2D Design

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shape

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may be defined as a flat enclosed area

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Shapes are created by

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1. Enclosing an area with a continous line

2. Surrounding an area by other shapes

3. Filling an area with solid color or texture

4. Filling an area with broken color or texture (Hue value and Intensity)

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Volume

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In the 2D visual plane, variations in lighting can transform a shape into an illusory volume. Meaning with a created sense of lighting (gradation or shading), we can make a shape seem dimensional.

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Gradation

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any gradual transition from one color to another or from on shape or volume to another. In drawing, shading created through the gradation of grays can be used to suggest a three-dimensional form.

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shading

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(Value) In drawing a continuous of grays that are used to suggest three dimensionality and to create the illusion of light; a type of gradation

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Positive/Negative Shapes

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(Figure/Ground) A shape that is distinguished from the background is called a positive shape (or figure). The surrounding area is called the negative shape. Depending on its location relative to the ground the figure can become dynamic energetic or full of tension. It can even feel static heavy or buoyant.

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Figure and Ground Reversal

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an arrangement in which positive and negative shapes alternately command attention

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Rectilinear Shape

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Shapes composed from straight lines and angular curves

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Curvilinear Shape

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A shape whose contour is dominated by curves and flowing lines

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Geometric Shape

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Shape derived from or suggestive of geometry. They are characterized by crisp, precise edges and mathematically consistent curves.

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Organic Shape

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Shapes that visually suggest nature or natural forces. Also known as bimorphic shapes

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Non Representational Shape

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shapes created without reference to specific visual subject matter

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Abstract Shapes

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A shape that is derived from a visual force, but is so transformed it bears little visual resemblance to that source

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Line

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Line is one of the basic elements of design

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Line is created by

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1. A point in motion

2. A series of adjacent points

3. A connection between points

4. An implied connection between points

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Orientation

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The horizontal, vertical, or diagonal position of a composition or design element

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Horizontal Line

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Horizontal lines are typically the most stable or static

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Vertical Lines

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Vertical lines imply the energy of potential change

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Diagonal Lines and Curving Lines

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are generally the most dynamic

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Continuous Curve

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A line drawn with an energy and immediacy which never seems to have a beginning or end

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Contour Line

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a line that describes the edges of a form and suggest three-dimensional volume

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Actual Lines

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lines that are physically present in a design

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Calligraphic Line

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derived from the Greek words for beautiful and writing, a flowing and expressive line that is as personal as handwriting. Vary in thickness and velocity

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Cross Hatching

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a technique used in drawing and printmaking th shade an object using a network of parallel lines. Darker values are created as the number of networks increases

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Line Weight

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variation in line thickness

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Picture Plane

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In perspective the plane occupied by the surface of the picture it's frontal boundary. When there is any illusion of depth in the picture the picture plane is similar to a plate of glass behind which pictoral elements are arranged in depth.

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Relative Position

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indicates that objects placed at the bottom of the picture plane appear to be closer to the viewer that those placed higher

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Distinct Zones of Space

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(Background, Middle Ground, Foreground) a technique used to organize deep space. Visual planes are created and organized into a foreground, middle ground and background

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Atmospheric Perspective

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a "hazy" effect used in images to create deep distance. The further an object is into the background of a piece, the less contrast and detail it will contain

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Overlapping for Depth

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In creating depth, one object is placed behind another and then another to indicate distance

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Convergence

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In the system of linear perspective, parallel lines in nature appear to converge as they recede

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One Point Perspective

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a form of linear perspective in which the lines receding into space converge at a single vanishing point of the eye level or horizon line.

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Vanishing Point

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in linear perspective, the point on the horizon line at which receding parallel lines appear to converge

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Horizon Line

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the line formed by the apparent intersection of the plane established by the eye level with the ground plane

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Linear Perspective

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a mathematical system for projecting the apparent dimensions of a three-dimensional object onto a flat surface

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Relative Scale

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A repeated object will diminish in scale as it moves back through visual planes, distance and space

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Pointillism

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a tchnique for producing and image with multiple dots

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Value Contrast

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Both communication and expression are affected by value contrast, or the amount of difference in values. High contrast increases clarity improves readability. Low contrast is often used for shapes of secondary importance or when the message is subtle

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Half Tone

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the reprographic technique that simulates continuous tone imagery through the use of dots varying either in size in shape or in spacing

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Color

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hue, value and intensity

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Hue

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the name of a particular color ex. blue orange yellow etc.

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Value

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the relative lightness or darkness of a color

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Intensity

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the purity of a color which determines its relative brightness or dullness

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Tint

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Color plus white

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Tone

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Color plus gray

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Shade

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Color plus black

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Neutral Gray

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a balanced combination of white and black

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Primary colors

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Red Yellow and Blue

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Secondary Colors

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Orange Green and Violet

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Tertiary colors

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primary and secondary mixed together

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Color Temperature

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refers to the heat a color generates both physically and psychologically

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Warm

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Warm colors advance to viewer

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Cool

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Cool colors recede away from viewer