Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Three substances that maintain calcium levels in the body
|
- Calcitonin
- Vitamin D - PTH |
|
|
3 organs where calcium regulation takes place
|
- Bone
- Kidney - Intestines |
|
|
3 effects of PTH on calcium
|
- Increased bone reabsorption
- Increased renal reabsorption - Increased Vitamin D synthesis |
|
|
Two roles of Vitamin D in calcium maintenance
|
- Enhanced reabsorption of Ca and P from intestine
- Decreased renal excretion of Ca |
|
|
What is the primary hormone responsible for lowering Ca++ levels?
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
Effects of an increase in Vitamin D on Ca and P levels
|
Increases both
|
|
|
Effects of an increase in Calcitonin on Ca and P levels
|
Decreases both
|
|
|
Effects of an increase in PTH on Ca and P levels
|
Increases Ca++, decreases P
|
|
|
How much of the calcium in blood is ionized on average?
|
50%
|
|
|
Which Calcium form is biologically active?
|
iCa
|
|
|
Effects of metabolic pH levels on iCa
|
Inverse
- Higher pH lowers iCa |
|
|
Two test samples for Calcium measurement
|
- Serum (preferred)
- Plasma |
|
|
What test sample should be avoided for Calcium measurement?
|
Any sample stored in a substance that chelates Ca++, such as EDTA.
|
|
|
4 values measured in a Calcium panel
|
- Total Ca++
- iCa - PTH - PTHrP |
|
|
3 mechanisms of Calcium increase
|
- Increased mobilization from bone
- Increased absorption from intestine - Decreased urinary excretion of calcium |
|
|
What does the mnemonic, PARD IONS, for the disease states that cause hypercalcemia stand for?
|
P - Primary hyperparathyroidism
A - Addison's disease R - Renal failure D - Hypervitaminosis Vitamin D I - Idiopathic O - Osteolytic lesions N - Neoplasia/nutrition S - Schistosomiasis |
|
|
4 conditions caused by hypercalcemia
|
- Soft tissue calcification
- PU/PD and hypothenosis - Urinary calculi - Neuromuscular signs |
|
|
4 likely diagnosis' for extreme hypercalcemia
|
- Hypercalcemia of malignancy
- Primary hyperparathyroidism - Hypervitaminosis D - Schistosomiasis |
|
|
Two tumors likely to cause hypercalcemia
|
- Lymphoma
- Adenocarcinoma of the anal sac |
|
|
What should raise your suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism induced hypercalcemia?
|
Hypercalcemia with a normal PTH level
- A 'normal' hypercalcemia would have a low PTH level due to negative feedback |
|
|
Two sources of a vitamin D induced hypercalcemia
|
- Exogenous
- Endogenous (granulamatous disease) |
|
|
Two likely diagnosis' for a mild hypercalcemia
|
- Hypoadrenocorticism
- Renal disease |
|
|
Which species has a normal amount of calcium in their urine?
|
Horses
|
|
|
What is a mild increase in calcium in the urine due to renal disease common with?
|
Grape/raisin toxicity
|
|
|
Cause of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
Decreased Vitamin D formation secondary to:
- Hyperphosphatemia - Damaged tubular epithelial cells |
|
|
|
|
|
|
What does the decrease in Vitamin D due to damaged tubular epithelial cells cause? (3)
|
- Decreased intestinal absorption of calcium
- Decreased resorption of bone - Increased PTH due to decreased inhibition of PTH synthesis by Vitamin D |
|
|
4 'other' causes of mild hypercalcemia
|
- Osteolytic lesions
- Young, growing dogs - Thiazide diuretics - Idiopathic |
|
|
Causes of hypocalcemia as indicated by the mnemonic MATCHING DRAPES
MATCHING part |
M - Malabsorption
A - Albumin decrease T - Trauma, tumor lysis C - Calcitonin, colic H - Hypoparathyroidism I - Infarct of parathyroid gland N - Nutritional G - GI disease (malabsorption), Grass Tetany |
|
|
Causes of hypocalcemia as indicated by the mnemonic MATCHING DRAPES
DRAPES part |
D - Drugs, diet, decreased Vitamin D
R - Renal failure A - Albumin decrease P - Pancreatitis, parathyroid atrophy E - Ethylene glycol S - sepsis (colic) |
|
|
Clinical signs of hypocalcemia (4)
|
- Stiff gait (classical sign)
- Muscle tremors - Seizures - Weakness |
|
|
What's the most common clinical sign of hypocalcemia in cattle?
|
Weakness
|
|
|
What is the most common cause of hypocalcemia by far?
|
Hypoalbuminemia
|
|
|
3 main mechanisms, aside from protein loss, that causes hypocalcemia
|
- Decreased PTH activity
- Inadequate intestinal absorption - Excess urinary excretion |
|
|
6 considerations for extreme hypocalcemia
|
PECAPA
- Primary hypoparathyroidism - Ethylene glycol - Cantharidin toxicity - Acute pancreatitis - Periparturient - Artifact (EDTA) |
|
|
Primary consideration for hypocalcemia in horses
|
Colic
|
|
|
How does ethylene glycol cause hypocalcemia?
|
Chelation due to oxalate crystals
|
