1932, Franklin D Roosevelt became president. He began a program of reform called the New Deal. Large public works projects helped to provide jobs for the unemployed. New govt agencies gave financial help to businesses and farms. Large amounts of public money was spent on welfare and relief programs. Roosevelt and his advisors believed that government spending would create jobs and start recovery. Regulations reformed the stock market and banking system.
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What is a fasces?
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A bundle of rods bound around an axe.
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What does "fasces" mean?
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It comes from the Latin word meaning "bundle of rods"
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What was the fasces used for?
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It was the ancient Roman symbol of authority which was carried ahead of magistrates, emperors, generals, and other officials to show their power.
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In what ways was Mussolini influenced by his father?
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His father was a socialist. Politics was his passion and he often took his son to Socialist meetings. Mussolini adored his father.
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What was Mussolini like as a boy?
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He loved to pinch others and throw stones. He was a bully?
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What was Mussolini like as a student?
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He was encouraged to rebel. He stabbed a fellow student with a pocketknife and was expelled multiple times. He often sneaked out into brothels.
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What were Mussolini's views on WWI?
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At first he disapproved of it and ran to Switzerland to avoid drafting. Later, however, he changed his mind and voluntarily enlisted.
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Why did Mussolini form the Fascist Party?
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He formed it because there were many strikes, high unemployment, and he promised employment and no communism.
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Who were the Black Shirts?
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Mussolini's private military who was always heavily armed and wore black shirts.
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What made the Fascist Party unbeatable?
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Mussolini's own genius and the Black Shirts
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Why was Mussolini disappointed when King Emmanuelle appointed him Prime Minister?
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He had planned a march to take power, but by being appointed, he could not stage the march. Because he wanted to show his power and make an impression, he staged the march later anyway.
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What happened to Mussolini's enemies and opposition parties?
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They were physically attacked and he killed all opposition. Matteoti was killed by Mussolini
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What did Mussolini do to get the approval of the Catholic church?
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He had a religious marriage and increased state allowance to bishops.
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Why was church support so important?
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The people drew guidance from the Vatican and the church.
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How did Mussolini use propaganda and censorship?
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He showed on TV that he worked alongside the people. He made himself a virtual editor-in-chief for Italy.
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What was Mussolini's relationship with Hitler?
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Hitler admired Mussolini, but Mussolini never like him. Hitler ordered the murder of Mussolini's close friend. Mussolini took this a direct challenge. He then distrusted Hitler.
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Why did Italy invade Ethiopa in 1935?
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He wanted to add land to Italy's colonial empire. Through Ethiopa, he could link Eritrea and Somalia, his current colonies.
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What were some of the mistakes Mussolini made after Italy entered WWII?
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He trusted Hitler not to begin WWII until Italy was ready. He had fatal delusions about the Great Powers. He also refused German help.
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Why and how was Mussolini removed from power?
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Why: It was clear that Mussolini's dictatorship was a failure
How: He was voted off |
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How did he eventually die?
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He was captured and shot.
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What did the Ethiopian emperor do about Italy's invasion of it?
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Selassie complained, but the League of Nations did nothing except to condemn it.
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How did the Theory of Relativity challenge deeply rooted ideas and traditions?
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Einstein's ideas had implications not only for science but how people viewed the world. Uncertainty and relativity replaced Newton's belief of a world operatingaccoding to absolute laws of motion and gravity.
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What was the theory of relativity?
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Einstein's thory that space and time can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of light.
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How did Freudian psychology challenge deeply rooted ideas and traditions?
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His ideas weakened faith in reason.
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How did Existantialism challenge deeply rooted ideas and traditions?
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It challenged ideas like fate and destiny
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How did the Dada Movement challenge deeply rooted ideas and traditions?
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Its message was that established values had been made meaningless by the savagery of WWI
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How did Jazz capture the independent spirit of the times?
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Its loose, lively beat captured the new freedom of the age.
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How did automobiles change ways of life?
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Middle class could afford cars, so mor people traveled for pleasure and motor hotels and vacation campgrounds opened to serve tourists. Also, many moved to the suburbs and continued to work.
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How did radios change ways of life?
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Every major city had broadcasting for news, plays, or sporting events. People eagerly listened to a a variety of broadcasts. The BBC gained a monopoly in radio.
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What was the first radio station?
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KDKA
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When did the US Stock Market crash?
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October 29, 1929
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How did buying stocks on margin work?
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Middle-income people bought stocks on margin, where they paid a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowed the rest from a stockbror. The system worked as long as stocks were rising. If they fell, investors had no money to pay the loan.
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How did the economic slide begin?
