2Nd Semester Exam Vocab

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Gene

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Functional unit that controls inherited trait expression that is passed on from one generation to another

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Homologous chromosome

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one of 2 paired chromosomes, from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location

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Gamete

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a haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce diploid fertilized egg

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Haploid

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cell with half the number of chromosomes (n) as a diploid (2n) cell

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fertilization

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process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female and n chromosomes from the male parnet

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Diploid

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having two copies of each chromosome

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Meiosis

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reproduction division process, occurring only in reproductive cell, in which one diploid (2n) cell produces four haploid (n) cells that are not generally identical

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Genetics

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science of heredity

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Allele

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alternative form that a single gene may have for a particular trait

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Dominant

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Mendel's name for the specific trait that appeared in the F1 generation

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Recessive

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Mendel's name for a specific trait that is hidden in the F1 generation

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Homozygous

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organism with two of the same alleles for a specific trait

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Heterozygous

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organism with two different alleles for a specific trait

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Genotype

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on organism's allele pair

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Phenotype

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observable characteristic that is expressed as a result of an allele pair

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Hybrid

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organism heterozygous for a specific trait

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Carrier

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individual heterozygous for a recessive disorder such cystic fibrosis of Tay-Sachs disease

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Pedigree

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diagrammed family history that is used to study inheritance patterns of a trait through several generation and that can be used to predict disorders in future offsprings

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Incomplete dominance

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complex inheritance patterns in witch the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between those of the 2 homozygous parent organisms

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Codominance

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complex inheritance pattern that occurs when neither allele is dominant and both alleles are expressed

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Sex Chromosomes

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X or Y chromosomes; paired sex chromosomes determine and individual gender -XX individuals are female and XY individuals are male

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Autosomes

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chromosomes that is not a sex chromosome

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Sex - linked traits

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characteristics, such as red-green color blindness, controlled by genes on the X-chromosome; also called x-linked trait

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karyotype

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micrograph in witch the pairs of homologous chromosomes are arranged in decreasing sice

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Bacteriophage

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A virus that infest a bacterium (a unicellular microcellular organism) by infecting it and reproducing inside of it

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Nucleotides

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a subunit of nucleic acids from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

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DNA

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it hold your genetic code and genes

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RNA

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guides protein synthesis

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messenger RNA

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type of RNA that carries genetic info from DNA in the nucleus to direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

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Ribosomal RNA

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type of RNA that associates with proteins to form ribosomes

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Transfer RNA

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type of RNA that transports amino acids to the ribosomes

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RNA polymerase

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enzyme that regulate RNA synthesis

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Transcription

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process in which mRNA is synthesized from the template DNA

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Codon

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3-base code in DNA or RNA

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Translation

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process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and protein is assembled

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Mutation

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permanent change in cell's DNA, ranging from changes on single-base pair to deletions of large sections of chromosomes

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Artificial Selection

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Darwin's term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for a certain traits in order to produce offsprings having those traits

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Natural Selection

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theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on four ideas, excess reproduction, variations, inheritance, and the advantage of specific traits in an environment

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Evolution

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heredity changes in groups of living organisms over time

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Derived trait

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new feature that had not appeared in common ancestors

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Ancestral Trait

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more-primitive characteristic that appear in common ancestors

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Homologous structure

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anatomically similar structure inherited from a common ancestor

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Vestigial structure

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reduced from a functional structure that indicates shared ancestry

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Embryo

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organism early pre birth stage of development

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Biogeography

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study of distribution of plant and animals on the earth

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fitness

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measure of trait's relative contribution to the following generation

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Mimicry

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morphological adaptation in witch one species evolves to resemble another species for protection or other advantages

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Camouflage

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morphological adaptation that allows organism to blend with their surroundings

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Hardy-Weinberg principle

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states the all allele frequencies in population stay the same unless they are affected by a factor that cause change

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Genetic drift

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random changes in allelic frequencies in a population

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stabilizing selection

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most common form of natural selection in which organism with extreme expressions of a trait are removed

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Directional selection

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shift of population towards an extreme trait

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disruptive selection

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process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits

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Sexual selection

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Change in frequency of a trait based on competition of mate

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prezygotic isolating mechanism

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occurring before breeding; producing a fertilized egg, or zygote

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Postzygotic isolation mechanism

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occurring after formation of a zygote

