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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What part of enzymes do heavy metals affect?
|
-SH groups
|
|
What are arsenics effects on the vasculature?
|
Depends on BV integrity
- Leads to vasculitis |
|
Two effects of Lead
|
- Affects nervous system
- Interferes with Hgb leading to anemia |
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Effects of lead in the gut
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Affects Ca++ utilization
|
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What is Cu toxicity caused by?
|
Accumulation in lvier
|
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What does Cu cause?
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Severe hepatocellular necrosis
|
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What species is Cu a problem in?
|
Sheep
|
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What species is Mo a problem in?
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Cattle
|
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Ideal Cu/Mo ratio
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6:1
|
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Cu/Mo ratio of Cu toxicity
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10:1
|
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Mo/Cu ratio of Mo toxicity
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2:1
|
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Tx of F
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None available.
|
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Three effects of F
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- Brown spots on teeth
- Tooth enamel damage - Exostosis on bones, especially on the ribs |
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Tx of Cd
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None available.
|
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Lesion of Fe
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Centrilobular necrosis
|
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What causes Beer Drinker's Cardiomyopathy?
|
Co
|
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Two affects of Cr
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- Carcinogen
- Septal defects |
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What heavy metal affects all types of muscle?
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Barium
|
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What does Mg cause when in excess?
|
CNS problems
|
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What is Iodine used for?
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Tx of footrot
|
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What does an excess of Iodine resemble?
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Hypovitaminosis A
|
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What does Ag cause?
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Slate gray discolorations
|
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What does Se substitute for?
|
Sulphur
|
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What does Se cause in pigs?
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Neuro disease
|
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What does Se affect?
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Keratinized tissues
|
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What are most problems with S related to?
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Sulfates in feed/water
|
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What is S usually converted to and what does this cause?
|
H2S
- Polioencephalomalacia |
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Tx of S
|
None available.
|
|
What does Zn cause a problem in and how?
|
Growing foals
- Interferes with Cu utilization |
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Tx of Zn
|
Reduce dietary Zn and supplement Cu
|
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What occurs with Zinc?
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Swelling in joints that becomes painful
|
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Tx of OP
|
2-PAM if OP hasn't been bound too long
|
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Tx of acute muscarinic disease associated with OP
|
Atropine
|
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Two types of effects of OP that cannot be controlled
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- Nicotinic
- Adrenergic |
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What is contraindicated with carbamates and why?
|
2-PAM
- Prolongs symptoms because Carbamate will eventually reverse itself, and then 2-PAM binds those ACHe molecules that carbamate came free of |
|
What is the most common insectides?
|
Pyrethrins
|
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What are pyrethroids toxic to?
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Cats
|
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Tx of Pyrethroids
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Diazepam
|
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CS of Pyrethroid toxicity (2)
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- Trembling
- Salivation |
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MoA of strychnine
|
Blocks glycine receptors
|
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What does Strychnine cause?
|
Spinal convulsion
|
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Lesion with Strychnine
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Full stomach without vomiting
|
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What's the opposite of Strychnine's vomiting signs?
|
Compound 1080
- Vomiting with empty stomach |
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Tx of Strychnine
|
PENTObarbital
|
|
4 factors blocked by anticoagulants
|
- II
- VII - IX - X |
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MoA of Compound 1080
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Blocks aconitase
|
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Lesion of Compound 1080
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Vomiting on empty stomach
|
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What rodenticide affects all tissues (pantropism)?
|
Thallium sulfate
- So wide variety of symptoms |
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Tx of Thallium sulfate
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Prussian blue
|
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MoA of P (2)
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- Turns into phosphine gas
- Affects cellular metabolism |
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What does cholecalciferol cause? (2)
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- Hypercalcemia
- Calcification of tissues and kidneys |
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Tx of Cholecalciferol
|
Px only
- Calcitonin - Corticosteroids - Fluids |
|
MoA of Bromethalin
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Interferes with H+ gradient, uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation
|
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What does DEET resemble?
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A pyrethroid
|
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MoA of Amitraz
|
a2 agonist
- Similar to Xylazine |
|
Effect of amitraz
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Prolongs hyperglycemia
|
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What classification is Metaldehyde?
