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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What stain is most commonly used for blood smears?
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Romanowsky stain
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How does EDTA function as an anticoagulant?
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Chelates Ca++
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How does Sodium Citrate function as an anticoagulant?
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Chelates Ca++
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How does Heparin function as an anticoagulant?
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Bind antithrombin
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Which anticoagulant is used in coagulation studies?
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Sodium citrate
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Which anticoagulant is not good for usage in mammalian blood?
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Heparin
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Which anticoagulant is good for avian blood?
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Heparin
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Anticoagulant of choice for mammalian blood
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EDTA
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4 situations where a manual cell count is indicated
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- Check validity of electronic count for calibration
- Check validity of electronic count for patients with profound leukopenia or thrombocytopenia - Backup method and for certain body fluids - Non-mammalian hematology |
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Two sources of false decrease error in cell counting
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- Leukocyte clumping
- Abnormally fragile leukocytes |
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Three sources of false increase error in cell counting
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- Platelet clumping
- Erythrocyte clumping - Excessive Heinz bodies |
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Two general methods of automated cell counting
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- Optical lasers
- Impedence method using voltage changes |
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How does impedence method of counting work?
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Depends on volume of cell
- Cell displaces fluid as it goes through an aperture, causing a change in voltage |
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How do optical methods of counting work?
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Displacement and scatter of a laser beam
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What's the gold standard of blood film microscopy?
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Manual examination
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How do you acquire an absolute number of cell types?
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(total leukocyte number) * (% of individual cell types)
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What's used to interpret a leukogram?
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Absolute numbers
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6 toxic changes that occur in the cytoplasm of leukocytes
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- Dohle bodies
- Increased basophilia of cytoplasm - Vacuolation/foaminess of cytoplasm - Toxic granulation - Larger cell size - Less condensed nuclei |
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What does a 'left shift' refer to?
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Presence of immature neutrophils in peripheral blood
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Characteristic of an appropriate (regenerative) left shift
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Number of mature cells is increased and greater than the number of immature cells
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Characteristic of an inappropriate (degenerative) left shift (3)
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- Number of immature cells >= number of mature cells
- Presence of immature cells in absence of neutrophilia - Any neutropenia |
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Hypersegmentation of neutrophils (define)
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> 5 nuclear lobes in neutrophils
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4 causes of increased hypersegmented neutrophils
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- Prolonged circulation with corticosteroid therapy
- Myelodysplastic syndrome - Idiopathic finding in horses - Long delay between blood collection and laboratory analysis (operator error) |
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What is the Pelger-Huet Anomaly?
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Morphologic feature of neutrophils characterized by a failure of the nucleus of mature neutrophils to segment and form lobes
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How does one get Pelger-Huet Anomaly? (2)
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- Genetic
- Acquired (related to inflammatory process and resolves on own) |
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How do reactive lymphocytes appear?
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Larger with increased amounts of very dark blue cytoplasms
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How do blast cells appear?
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Large, round cells that have a prominent nucleolus
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Two things that blast cells can indicate
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- Leukemia
- Myelodysplastic syndrome |
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How do mast cells appear morphologically?
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Like basophils but have a round nucleus instead of elongated
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Increased number of WBCs (term)
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Leukocytosis
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Decreased number of WBCs (term)
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Leukopenia
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Increased numbers of neutrophils (term)
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Neutrophilia
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Decreased numbers of neutrophils (term)
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Neutropenia
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Increased numbers of eosinophils (term)
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Eosinophilia
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Decreased numbers of eosinophils (term)
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Eosinopenia
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Increased numbers of basophils (term)
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Basophilia
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Increased numbers of monocytes (term)
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Monocytosis
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Decreased numbers of monocytes (term)
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Monocytopenia
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Increased numbers of Lymphocytes (term)
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Lymphocytosis
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Decreased numbers of Lymphocytes (term)
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Lymphopenia
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How long do neutrophils circulate in the blood?
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6 - 10 hours
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Term for when neutrophils bind to vessel walls
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Margination
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Term for when neutrophils move into tissue from vasculature
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Emigration
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What is the Marginating pool to Circulating pool ratio in most animals?
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1:1
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What is the Marginating pool to Circulating pool in cats?
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1:3
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What two species have more neutrophils than lymphocytes?
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- Dogs
- Cats |
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What species has neutrophils and lymphocytes in equal numbers?
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Horses
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What species have more lymphocytes than neutrophils?