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Allopatric speciation

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occurs when a population divided by a geographic barrier evolves into two or more populations unable to interbreed

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Sympatric speciation

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occurs when species evolves into a new species in area without a geographic barrier

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Classification

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grouping of organisms or objects based on a set of criteria that helps organize,communicate, and retain info

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Taxonomy

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branch of biology the identifies, names, and classification of their species based on their natural relationship

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Binomial nomenclature

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Linnaeus's system of naming organisms, which gives a scientific two word latin name to each species - the first part is the genus and the second part is the specific epithet

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genus

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a taxonomy unit used to put organism on specific groups

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Family

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taxonomic of similar, related genera that is smaller that a genus and larger than an order

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Order

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taxonomic group that consist related families

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Class

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Taxonomic group that contains one or more related orders

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Phylum

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Taxonomic group of related classes

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Division

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taxonomic term used instead of phylum to group related classes of plants and bacteria

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Kingdom

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taxonomic group of related phyla or divisions

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Domain

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taxonomic group of one or kingdoms

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Phylogenetic tree

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it is a diagram used to show evolution

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Phylogeny

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evolution history of a species

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systematists

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according to a fixed plan of system

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Character

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inherited morphological or biochemical feature that varies among species and can be used to determine patterns of decent

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Cladistic

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taxonomic method that models evolutionary relationship based on shared derived characteristics and phylogenetic trees

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Cladogram

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diagram with branches that represent the hypothesized phylogeny or evolution of a species or group; used bioinformatics, morphological studies, and info from DNA studies

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Eubacteria

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prokaryotes with peptidoglycan-containing cell walls

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Archaea

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a group of single celled microorganisms

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protist

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unicellular, multicellular, or colonial eukaryote whose cell walls contain cellulose, can be plantlike, animal-like, or funguslike

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Fungus

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unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that is stationary, absorbs nutrition from organic materials in the environment, and has cell walls that contain chitin

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Virus

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nonliving strand of genetic material that cannot be replicate on its own, has a nucleic acid core, a protein coat, and can invade cells and alter cellular function

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Charles Darwin

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Hypothesized that new species could appear gradually through small changes in ancestral species. He used the term evolution

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Protozoan

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heterotrophic, unicellular, animal-like protist

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Paramecia

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a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa

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Conjugation

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form of reproduction used by some prokaryotes in which the prokaryotic cells attach to each other and exchange genetic material

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Pseudopod

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temporary cytoplasmic extension that sarcodines uses for feeding and movement

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Algae

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a simple nonflowering plant that includes seaweed, is in the marine

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Diatoms

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a single celled algae that has cell walls of silica

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Mold

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a fungi that grow in warm condition and sometime on food or other organic conditions

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Plasmodium

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feeding stage of slime mold in which it is a cytoplasmic mass with many diploid nuclei but no separate cells

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Chitin

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tough, flexible polysaccharide in exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans and in fungal cell walls

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Hypha

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threadlike filament that makes up the basic structural unit of multicellular fungus

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Mycelium

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complex, netlike mass made up of branching hyphae

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Spore

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reproductive haploid (n) with a hard outer shell that forms a new organism without the fusion of gametes and is produced in the asexual and sexual life cycles of most fungi and some other organisms

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Septum

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cross- wall that divide hypha into cells

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Fruiting body of fungi

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spore-producing fungal reproductive structure

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Spore production (reproduction of fungi)

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production of spores

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chytrids

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a structure describing unreleased spores in the kingdom Fungi

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Parasitic fungi

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a fungi that acts like a parasite

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mutualistic fungi

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fungi that uses mutualism

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saprophytic fungi

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fungi that live on dead or decaying matter

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budding

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a small growth that grows off an organism

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fragmentation reproduction

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it is when a part of and organism breaks off and then the same organism grow from that fragmentation

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zygomycota

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a fungi that is formed when the fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell penetrates the egg

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ascomycota

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a type of fungi

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basidiomycaota

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a type of fungi that spores form in basidia

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Lichen

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symbiotic relationship between a fungus (usually ascomycete) and an alga or photosynthetic partner

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Stomata

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opening in the outer cell layer of leaf surfaces and some stems that allow exchange of water, carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases between a plant and its environment

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Vascular plants

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type of plant with vascular tissue adapted to land environments; mostly widely distributed type of plant on earth