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Molluscide
|
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DDx of Metaldehyde (2)
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- Strychnine
- Compound 1080 |
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What is fatal about metaldehyde?
|
Death due to liver damage
|
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What do Fungicides cause?
|
Temperature increase
|
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Tx of fungicide toxicity
|
Cool down animal
|
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Example of fungicides
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DNP
|
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Primary symptom of Dipyridyl compounds
|
- Fibrogenic lung responses
|
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MoA of Dipyridyl compounds
|
Causes superoxide production
|
|
What is the safest herbicide?
|
Glyphosphate
|
|
Oldest herbicide
|
Sodium chlorate
|
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MoA of Sodium chlorate
|
Forms Methemoglobin
|
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Symptom of Sodium chlorate
|
Hemolysis
|
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What does acer cause?
|
Hemolysis
|
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Species affected by Acer
|
Horses
|
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Species affected by Allium
|
- Horses
- Cattle - Cats |
|
Tx of Allium
|
Methylene blue
|
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What does Allium cause in cats?
|
Methemoglobinemia
|
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What does Allium causes in horses and cattle?
|
Hemolysis
|
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Two species affected by Pteridium
|
- Cattle
- Horses |
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Symptom of Pteridium in cattle
|
Aplastic anemia
|
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Symptom of Pteridium in horses
|
Neurological disease due to thiaminase
|
|
Three Milkweed genera
|
- Asclepias
- Datura - Nerium |
|
TA of Milkweeds
|
Cardioactive glycosides
|
|
Two CS of Milkweeds
|
- Vagolytic
- Neurological signs |
|
Tx of Milkweeds
|
- Atropine
- Physostigmine |
|
CS of Baileya
|
Rapid, LOUD heartbeat
|
|
Species affected by Baileya
|
Sheep
|
|
TA of Kalanchoe
|
Glycosides
|
|
Two organ systems affected by Kalanchoe
|
- Neuro
- Cardio |
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Symptom of Taxus
|
Stops heart in diastole
|
|
Tx of Taxus
|
None available.
|
|
What does Gossypol cause?
|
Cardiopulmonary disease
|
|
What animals does Gossypol primarily affect? (2)
|
- Dogs
- IMMATURE ruminants |
|
What is the TA of Fog Fever?
|
3-methylindole
- Converted from L-tryptophan |
|
Two clinical signs of Fog Fever
|
- Pulmonary edema
- Emphysema |
|
What causes fog fever?
|
Inhalation of eructus
|
|
Two CS with Astragalus emoryanus
|
- Pulmonary issues
- Fetlock knuckling |
|
What does Perilla cause? (2)
|
- Pulmonary edema
- Emphysema |
|
Two species affected by Perilla
|
- Cattle
- Horses |
|
When is Aesculus a problem?
|
Spring
|
|
Two locoweed genera
|
- Astragulus
- Oxytropis |
|
Most susceptible species to locoweeds
|
- Horse
|
|
3 conditions caused by locoweeds
|
- Abortion
- Teratogenesis - Selenium CS due to accumulation in plant |
|
Tx of Brunfelsia
|
Pentobarbital for convulsions
|
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What does Centaurea cause?
|
Equine nigropallidial encephalomalacia
|
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What does Cicuta affect?
|
Young calves
|
|
Three species of Claviceps
|
- C. paspalli
- C. purpurea - C. cinerea |
|
What two species of Claviceps cause neuro and gangrene signs?
|
- C. purpurea
- C. cinerea |
|
What species of Claviceps causes only neurological signs?
|
C. paspalli
- Dallis grass |
|
Symptom of Conium
|
Teratogen
|
|
Species affected by Conium
|
Pigs
|
|
What do Cycads cause in dogs?
|
Hepatotoxicity
|
|
What do Cycads cause in cattle?
|
Neuro signs
|
|
What species is most susceptible to Delphinium?
|
Cattle
|
|
Organ system affected by Delphinium
|
Neuro
|
|
Tx of Delphinium
|
Nicatinamide
|
|
What Helenium species is the most toxic?
|
Helenium microcephalum
|
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What Helenium species causes spewing sickness?
