2Cc. S3/b3 Path Cell Kinetics

Front 1

What is Carcinos?

Back 1

The crab! Carcinomas produce a crab like formation

Front 2

Name some continously dividing cells?

Back 2

1. Bone marrow
2. Epithelial linings in the skin, intestine, bronchus
3. Endocrine ducts

Front 3

Name some latent cells that will regenerate?

Back 3

1. Liver
2. Renal
3. Secretory glandular epithelial
4. Endothelial
5. Fibroblasts
6. Lymphocytes
7. Chondrocytes
8. Osteoblasts

Front 4

What are some nodividing cells?

Back 4

1. Neurons
2. SKM
3, Myocardium
4. Mature cells

Front 5

How much of breast cancer cells are in Go?

Back 5

95%

Front 6

What are proto oncogenes responsible for?

Back 6

1. They cause rapidly dividing cells to proliferate

Front 7

What is atrophy of cells?

Back 7

Decrease in size of tissue and cells like in the postmenopausal endometrium

Front 8

What is Hypertrophy of cells?

Back 8

Increase in size of the cells and organ

Front 9

What is metaplasia?

Back 9

1. Replacement of one epithelium for another
2. Intestinal for esophageal

Front 10

What is hyperplasia?

Back 10

Increase in number of the cells

Front 11

Describe Barret's esophagus?

Back 11

1. Esophageal reflux puts acid in esophagus and burns
2. Body replaces those esophageal squamous cells with intestinal epithelial cells
3. Now the esophagus can produce mucin to protect those cells

Front 12

What atrophy's in ALZ dementia?

Back 12

1. The white matter in the brain
2. THe Gyri become thin and the sulci become deep

Front 13

What commonly atrophies in the female?

Back 13

The endometrium

Front 14

What causes atrophy?(4)

Back 14

1. Decreased function
2. Denervation
3. Ischemia
4. Loss of hormonal stimulation

Front 15

What is the problem in bicusipid aortic stenosis?

Back 15

1. 2 cusps instead of 3 make it harder to get the blood out
2. Concentric hypertrophy

Front 16

What is dysplasia?

Back 16

1. Reversible upregulation and distortion of cells

Front 17

What is desmoplasia?

Back 17

1. Makes tumors hard
2. TGF activation makes collagen formation

Front 18

Why see endometrial hyperplasia in a 60 yr old?

Back 18

1. probably on HRT
2. Less the 5mm do nothing
3. More than 5 mm biopsy

Front 19

What hyperplasia can occur if you inhibit 5-alpha reductase?

Back 19

prostatic

Front 20

Where must the pap smear spatula reach to be a good sample?

Back 20

1. The cervical transformation zone
2. The squamous metaplasia pushes off the endocervical mucosa

Front 21

Dysplasia is often referred to as what?

Back 21

Intraepithelial neoplasia

Front 22

What is the first sign you see with dysplasia?

Back 22

1. Crowding and overgrowth

Front 23

What type of hormonal signalling takes place in desmoplasia?

Back 23

1. paracrine

Front 24

What is a malignant neoplasia?

Back 24

1.Rapid proliferation of immature pleomorphic cells
2. Usually anneuploid
3. Can invade

Front 25

What is hemartoma?

Back 25

Proliferation of cells that looks like a neoplasm.

Front 26

What is a choristoma?

Back 26

1. Development of tissue in one are that doesn't belong there
2. Not malignant

Front 27

What is a teratoma?

Back 27

1. Developmental aberration of at germ cell, finding a tooth in the ovaries

Front 28

How does a neoplasm form?(4)

Back 28

1. Oncogene amplification
2. Supressor gene deletion
3. Apoptosis interference
4. Cannot repair/arrest the DNA

Front 29

What is an 8:14 translocation?

Back 29

1. C-myc overexpression
2. Burkitts Lymphoma

Front 30

What is a 9:22 translocation? Tx?

Back 30

1. Bcr-Abl
2. Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
3. Gleevec can Tx

Front 31

What does E2F do?