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nonvascular plant

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type of plant that lacks vascular tissue, moves substance s slowly form cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion, and grows only is a damp environment

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sepals

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flower organs that produce the buds

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petals

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colorful flower structure attracts pollinators and provides them a landscaping place

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stamen

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male reproductive organs of most flowers composed of filament an an anther

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pistil

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flowers female reproductive structure, it is usually composed of a stigma, a style, and an ovary

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germination

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process in witch a seed's embryo begins to grow

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Invertebrate

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animal without a backbone; between 95% and 99% of animals are invertebrates

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Exoskeleton

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hard or tough covering of many invertebrates that provide support, protects body tissue, prevents water loss, an protect the organism from predation

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Endoskeleton

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internal skeleton that protect internal organs, provide support for organism's body, and can provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against

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Vertebrate

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animal with endoskeleton and backbone

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zygote

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fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell penetrates an egg

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Endoderm

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inner layer of cells in the gastrula that develops into digestive tract lining

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Ectoderm

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outer layer of cells in the gastrula that develop into nevus tissue and skin

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Mesoderm

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layer of cells between the endoderm and the ectoderm that can become muscle tissue and tissue of the circulatory, respiratory, and excretory system

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Hermaphrodites

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animals that produce both sperm and eggs in its body, generally at different times

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Internal fertilization

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type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine inside an animal's body

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External Fertilization

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type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine outside the animal's body

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Asexual reproduction

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it does not involve sexual reproduction such as budding

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Asymmetry

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not having symmetry

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Symmetry

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same on both sides

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Radial symmetry

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body plan that can be divided along any plane, through central axis, into roughly equal halves

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Bilateral symmetry

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boy plan that can be divide into mirror images along one plane through the central axis

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Coelom

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fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

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Acoelomates

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no body cavity, body solid, doubled walled sac surrounding digestive cavity

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Pseudocoelum

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fluid-filled body cavity between the mesoderm and the endoderm

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Protostome

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coelomate animal whose mouth develops from the opening in the gastrula

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Deuterostome

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coelomate animal whose anus develops from the opening in the gastrula

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Cnidarians

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a phylum of aquatic invertebrate

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Gastrovacsular cavity

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in cnidarians, the space surrounded by an inner cell layer, where digestion takes place

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Platyhelminths

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an invertebrate phylum that has flatworms

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Porifera

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invertebrates that live in the water like sponges

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Nemotoda

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it is a more dives phylum of Pseudocoelum they are round worms

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Mollusca

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a large phylum of invertebrates

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annelida

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a large phylum of segmented worms such as earthworms

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Arthropoda

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a large phylum if invertebrates such as spiders

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Echinoderms

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a phylum of marine invertebrates that include starfish

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Chordates

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animal phylum of Chordata having a dorsal tubular nerve chord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail at some point in its development

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Invertebrates Chordates

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chordata without a backbone

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lampreys

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an aquatic jawless invertebrate

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Cartilaginous fish

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a fish with cartilage

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Bony fish

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a large fish distinguished by the skeleton of a bone

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Amphibians

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a cold-blooded vertebrate that lives on land and water

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Reptiles

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a clod blooded vertebrate that include snakes

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Birds

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warm-blood egg-laying vertebrate

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mammals

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warm-blooded animal that have hair or fur

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Endotherms

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organism that generates its body heat by its own metabolism

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neuron

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cell that carries nerve impulses throughout the body and is composed of a cell body, an axon, and dent-rites

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dendrite

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neuron structure that receives nerve impulses from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body

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cell body

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neuron structure that contains the nucleus and many organelles

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axon

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neuron structure that transmits nerve impulses from the cell body to other neurons and muscles

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reflex arc

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nerve pathway that consisting of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron

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action potential

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nerve impulse

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threshold

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minimum stimulus needed to produce a nerve impulse

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node

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gap in the myelin sheath along the length of an axon; nerve impulses move from node to node

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synapse

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gap between one neuron's axon and another neuron dendrite

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neurotransmitter

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chemical that diffuses across a synapse and binds to receptors on a neighboring neuron's dendrite, causing channels to open on the neighboring cell an creation of a new action potential

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myelin sheath

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surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon that facilitates the the impulses of nerves- the more you practice the bigger it gets