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Helenium hoopseii
|
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What's the most important toxic plant to the Sheep industry?
|
Hymenoxys
|
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What's unique about Hymenoxys in sheep?
|
They can become habituated to it.
|
|
What plant genus has LSD as its TA?
|
Ipomoea
|
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What causes photosensitization in goats?
|
Eupatorium
|
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TA of Eupatorium and Isocoma
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Tremetol
|
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Species affected by Kallstroemia
|
Cattle
|
|
Lesions of Kallstroemia
|
No gross lesions
|
|
Two symptoms of Kallstroemia
|
- Posterior paralysis
- Fetlock knuckling |
|
Lesion of Karwinskia
|
Demyelination
|
|
Symptom of Acacia
|
Guajillo wobbles
|
|
Two species affected by Acacia
|
- Sheep
- Goats |
|
Lesion of Lobelia in cattle
|
Downer Cow Syndrome
- Can recover |
|
Which species of Peganum is native to TX?
|
Peganum mexicanum
|
|
Two symptoms of Peganum
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- Acute CNS depression
- Knuckled fetlocks |
|
What does Equisetum cause?
|
Thiaminase deficiency in horses
|
|
What causes Crazy Cow Syndrome?
|
Solanum dimidatum
|
|
Lesion of Crazy Cow Syndrome
|
Purkinje cell necrosis
|
|
Which species recovers from Sophora?
|
Sheep
- Cattle do not |
|
Lesion of Vicia
|
Granulomatous kidney and skin
|
|
What plant genus is often mistaken for an onion?
|
Zygadenus
|
|
What does Euphorbia cause?
|
Blistering of oral cavity
|
|
3 organ systems affected by Lantana in horses
|
GI
Liver Renal |
|
What is Phytolacca?
|
Poke Salad
|
|
Primary species affected by Phytolacca
|
Pigs
|
|
Primary species affected by Phoradendron
|
Dogs
|
|
Which species is most resistant to Ricinus?
|
Ruminants
|
|
What species is most susceptible to Ricinus?
|
Horses
|
|
MoA of Ricinus
|
Affects RNA transcription
- Similar to antibiotics |
|
What organ does Sesbania affect in cattle?
|
Abomasum
|
|
DDx of Sesbania
|
Arsenic
|
|
What organ system does Xanthium affect? (2)
|
- GI
- Liver |
|
Four soluble oxalates
|
- Na
- K - NH4 - Oxalic acid |
|
Lesion of Soluble Oxalates
|
Pharyngeal swelling
|
|
Lesion of Amaranthus
|
Peri-renal edema
|
|
How does Amaranthus cause death?
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
|
Two genera that contain only soluble oxalates as the TA
|
- Halogeton
- Sarcobatus |
|
What does Kochia cause in cattle?
|
Polioencephalomalacia
|
|
Treatment of Kochia
|
Thiamine
|
|
3 organ systems affected by Kochia
|
- Renal
- Liver - Nervous |
|
5 plants that contain soluble oxalates
|
- Amaranthus
- Beta - Halogeton - Sarcobatus - Kochia |
|
Two insoluble oxalates
|
- Mg
- Ca |
|
Tx of Lilium
|
2 - 3x fluid diuresis
|
|
How fast do you need to treat Lilium?
|
Within 36 hours
|
|
What's used to Px Quercus toxicity?
|
CaOH
|
|
What does Vicea (vetch) cause?
|
Granulomatous lesions
|
|
What does Crotalaria cause in horses?
|
Pulmonary lesions
|
|
Primary species affected by Cycads?
|
Canines
|
|
Lesion caused by Xanthium
|
Centrilobular necrosis
|
|
What species is affected by Hepatic Fatty Cirrhosis?
|
Ruminants
|
|
4 requirements for photosensitization
|
- Susceptible skin area
- Photodynamic agent - UV light with proper wavelength (320 - 380) - Oxygen |
|
3 plant genera that cause primary photosensitization
|
- Ammi
- Cooperia - Thamnosma |
|
What's known as the Dutchman's Britches?
|
Thamnosma
|
|
What is chlorophyll converted to in secondary photosensitization?
|
Phylloerythryin
|
|
Two plant genera that cause secondary photosensitization
|
- Agave
- Nolina (though can't do it alone) |
|
What plant genera is an obligate Se accumulator?
|
Astragalus
|
|
What's the only plant genera that affects the musculoskeletal system exclusively?
|
Senna
|
|
Lesion of Senna
|
White Muscle Dz
|
|
What exacerbates Senna?
|
Vitamin E
|
|
What does Allium cause? (2)
|
Cachexia
Anemia |
|
Which species is susceptible to Allium? (2)
Resistant? |
- Cattle
- Horses - Sheep |
|
What does Claviceps cause?
|
Vasotropic disease
|
|
What does Fescue Grass cause in horses? (3)
|
- Laminitis
- Repro problems - Agalactia |
|
What does Fescue Grass cause in cattle? (3)
|
- Fescue foot (if T < 40)
- Symmer syndrome - Fat necrosis |
|
Two lesions of Juglans
|
- Laminitis
- Vasotropic Dz |
|
When does Gutierrezia cause abortion?