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Ruminants
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Three basic mechanisms that lead to a neutrophilia
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- Physiologic response
- Corticosteroids - Inflammation/infection |
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What does epinephrine release do to neutrophil levels?
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Increase due to mobilization of the marginal neutrophil pool
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Three ways corticosteroids affect neutrophil levels
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- Increase bone marrow release
- Mobilizes marginal neutrophil pool - Decreases neutrophil migration to tissues |
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Three ways that inflammation affects neutrophil levels
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- Stimulates neutrophil margination and emigration to tissues
- Neutrophil release from bone marrow storage pool - Stimulates granulopoiesis |
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Three basic mechanisms leading to a neutropenia
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- Excessive tissue demand
- Peripheral destruction - Decreased or ineffective production |
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How do endotoxins affect neutrophil numbers?
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Increases margination of neutrophils
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What does persistent neutropenia cause?
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A guarded to poor prognosis
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Myelopththisis (define)
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Displacement of normal hematopoietic tissue by an abnormal cell population
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3 conditions that can cause a myelopthisis
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- Leukemia
- Granulomatous myelitis - Myelofibrosis |
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Canine cyclic hematopoeisis
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An autosomal recessive stem cell disorder that leads to cyclic periods of neutropenia in dogs
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What does a decreased production due to bone marrow hypoplasia indicate?
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Damage to myeloid precursor cells
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What are the only leukocytes that routinely recirculate between blood and tissues?
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Lymphocytes
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5 basic causes of lymphocytosis
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Just have a general idea, won't have to list out.
- Age - Epinephrine (physiologic response) - AG stimulation - Hypoadrenocorticism - Lymphoid neoplasia |
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How does epinephrine cause a lymphocytosis? (2)
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- Prevents lymphocytes from re-entering lymphoid tissue
- Causes lymphoid release into circulation |
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How does hypoadrenocorticism cause lymphocytosis?
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Decrease in corticosteroid levels
- Corticosteroids cause a decrease in lymphocytes due to inhibition of recirculation and migration into tissue |
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3 causes of lymphopenia
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- Corticosteroids
- Acute systematic infection - Loss of lymphatic fluids |
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How does corticosteroids affect monocyte numbers?
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Increases them
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What blood cell is not clinically significant in low numbers?
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Monocytes
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Corticosteroid effects on:
Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils |
- Decrease eosinophils
- Decrease lymphocytes - Increase monocytes - Increase neutrophils |
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What is an eosinophilia generally associated with? (2)
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- Parasitic infections
- Hypersensitivity reactions |
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What cell type generally tags along with eosinophils?
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Basophils
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When might you have an increase of basophils without an accompanying eosinophilia?
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Basophil leukemia
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Three types of leukograms
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- Physiologic
- Stress - Inflammatory |
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4 characteristics of a physiologic leukogram
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- Neutrophilia
- Lymphocytosis - NO left shift! - No toxic change |
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2 mechanisms leading to a physiologic leukogram
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- Epinephrine release
- Increased HR, BP, and BF cause marginated cells to dislodge |
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What is a stress leukogram characterized by? (2)
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- Neutrophilia
- Lymphopenia |
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Primary hormone associated with a stress leukogram
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Corticosteroids
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What is the most consistent indicator of a corticosteroid effect in most species?
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Lymphopenia
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Which species does not have a reliable lymphopenia to indicate a stress leukogram?
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Horses
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When might a stress leukogram not produce a neutrophilia?
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Repeated exposure
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Five characteristics of an inflammatory leukogram
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- Neutrophilia
- LEFT SHIFT! - Toxic change - Monocytosis - Lymphopenia |
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What is fibrinogen?
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Acute phase protein whose production is stimulated by inflammation
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Why are fibrinogen levels significant to clinpath?
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Can be used to calculate protein:fibrinogen ratio
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What is the Protein:Fibrinogen ratio used for?
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To help differ between an inflammatory response or some other cause of increase
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What would a Protein:Fibrinogen ratio of <10 indicate?
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Inflammation
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What would a Protein:Fibrinogen ratio of >15 indicate?
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Normality
- or - Dehydration |
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Formula for a Protein:Fibrinogen ratio
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Total plasma protein concentration (g/dL) / Fibrinogen concentration (g/dL)
Need to remember the units, because fibrinogen is reported in g/dL or mg/dL. |
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Leukemia (define)
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Uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells
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