Back 31

1. When hyper phosphorylated it goes on to allon cell signalling
2. Activated by growth factors
3. inhibited by TGF-B and p53

Front 32

What are some tumor supressors?(6)

Back 32

1. PTEN - endometrial cancer
2. NF - NF1/2, inhibit ras
3. BRCA - impair cell repair
4. p53 - activate CDKI = apoptosis
5. APC - CRC and familial polyposis
6. WT- 1 wilm tumor

Front 33

What happens when you inhibit Von Hippo Lindau protein?

Back 33

Unregulated vascularization

Front 34

What do oncogenes do?

Back 34

Promote cell growth

Front 35

What does Bax do?

Back 35

1. Causes apoptosis

Front 36

What is HER-2?

Back 36

1. Receptor for epidermal GF

Front 37

What does caspase-8 do? What inhibits it?

Back 37

1. Induce cell death
2. Bcl-2

Front 38

Rb gene? FAP problem and gene? Li-Fraumenia problem and gene? MEN-1 problem and gene? MEN-2 problem and gene? VHL problem and gene?

Back 38

1. Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma; x13
2. APC Colonic adenocarcinoma; x5
3. p53 Breast carcinoma, sarcomas; x17
4. Pit adenoma; x11
5. RET Thyroid carcinoma; x10
6. Renal carcinoma, hemangioblastoma; x3

Front 39

What is the knudson 2-hit hypothesis?

Back 39

1. Hit two genes for cancer
2. Delete one = heterozygosity
3. Delete two = loss of heterozygosity

Front 40

What is p21?

Back 40

1. CDK inhibitor

Front 41

What amount of cells would you begin to detect the first sign of tumor?

Back 41

1. 10^9 or 10^10
2. One billion cells

Front 42

How fast do neoplasms grow in size?

Back 42

1. Variable
2. Pre-determined at the inductive phase

Front 43

What are the big three things determining breast cancer nature?

Back 43

1. Estrogen receptor
2. Progesterone receptor
3. HER-1 receptor

Front 44

Sensitivity to mammography in older and younger women?

Back 44

1. 90% in older because less dense
2. 75% in younger women

Front 45

Is prostate cancer deadly?

Back 45

1. Not really

Front 46

What is PSA?

Back 46

1. Prostate Specific Antigen
2. Detected when tumor cells invade
3. From a crack in the prostate

Front 47

Are thyroid nodules a problem?

Back 47

1. No, 99% of papillary cancers have a 10 year survival

Front 48

What is acromegaly?

Back 48

1. Ephysis fused
2. Bones get wider not longer
3. GH

Front 49

Acromegalic patients have what increase in tumors?

Back 49

1. Gastrointestinal

Front 50

What does colchicine do?

Back 50

1. Stops Mitotic Divisions
2. Anti inflammatory for gout
3. Prevents hepatocellular carcinoma

Front 51

What cell stage are most of the hyperdiploid tumor cells?

Back 51

1. G0/G1

Front 52

What is a benign tumor of a gland called? of an epithelium?

Back 52

1. Adenoma
2. Papilloma

Front 53

What do we test for in xsomal analysis?

Back 53

1. Ploidy
2. S-phase percentage, because alot here chemo works well. If in G0 don't use chemo

Front 54

What does mitotic figures have to do with cancer?

Back 54

1. Look for the number to predict survival

Front 55

What does the blood supply tell you about tumors?

Back 55

1. Necrosis occurs around the edges and is a good indicator
2. LDH can also be used to indicate

Front 56

What are three determinants of tumor growth?

Back 56

1. Generation time
2. Growth fraction
3. Cell loss through necrosis and apoptosis

Front 57

How do cells use calcium?

Back 57

1. Signals cell differentiation and apoptosis

Front 58

Which arachadonic acid product is upregulated in malignant cancers?

Back 58

1. Cox-2

Front 59

What does cox-2 as a carcinogen?

Back 59

1. Promotes bcl-2
2. PGE2 supress immune response
3. PGE2 promotes Metalloproteinase
4. Enhance VEGF

Front 60

Would you use Cox-2 inhibitors to help cancer?

Back 60

1. Yes

Front 61

What are the goals of cancer tx?

Back 61

1. Inhibit cell proliferation
2. Induce apoptosis
3. Promote terminal differentiation

Front 62

What is cytodifferentiation?

Back 62

1. Make mature cells that can't undergo differentiation