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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PTH effect on Phosphorous
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Promotes excretion in kidney
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Vitamin D effect on Phosphorous
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Promotes absorption in GIT
Decreases excretion in kidney |
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Growth hormone effect on Phosphorous
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Increases renal tubular resorption
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Calcitonin effect on Phosphorous
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Promotes renal excretion
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Main mechanism for a hyperphosphatemia (3)
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- Decreased urinary excretion
- Increased absorption from intestine - Shift from IC to EC |
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Primary cause of a hyperphosphatemia
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Decreased GFR
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What does the degree of hyperphosphatemia parallel?
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Azotemia
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Why might a young animal have a hyperphosphatemia?
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Increased GH levels
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How does a hypoparathyroidism cause hyperphosphatemia?
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PTH normally causes Phosphorous secretion
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How can severe cell lysis cause hyperphosphatemia?
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Release of IC phosphorous
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How can an acidosis cause hyperphosphatemia?
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Increased cellular production of PO4 due to anaerobic glycolysis and ATP degradation
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Mechanisms for hypophosphatemia (3)
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- Increased renal excretion
- Decreased intestinal absorption - Shift from EC to IC |
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Three causes of increased renal excretion of phosphorous
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- Hyperparathyroidism
- Prolonged diuresis - Damaged proximal renal tubular cells |
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3 causes of decreased intestinal absorption of phosphorous
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- Intestinal malabsorption or prolonged anorexia
- Administration of phosphorous binding agents - Hypovitaminosis D |
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2 causes of hypophosphatemia due to cellular shifting
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- Respiratory alkalosis
- Hyperinsulinism |
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How does insulin cause a hypophosphatemia?
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Insulin promotes uptake of phosphorous into the cell for glucose phosphorylation
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3 'other' causes of hypophosphatemia
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- Milk fever
- Renal failure in horses - Artifact |
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Two blood states that can cause hypophosphatemia artifactually
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- Hyperbilirubinemia
- Hemolysis |
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What is the most common elemental abnormality in ICU patients?
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Magnesium
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How is magnesium and calcium related?
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Hypomagnesium can create a refractory hypocalcemia
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What does magnesium regulation depend on? (2)
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- Kidneys
- GIT |
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Which hormone is most responsible for regulation of hypophosphatemia?
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There is no primary hormone in regards to Mg regulation
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4 hormones that stimulate Mg absorption
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- PTH
- ADH - Glucagon - Calcitonin |
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How does PTH affect Mg levels? (2)
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Increase
- Increases intestinal absorption - Increases renal and bone resorption |
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How does Vitamin D affect Mg levels?
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Overall, it decreases Mg levels
- Increases intestinal absorption but increases renal excretion as well as decreasing [PTH] |
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Effect of Thyroxine and Aldosterone on Mg levels
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Decrease
- Decrease due to increase of urinary and fecal excretion |
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What should not be used in Mg containers during measurement?
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EDTA
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3 pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypermagnesemia
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- Decreased GFR
- Artifactual - Excess administration |
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How does hemolysis affect magnesium levels in blood?
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Increases
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4 causes of hypomagnesemia
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- GI disorders
- Renal loss - Cellular shifting - Hypoalbuminemia |
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Primary cause of hypermagnesemia
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Decreased GFR
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Primary cause of hypomagnesemia
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Decreased absorption from GIT
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Four causes of increased renal loss of Mg
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- Diuresis
- Ketonuria (Ketones bind Mg) - Loop diuretics - Tubular damage |
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5 'other' causes of Hypomagnesemia
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- Iatrogenic
- Cantharidin - Horses with colic or endotoxemia (causes shift of Mg into cells) - Grass tetany - Growing calves |
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Why are growing calves predisposed to Hypomagnesemia?
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Generally not enough Mg present in milk
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