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In Sep 1929, investors began to sell their stocks, because they believed prices were unnaturally high. On October 24, 1929, the gradual lowering of prices became a downward slide. A panic set in because everyone wanted to sell and no one wanted to buy. Prices plunged to a new low. 16 million stocks were sold and the market collapsed.
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Why did Austria and Germany fail?
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They were dependent on American loans.
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Why did Japanese economy fail?
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Crop failures in 1931 led to famine. City workers suffered as the value of exports fell by half between 1929 and 1931. 3 million workers lost their jobs
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Why did Latin American economy fail?
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World prices and market demands for raw materials fell. Demand for goods collapsed and the cost of imported goods rose.
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Swastika
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-Cross with 4 equal arms, each bent at a right angle
-From Sanskrit word svastika, meaning "creating well-being" -ancient Aryan symbol of the sun |
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Who was Hitler influenced by?
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Nietzsche
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What was the Nazi Party?
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Nationalist Socialist German Workers
Tiny right wing, anti communist, ultra nationalist, anti Semitic party |
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What city/ government did Hitler try to take over? and when?
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Bavarian govt, in Munich, in 1923
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How many years was Hitler sentenced? How many did he serve?
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5 years, 9 months
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In what way did the Nazi Party change their tactics to get in power?
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They decided to be elected, instead of a coup
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What did Mein Kampf express?
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Hitler's ideas/beliefs/plans
-Racism: Hatred of Jews, Slavs, Gypsies. The superior race was the Aryans (blond haired blue eyed Germans) -extreme nationalism: especially for living space(lebensraum) for Germany in Eastern Europe or Russia...his plan to make Germany a great nation again...(empire)Third Reich |
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Private militia
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Storm Troopers, Brownshirts
(SA/SS) |
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Party unpopular until...
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Depression struck (1929)
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What did Hitler promise?
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Solutions to the Depression: persecution of those responsible(Jews), full employment, no reparations, suppression of Communism
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Why were Hitler's solutions attractive?
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It was an alternative to the failed Weimar govt
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In the 1932, the Nazi Party
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became the largest party, but still had no majority
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How did Hitler come to power?
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He was appointed chancellor by President Paul von Hindenburg
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How did Hitler gain full power?
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He took advantage of of a fire in the Reichstag. That evening, he got the congress to give him unlimited power, to rule by decree, and to hold another election
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Enabling Act
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Gave Hitler dictatorial power for 4 years
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Personal Police
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SS
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Nazi Secret Police
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Gestapo
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What did Hitler do to his political opponents?
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He banned other parties and arrested/imprisoned opponents
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How did Hitler become Fuhrer?
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When Paul von Hindenburg died, Hitler united the office of Chancellor and President
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What was life like under Hitler?
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Personal freedoms were restricted
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What type of propaganda did Hitler use?
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Socialist realism
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Books that did not conform to Nazi beliefs
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were burned in bonfire ceremonies
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What happened to religion?
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It was not banned, as long as it did not openly criticize Hitler
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How were children indoctrinated?
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They had to join Hitler Youth(boys) or the League of German Girls in school
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Nuremberg Laws
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Deprived Jews of citizenship, jobs, and property
1933 |
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Kristallnacht
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Night of Broken Glass
November 9, 1939 Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes, and on the street. It was the beginning of a systematic elimination of Jews |
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Why were Hitler's policies tolerated?
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He promised a way out of the Depression. He also used fear
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Economy under Hitler
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He had control of the economy: strikes were banned, unions dissolved, and govt had full authority over business and labor. However, capitalism continued
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What was the result of Hitler's rule?
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Almost full employment was restored, but although he promised peace/prosperity, he brought war, misery, destruction, death and WWII
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Italy's dictator
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Mussolini
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Germany's dictator
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Hitler
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Spain's dictator
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Franco
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Hungary's dictator
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Horthy
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Poland's dictator
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Pilsudski
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Japan's dictator
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Hirohito and Military Junta
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Road to War
1934 |
Germany re-arms
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Road to War
1935 |
Germany re-occupies the Saar and the Rhineland and Alsace-Lorraine
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Road to War
1936 |
Germany and Italy sign the Rome-Berlin axis and then Japan joins them in the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Axis Powers)
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Road to War
1936 (Dictator) |
Franco emerges as dictator of Spain
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Road to War
1938 |
Annexation of Austria by Germany- Anschluss...this also broke the Treaty of Versailles
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Road to War
1938 (Land) |
Germany invades Sudetenland, the German speaking area of Czechoslovakia (3 mil German speakers)
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Road to War
September 1938 |
Munich Conference: Hitler promises to not invade Czechoslovakia if allowed to keep Sudetenland
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Road to War
1939 |
Six months later, he broke the agreement
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Road to War
September 1st 1939 |
Germans invade Poland using Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)
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Road to War
September 3rd 1939 |
Britain and France declare war on Germany
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