233 Development Across The Life Span Ch. 7

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the most frequent and most severe illness.


chapter 7

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COMMON COLD

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2.The danger of injuries during the preschool years is in part a result of children’s high levels of

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PHYSCIAL ACTIVITY

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grows at a faster rate than any other part of the body

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THE BRAIN

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AT WHAT AGE IS THE CHILDRENS BRAINS WEIGH 90% OF THE AVERAGE ADULT BRAIN WEIGHT

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BY AGE 5

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3.Brain growth is so rapid because

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the increase in the number of interconnections among cells, and the increase in myelin (the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons).

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a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain, become considerably thicker that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres.

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4.The corpus callosum

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the process where certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than the other, becomes more pronounced in early childhood.

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a)LATERALIZATION,

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left hemisphere focuses on

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verbal competence (speaking, reading, thinking, reasoning), and processes information more sequentially

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right hemisphere concentrates

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nonverbal areas (spatial relations, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, emotional expression) and processes information more globally.

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10 percent of left-handed and ambidextrous people have

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language centered in the right hemisphere, with no specific language center.

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(1)Males show greater lateralization of language

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left hemisphere

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language is more evenly divided between the two hemispheres.

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females

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2. Most preschool children show a clear preference for the use of one hand over another — the development of

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HANDEDNESS.
Ninety percent are right-handed, and more
boys than girls are left-handed.

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from age 2 to 7, characterized by symbolic thinking

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1.Preschoolers are in the PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

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2.A key aspect of preoperational thought

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symbolic function

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the ability to use symbols, words, or an object to represent something that is not physically present.

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symbolic function

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a)Mental reasoning and the use of concepts increases, but children are not capable of

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OPERATIONS,
organized, formal, logical mental processes.

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the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects — is a major characteristic of preoperational thought

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3.CENTRATION

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the major limitation of this period because it leads to inaccuracy of thought.

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CENTRATION

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is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects

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CONSERVATION

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b) They cannot focus on the relevant features of a situation or follow the sequence of transformations that accompanies the change in appearance of a situation.

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BECASUE PRESCHOOL CHILDREN DO NOT YET UNDERSTAND THIS PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION

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the process in which one state is changed into another.

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5.Children in the preoperational period are unable to understand the notion of TRANSFORMATION

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thinking that does not take into account the viewpoint of others, takes two forms.

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6.EGOCENTRIC THOUGHT

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a) Lack of awareness that others see things from different physical perspectives
b) Failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings, and points-of-view different from one’s own

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DO TO THEIR EGOCENTRIC THOUGHT

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at the root of many preschool behaviors, for example, talking to oneself and hiding games

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EGOCENTRIC THOUGHT

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TWO TYPES OF THROUGHT IN PROPERATIONAL STAGE

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EGOCETRIC THOUGHT
INTUITIVE THROUGHT

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the use of primitive reasoning and avid acquisition of knowledge about the world.

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INTUITIVE THOUGHT

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CHILDREN IN THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND TWO THINGS

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1. FUNCTIONALITY
2. IDENTITYY

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— the concept that actions, events and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns

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FUNCTIONALITY

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that certain things stay the same regardless of changes in shape, size, and appearance

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IDENTITY

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memory of particular events from ones’ own life, is not very accurate until after age 3.

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AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

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(a) Preschooler’s memories of familiar events are often organized in terms of

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SCRIPTS, broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.

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(a)broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur.

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SCRIPTS

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the system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed

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1.Preschoolers begin to acquire the principles of GRAMMAR

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2.Preschoolers engage mostly in

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,PRIVATE SPEECH

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a) Private speech allows children to practice the practical skills required in conversation, known as

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PRAGMATICS

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the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately with others.

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PRAGMATICS

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speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person, increases.

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SOCIAL SPEECH