|
Last Trimester
|
|
DDx for Gutierrezia
|
Brucella
|
|
What does Lupinus cause?
|
Crooked calves when ingested on days 40 - 70 of gestation
|
|
What does Veratrum cause when ingested in gestation? (3)
|
Day 14: Cyclopian Calf Syndrome
Day 28: Shortened metacarpals/tarsals, cleft palate |
|
Species affected by Veratrum
|
Sheep
|
|
What element interferes with a plant's uptake of Magnesium?
|
Potassium
|
|
Tx of Hypomagnesiumia
|
Ca Borogluconate with Mg, P, Dex
|
|
Tx of Cyanide (3)
|
- Rhodanese
- Na NO2 - Na ThioSO4 |
|
Tx of NO2/NO3 tox
|
Methylene blue
|
|
What does NO2/NO3 tox cause?
|
Methemoglobinemia
|
|
What species is most affected by Na + H2O deprivation, and what does it cause?
|
Pigs
- Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis |
|
What symptom does Urea cause?
|
Bonkers (Ammoniated feed syndrome)
|
|
Tx of Urea toxicity
|
Cold vinegar
|
|
Toxic agent of urea poisoning
|
Ammonia
|
|
What group does chocolate and caffeine belong to?
|
Methylxanthines
|
|
Three organ systems affected by methylxanthines
|
- GIT
- CNS - Heart |
|
MoA of Xylitol
|
Stimulates beta cells to release insulin
|
|
Tx of Xylitol
|
Bolus of Glc
|
|
Concern with Garbage Poisoning
|
Salmonella
|
|
2 genera of Blister Beetles
|
- Epicuata
- Pyrota |
|
Tx for Blister Beetles
|
None available.
|
|
Two organ systems affected by Blister Beetles
|
- GIT
- Renal |
|
DDx of aflatoxins
|
Anticoagulants
|
|
Two genera of Aflatoxins
|
- Aspergillus
- Penicillum |
|
Most susceptible species to Aflatoxins
|
Dogs
|
|
Primary organ affected by Aflatoxins
|
Liver
|
|
What are Tremorgenic toxins found in? (2)
|
- Walnuts
- Dairy products |
|
Species affected by Tremorgenic toxins
|
Dogs
|
|
MoA of Tricothecene
|
Inhibits protein synthesis
|
|
What causes the 'slobber factor'?
|
Slaframine
|
|
Tx of Slaframine
|
None
- Px with Atropine |
|
What does Equine leukoencephalomalacia cause in pigs?
|
Pulmonary signs
|
|
What does Equine leukoencephalomalacia cause in horses?
|
Liquefactive necrosis of white matter
|
|
4 organ systems affected by Cyanobacteria
|
- Neuro
- GIT - Liver - Skin |
|
TA of Bufo (toads)
|
Cardioactive glycosides
|
|
Tx of Bufo
|
Diazepam first, then propranolol second
|
|
Which spider genera has a painful bite?
|
Latrodectus (black widow)
|
|
Which spider genera has a non-painful bite?
|
Loxosceles
|
|
MoA of Chlorinated Napthalenes
|
Blocks conversion of carotene to Vitamin A
|
|
MoA of Hexachlorphene
|
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
Lesion of Methylisocyanate
|
Strong produce of pulmonary edema
|
|
3 organs affected by polytetrafluoronate
|
- Liver
- Kidney - Air sacs |
|
MoA of H2S
|
Stop cytochrome oxidase
|
|
Organ affected by CO2
|
CNS depression
|
|
How does Methane kill?
|
Asphyxiation
|
|
Tx of CO
|
O2
|
|
What lesion does CO cause?
|
Bright red blood (carboxyhemoglobin)
|
|
MoA of CO
|
Prevents unloading of O2 from Hgb
- Shifts O2 dissociation curve to left |
|
TA of Ethylene Glycol
|
Glycolic acid
|
|
Cause of death with ethylene glycol
|
Systemic acidosis
|
|
Two Tx of Ethylene glycol
|
- Ethanol
- Chlormethopriazole |
|
What are phenols toxic to?
|
Cats neuro system
|
|
What is coal tar toxic to? (2)
|
- Dogs
- Pigs |
|
Tx of Coal tar
|
Aflatoxin
|